Radiographic Examination Procedure API 1104
Radiographic Examination Procedure API 1104
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Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.
Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 2 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
This page is a record of all revisions of the procedure and the following revision (s) has (have) been made to this
procedure.
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Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 3 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
1 Tujuan 1 Purpose
a. Untuk menyediakan petunjuk pelaksanaan a. This procedure provides guidance during the
pengujian radiografi pada lasan material ferrous conduct of radiographic examination of welds
(carbon steel, low alloy steel and stainless steel of ferrous material (carbon steel, low alloy steel
material) termasuk kupon test welder, and stainless steel material) include welder test
menggunakan Iridium (Ir 192) atau Cobalt (Co. coupons , using x-rays or gamma rays, in
60), sesuai dengan ASME code Sect. V dan API accordance with ASME Code Sect. V, and API
1104 1104 Twentieth Edition
b. Prosedur ini terdiri dari versi Inggris dan b. This procedure consists of English and
Indonesia, jika ada konflik antara keduanya maka Indonesian versions, should there is conflict
versi Inggris yang dipakai between these versions the English version shall
govern.
3 Pelaporan 3 Records
Semua Hasil Pengujian Radiografi harus All Radiographic Examination Results shall be
dilaporkan kedalam form laporan pengujian reported on Radiographic Test Report form
radiografi (Exhibit VI). Salinan catatan harus (Exhibit VI). A copy of the record shall be
diberikan kepada perusahaan untuk furnished to the company for its records. The
catatannya. catatan tersebut mungkin dalam record may be in the form of writing, a sketch,
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.
Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
4 Referensi 4 References
4.1 PT. Bengawan Solo Tecnik’s Written Practice 4.1 PT. Bengawan Solo Tecnik’s Written Practice
Procedure. Procedure.
4.2 ASME Code Sect. V. 4.2 ASME Code Sect. V.
4.3 API Standard 1104, 2005 Edition, Errata 4.3 API Standard 1105, 2004 Edition, Errata
2008; Welding of Pipelines and Related 2008; Welding of Pipelines and Related
Facilities. (SNI 13-3472-2002) Facilities. (SNI 13-3472-2002)
7 Instruksi 7 Instructions
7.1 Persiapan Permukaan 7.1 Surface Preparation
7.1.1 Riak lasan atau penyimpangan permukaan lasan 7.1.1 Weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on
baik pada bagian dalam (di mana dapat diakses) both the inside (where accessible) and outside
dan luar harus dihilangkan sedemikian rupa shall be removed to such a degree that the
sehingga gambar radiografi yang dihasilkan resulting radiographic image due to surface
karena permukaan yang tidak rata tidak irregularities cannot mask or be confused with
menutupi atau menjadi bingung dengan gambar the image of any discontinuities.
dari setiap diskontinuitas.
7.1.2 Permukaan dari semua sambungan las butt 7.1.2 The finished surface of all butt welded joints
mungkin digerinda rata dengan bahan dasar atau may be flush with the base material or may have
mempunyai cukup mahkota seragam, dengan reasonably uniform crowns, with reinforcement,
reinforcement, tidak melebihi yang ditentukan not to exceed that specified in the referencing
dalam referensi code. Code.
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
film harus mencakup rincian sebagai berikut: radiography shall include the following details:
a. Sumber radiasi – jenis sumber radiasi, a. Radiation source—the type of radiation
ukuran sumber efektif atau focal spot, dan source, the size of the effective source or
rating tegangan dari peralatan X-ray focal spot, and the voltage rating of the X-
b. Intensifying screen – jenis dan penempatan ray equipment.
screen dan, jika timbal digunakan, b. Intensifying screens—the type and
ketebalannya. placement of the screens and, if lead is used,
c. Film – merek film atau jenis atau keduanya their thickness.
dan jumlah frame dalam dudukan atau c. Film—the film brand or type or both and the
kaset. Untuk multiple-film teknik, cara di number of frames in the holder or cassette.
mana film ini dapat dilihat harus ditentukan For multiple-film techniques, the way in
d. Exposure geometry – apakah single-wall which the film is to be viewed shall be
exposure untuk single-wall viewing specified.
(SWE/SWV), double-wall exposure untuk d. Exposure geometry—whether single-wall
single-wall viewing (DWE/SWV), atau exposure for single-wall viewing
double-wall exposure untuk double-wall (SWE/SWV), double-wall exposure for
viewing (DWE/DWV); jarak dari sumber single-wall viewing (DWE/SWV), or
atau focal spot ke film; posisi relatif dari double-wall exposure for double-wall
film, las, sumber, Image Quality Indicator viewing (DWE/DWV); the distance from
(IQI), dan interval atau referensi marker, the source or focal spot to the film; the
dan jumlah eksposur yang diperlukan untuk relative positions of the film, weld, source,
radiografi seluruh lasan Image Quality Indicators (IQI), and interval
e. Kondisi Eksposur – apakah milliampere or reference markers; and the number of
atau curie minutes, tegangan X-ray atau exposures required for radiography of a
tegangan input dan arus listrik, dan waktu complete weld.
eksposur e. Exposure conditions—whether milliampere
f. Pengolahan – apakah otomatis atau manual, or curie minutes, the X-ray voltage or the
waktu dan suhu untuk development dan input voltage and amperage, and the
waktu untuk stop bath atau pembilasan, exposure time.
fixing, dan pencucian, dan pengeringan f. Processing—whether automatic or manual;
secara rinci. the time and temperature for development
and the time for stop bath or rinsing, fixing,
g. Material – jenis dan range ketebalan
and washing; and drying details.
material yang sesuai prosedur
g. Materials—the type and thickness range of
h. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) – jenis
material for which the procedure is suitable.
material, mengidentifikasi ASTM atau ISO
h. Image Quality Indicators (IQI)—the type
set, dan diameter kawat esensial
material, identifying ASTM or ISO set, and
i. Heat shields - material, ketebalan, dan jarak essential wire diameter.
dari sisi film dari perisai panas ke i. Heat shields—material, thickness, and the
permukaan pipa. distance from the film side of the heat shield
to the pipe surface.
Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
adalah cukup untuk inspeksi radiografi dari lasan adequate for the radiographic inspection of the
(SWE/SWV) complete weld (SWE/SWV).
[Link] Ketika sumber radiografi di luar tetapi tidak [Link] When the radiographic source is outside but not
lebih dari 1/2 in (13 mm) dari permukaan lasan, more than 1/2 in.(13 mm) from the weld
setidaknya tiga paparan yang terpisah 120 derajat surface, at least three exposures separated by
harus dibuat untuk inspeksi radiografi seluruh 120° shall be made for the radiographic
lasan (DWE/SWV) inspection of a complete weld (DWE/SWV).
[Link] Ketika sumber radiografi berada di luar dan lebih [Link] When the radiographic source is outside and
dari 1/2 in (13 mm) dari permukaan lasan, more than 1/2 in. (13 mm) from the weld
setidaknya empat paparan yang terpisah 90 ° surface, at least four exposures separated by 90°
harus dibuat untuk inspeksi radiografi seluruh shall be made for the radiographic inspection of
lasan (DWE/ SWV) a complete weld (DWE/ SWV).
[Link] Ketika diameter pipa yang terdapat las adalah [Link] When the diameter of the piping containing the
3.500 inci (88,9 mm) atau kurang, DWE/DWV weld is 3.500 in. (88.9 mm) or less, a
prosedur dapat digunakan DWE/DWV procedure may be used.
[Link] Bila prosedur ini digunakan dan sinar radiasi [Link] When this procedure is used and the radiation
adalah offset sehingga bagian source-side dan beam is offset so that the source-side and film-
film-side las tidak tumpang tindih di bidang side portions of the weld do not overlap in the
radiografi yang sedang dievaluasi, setidaknya areas of the radiograph being evaluated, at least
dua paparan yang terpisah 90 ° harus dibuat two exposures separated by 90° shall be made
untukpemeriksaan radiografi lasan for the radiographic inspection of a complete
weld.
[Link] Ketika bagian source-side dan film-side lasan [Link] When the source-side and film-side portions of
ditumpangkan, setidaknya tiga paparan yang the weld are superimposed, at least three
dipisahkan oleh 60 ° harus dibuat untuk inspeksi exposures separated by 60° shall be made for
radiografi seluruh lasan the radiographic inspection of a complete weld.
[Link] Ketika diameter yang lebih kecil, lebih tebal [Link] When smaller diameter, thicker wall pipe is
dinding pipa adalah diradiografi, eksposur radiographed, additional exposures should be
tambahan harus dilakukan untuk meminimalkan made to minimize the distortion of imperfection
distorsi gambar ketidaksempurnaan di ujung images at the ends of the radiographs.
radiografi
[Link] Jarak minimum antara sumber atau focal spot [Link] The minimum distance between the source or
dan sisi sumber objek yang diradiografi harus focal spot and the source side of the object being
ditentukan dengan rumus berikut (dengan radiographed shall be determined by the
menggunakan unit pengukuran konstan): following formula (using constant units of
measurement):
D = St/k D = St/k
dimana where
D = jarak minimum, dalam inci, antara sumber D = minimum distance, in inches, between the
atau focal spot dan sisi sumber dari obyek source or focal spot and the source side
yang diradiografi of the object being radiographed,
S = ukuran, dalam inci, dari sumber yang efektif S = size, in inches, of the effective source or
atau focal spot focal spot,
t = ketebalan las, dalam inci, termasuk t = thickness of the weld, in inches, including
penguatan, ditambah jarak antara sisi film reinforcement, plus the distance between
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.
Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 8 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
las dan film the film side of the weld and the film,
k = factor geometric unsharpness k = geometric unsharpness factor.
Ketika t ditentukan untuk prosedur SWE/SWV When t is determined for SWE/SWV and
dan DWE/SWV, ketebalan dinding tunggal dan DWE/SWV procedures, the thickness of the
penguatan las yang harus digunakan. Ketika t single wall and its weld reinforcement shall be
ditentukan untuk prosedur DWE/DWV, diameter used. When t is determined for DWE/DWV
luar las (yaitu, diameter luar pipa ditambah dua procedures, the outside diameter of the weld
kali tinggi rata-rata dari mahkota las) harus (that is, the outside diameter of the pipe plus
digunakan. Biasanya, k adalah 0,02 inci (0,5 twice the average height of the weld crown)
mm) untuk material dengan ketebalan kurang shall be used. Normally, k is 0.02 in. (0.5 mm)
dari atau sama dengan 2.000 inci (50,8 mm). for material with a thickness of less than or
equal to 2.000 in.(50.8 mm).
7.4 Jenis Image Quality Indicator (IQI) 7.4 Type of Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
7.4.1 Image Quality Indicators (IQI) harus memenuhi 7.4.1 Image Quality Indicators (IQI) shall conform to
persyaratan baik ASTM E 747 atau ISO 1027 the requirements of either ASTM E 747 or ISO
IQI kawat. Perusahaan harus menentukan jenis 1027 wire IQI. The company shall define which
IQI (ASTM atau ISO) yang akan digunakan. type IQI (ASTM or ISO) is to be used.
7.4.2 IQI harus dibuat dari bahan yang radiografi mirip 7.4.2 The IQI shall be made of material that is
dengan material yang dilas. radiographically similar to the material being
welded.
7.5 Pemilihan Image Quality Indicator (IQI) 7.5 Selection of Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
7.5.1 IQI harus terdiri dari salah satu rangkaian enam 7.5.1 The IQI shall consist of either a series of six (6)
(6) kawat untuk tipe kawat ASTM E747 atau wires for ASTM E747 wire type or a series of
serangkaian tujuh (7) kawat untuk tipe kawat seven (7) wires for ISO wire type IQI, arranged
ISO IQI, disusun sesuai diameter secara in order of increasing diameter.
bertahap.
7.5.2 Diameter kawat esensial untuk digunakan, 7.5.2 The essential wire diameter to be used, based on
berdasarkan ketebalan las ditampilkan pada the thickness of the weld is shown in Table 5
Tabel 5 (Exhibit I) untuk IQI tipe kawat ASTM (Exhibit I) for ASTM E 747 wire type IQI and
E 747 dan Tabel 6 (Exhibit I) untuk tipe kawat Table 6 (Exhibit I) for ISO wire type IQI.
ISO IQI.
7.5.3 Sebagai pilihan kontraktor radiografi, diameter 7.5.3 At the radiographic contractor's option, smaller
kawat lebih kecil IQI daripada yang ditentukan wire diameter IQI than those specified above
di atas dapat digunakan, asalkan sensitivitas may be used, provided the required radiographic
radiografi yang diperlukan dapat diperoleh. sensitivity is obtained.
Catatan: Untuk tujuan seleksi IQI, ketebalan las Note: For purposes of IQI selection, the
berarti tebal dinding nominal ditambah thickness of the weld shall mean nominal wall
reinforcement las (gabungan internal plus thickness plus the weld reinforcement (internal
eksternal). plus external combined).
Gambar radiografi dari IQI mengidentifikasi
The radiographic images of the IQI identifying
gaya nomor dan set huruf ASTM atau gambar
style number and ASTM set letter or ISO
ISO harus tampak jelas. Gambar dari diameter
designation shall appear clearly. The image of
kawat esensial harus tampak jelas di seluruh area
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
7.6 Penempatan Image Quality Indicator (IQI) 7.6 Placement of Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
7.6.1 Film 7.6.1 Film
IQI harus ditempatkan sebagai berikut: The IQI shall be placed as follows:
[Link] Ketika lasan diradiografi dengan eksposur [Link] When a complete weld is radiographed in a
tunggal menggunakan sumber dari dalam pipa, single exposure using a source inside the piping,
setidaknya empat IQI ditempatkan melintang di at least four IQI placed across the weld and
las dan berjarak kira-kira sama dalam lingkaran spaced approximately equally around the
harus digunakan. circumference shall be used.
[Link].1 Untuk prosedur DWE/DWV, satu IQI harus [Link].1 For the DWE/DWV procedure, one IQI shall be
ditempatkan pada sisi sumber pada pipa dan placed on the source side of the pipe and across
melintang di lasan sehingga gambar kawat the weld so that the essential wire image is
esensial menumpuk ke gambar las. superimposed onto the weld images.
[Link].2 Untuk prosedur DWE/SWV atau SWE/ SWV [Link].2 For the DWE/SWV or SWE/ SWV procedures
yang membutuhkan beberapa paparan untuk requiring multiple exposures for complete
pemeriksaan lengkap lasan, dan di mana panjang inspection of the weld, and where the length of
film yang akan diinterpret lebih besar dari 5 inci film to be interpreted is greater than 5 in. (130
(130 mm), dua IQI ditempatkan melintang di mm), two IQI placed across the weld and
lasan dan terletak pada film harus located on the film side shall be used. One shall
digunakan. Satu harus berada dalam jarak 1 in be within 1 in. (25 mm) of the end of the film
(25 mm) dari akhir film panjang length to be interpreted and the other shall be at
diinterpretasikan dan yang lainnya harus di the center of the film.
tengah-tengah film.
[Link].3 Ketika panjang film diinterpret adalah 5 inci [Link].3 When the film length to be interpreted is 5 in.
(130 mm) atau kurang, satu IQI harus (130 mm) or less, one IQI shall be placed on the
ditempatkan pada sisi film, melintang di lasan film side, across the weld and located at the
dan terletak di pusat panjang yang akan center of the length to be interpreted.
diinterpret.
[Link].4 Ketika las diperbaiki diradiografi, sebuah IQI [Link].4 When a repaired weld is radiographed, an
tambahan harus ditempatkan di setiap daerah additional IQI shall be placed across each
yang diperbaiki. repaired area.
[Link] Bila tidak praktis untuk m enempatkan IQI pada [Link] When it is not practical to place an IQI on the
lasan karena las konfigurasi atau ukuran, IQI weld due to weld configuration or size, the IQI
dapat ditempatkan pada blok terpisah. blok may be placed on a separate block. Separate
terpisah harus dibuat dari material yang sama blocks shall be made of the same or
atau mirip dan dapat digunakan untuk radiographically similar material and may be
memfasilitasi posisi IQI. Ketebalan bahan blok used to facilitate IQI positioning. The thickness
terpisah harus sama dengan ketebalan dari lasan. of the separate block material should be the
same as the thickness of the weld.
[Link] Heat shields: IQI dapat ditempatkan pada perisai [Link] Heat shields: IQI may be placed on a heat
panas selain kontak dengan pipa, dengan shield rather than in contact with the pipe,
ketentuan bahwa penerimaan penempatan IQI provided that the acceptability of such IQI
didemonstrasikan pada saat kualifikasi prosedur. placement is demonstrated during procedure
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
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TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
qualification
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
Kecuali untuk wilayah lokal kecil yang Except for small localized areas caused by
disebabkan oleh konfigurasi lasan tidak teratur, irregular weld configurations, the transmitted
density H&D ditransmisikan di area of interest H&D density in the area of interest of
transparent-based film tidak boleh kurang dari transparent-based film shall not be less than 1.8
1,8 atau lebih besar dari 4.0. Ini mencerminkan nor greater than 4.0. The reflected H&D density
densitas H&D untuk opaque-based film tidak for opaque-based film shall not be less than 0.5
boleh kurang dari 0,5 atau lebih besar dari nor greater than 1.5. Transmitted H&D densities
1,5. Pentransmisian densiti H & D melalui through small localized areas may exceed these
daerah lokal kecil mungkin melebihi batas, limits; however, minimum densities shall not be
namun, kepadatan minimum tidak boleh kurang less than 1.5 and maximum densities shall not
dari 1,5 dan kepadatan maksimum tidak boleh exceed 4.2; reflected H&D density shall not be
melebihi 4.2; pantulan densiti H & D tidak boleh less than 0.25 and shall not exceed 1.8.
kurang dari 0,25 dan tidak boleh melebihi 1,8.
7.9.2 Peralatan film viewing 7.9.2 Film Viewing Equipment
Peralatan viewing (illuminator) harus dari jenis The viewing equipment (illuminator) shall be of
variabel intensitas tinggi dan harus mampu the variable high-intensity type and shall be
melihat densitas film dalam rentang yang capable of viewing film densities within the
ditentukan dalam 7.9.1. Ini harus dilengkapi range specified in 7.9.1. It shall be equipped to
untuk mencegah cahaya, yang datang dari sekitar prevent light, coming from around the outer
tepi luar radiografi atau melalui bagian edge of the radiograph or through low density
kepadatan rendah radiografi, dari mengganggu portions of the radiograph, from interfering with
interpretasi. interpretations.
7.9.3 Fasilitas Film viewing 7.9.3 Film Viewing Facilities
Fasilitas viewing harus menyediakan Viewing facilities shall provide subdued
pencahayaan dengan intensitas latar belakang background lighting of an intensity that will not
yang tidak akan menyebabkan refleksi cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare
merepotkan, bayangan, atau silau pada radiograf. on the radiograph.
Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
pada Gambar 13. IP harus dianggap sebagai root. This condition is shown schematically in
defect salah satu kondisi berikut ada: figure 13. IP shall be considered a defect should
a. Panjang indikasi individual IP melebihi 1 in any of the following conditions exist:
(25 mm) a. The length of an individual indication of
b. panjang agregat dari indikasi IP dalam IP exceeds 1 in. ( 25 mm)
setiap 12 in (300 mm) kontinu panjang b. the aggregate length of indications of IP in
lasan melebihi 1 in (25 mm) any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of
c. panjang agregat dari indikasi IP melebihi weld exceeds 1 in. (25 mm)
8% dari panjang lasan pada setiap lasan c. the aggregate length of indications of IP
kurang dari 12 inci (300 mm) panjang exceeds 8% of the weld length in any weld
bahan induk tertipis yang berdekatan dan less than 12 in. (300 mm) in length of the
melebihi ½ (13 mm) dalam setiap 12 in thinnest adjacent parent material and
(300 mm ) kontinu panjang lasan dari total exceeds ½ in (13 mm) in any continuous
panjang lasan, mana yang lebih kecil. 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld of the total
weld length, whichever is less.
8.2 Inadequate Penetration Due to High-Low 8.2 Inadequate Penetration Due to High-Low
Inadequate Penetration Due to High-Low (IPD) Inadequate penetration due to high-low (IPD) is
didefinisikan sebagai kondisi yang terjadi ketika defined as the condition that exists when one
salah satu ujung akar terkena (atau tak terikat) edge of the root is exposed (or unbonded)
karena pipa berdekatan atau sambungan tidak because adjacent pipe or fitting joints are
lurus. Kondisi ini secara skematis diperlihatkan misaligned. This condition is shown
pada Gambar [Link] harus dianggap sebagai schematically in Figure 14. IPD shall be
defect bila salah satu kondisi berikut ada: considered a defect should any of the following
a. Panjang indikasi individual IPD melebihi 2 conditions exist:
in (50 mm) a. The length of an individual indication of
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IPD dalam IPD exceeds 2 in.(50 mm).
setiap 12 in. (300 mm) kontinyu panjang b. The aggregate length of indications of IPD
lasan melebihi 3 inci (75 mm) in any continuous 12-in. (300 mm) length
of weld exceeds 3 in. (75 mm).
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
8.5 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap 8.5 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap
Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap (IFD) Incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD) is
didefinisikan sebagai suatu ketidaksempurnaan defined as an imperfection between two
antara dua manik-manik las yang berdekatan atau adjacent weld beads or between the weld metal
antara logam las dan logam dasar yang tidak and the base metal that is not open to the
terbuka ke [Link] ini secara surface. This condition is shown schematically
skematis diperlihatkan pada Gambar 17. IFD in Figure 17. IFD shall be considered a defect
harus dianggap sebagai defect bila salah satu should any of the following conditions exist:
kondisi berikut ada: a. The length of an individual indication of
a. Panjang indikasi individual IFD melebihi 2 IFD exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
in (50 mm) b. The aggregate length of indications of IFD
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IFD dalam in any continuous 12-in. (300 mm) length
setiap 12 in. (300 mm) kontinyu panjang of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
lasan melebihi 2 in (50 mm) c. The aggregate length of indications of IFD
c. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IFD melebihi exceeds 8% of the weld length.
8% dari panjang lasan.
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
8.7.2 Untuk pipa dengan diameter luar lebih besar atau 8.7.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater than
sama dengan 2,375 inci (60,3 mm), BT harus or equal to 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), a BT shall be
dianggap sebagai defect bila salah satu kondisi considered a defect should any of the following
berikut ada: conditions exist:
a. Dimensi maksimum melebihi 1/4 in (6 mm) a. The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. (6
dan densiti gambar BT melebihi dari bahan mm) and the density of the BT’s image
induk tertipis berdekatan. exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent
b. Dimensi maksimum melebihi tipis dari material.
ketebalan dinding nominal yang disambung, b. The maximum dimension exceeds the
dan densiti gambar BT melebihi dari bahan thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses
induk tertipis berdekatan. joined, and the density of the BT’s image
c. Jumlah dimensi maksimum BT terpisah exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent
dimana density gambar melebihi dari sekitar material.
bahan induk tertipis melebihi 1/2 inch (13 c. The sum of the maximum dimensions of
mm) dalam setiap 12 in. (300 mm) kontinyu separate BTs whose image density exceeds
panjang lasan atau panjang lasan total, mana that of the thinnest adjacent parent material
yang lebih kecil. exceeds 1/2 inch (13 mm) in any continuous
12-in. (300-mm) length of weld or the total
weld length, whichever is less.
8.7.3 Untuk pipa dengan diameter luar kurang dari 8.7.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than
2,375 inci (60,3 mm), BT harus dianggap sebagai 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), a BT shall be considered a
defect apabila salah satu kondisi berikut ada: defect when any of the following conditions
a. Dimensi maksimum melebihi 1/4 in (6 mm) exists:
dan densiti gambar BT melebihi dari bahan a. The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in.
induk disekitarnya yang tertipis (6 mm) and the density of the BT’s image
b. Dimensi maksimum melebihi tipis dari exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent
ketebalan dinding nominal sambungan, dan material.
densiti gambar BT melebihi dari bahan induk b. The maximum dimension exceeds the
sekitarnya yang tertipis thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses
c. Lebih dari satu BT dari berbagai ukuran joined, and the density of the BT’s image
muncul dan densiti lebih dari salah satu exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent
gambar melebihi dari bahan induk sekitarnya material.
yang tertipis c. More than one BT of any size is present
and the density of more than one of the
images exceeds that of the thinnest
adjacent parent material.
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
kombinasi apapun, dalam setiap 12 in (300 continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld
mm) kontinu panjang lasan melebihi 2 in exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
(50 mm) b. The aggregate length of indications of EU
b. Panjang agregat indikasi EU dan IU, dalam and IU, in any combination, exceeds one
kombinasi apapun, melebihi seperenam sixth of the weld length.
panjang lasan Note: See 9.7 (API Standard 1104) for
Catatan: Lihat 9.7 (API Standard 1104) untuk acceptance standards for undercutting when
standar penerimaan untuk undercutting bila visual and mechanical measurements are
pengukuran visual dan mekanis dilaksanakan employed.
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
Table 5—Weld Thickness Versus Diameter of ASTM E 747 Wire Type IQI
Weld Thickness Essential Wire Diameter
Inches Millimeters Inches Millimeters ASTM Set Letter
0 – 0.250 0 – 6.4 0.008 0.20 A
> 0.250 – 0.375 > 6.4 – 9.5 0.010 0.25 A or B
> 0.375 – 0.500 > 9.5 – 12.7 0.013 0.33 B
> 0.500 – 0.750 > 12.7 – 19.1 0.016 0.41 B
> 0.750 – 1.000 > 19.1 – 25.4 0.020 0.51 B
> 1.000 – 2.000 > 25.4 – 50.8 0.025 0.64 B
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
Note: One or both root faces may be inadequately filled at the inside surface.
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
Figure 19—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Less Than or Equal to 0.500 in. (12.7 mm)
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
Figure 20—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Greater Than 0.500 in. (12.7 mm)
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)
Exhibit
RADIOGRAPHIC TEST REPORT
The acceptance standards for weld imperfections according to API 1104 consider conditions such as inadequate penetration, incomplete fusion, and slag inclusions. Each has specific thresholds, like individual and aggregate lengths of imperfections that should not be exceeded. Any deviation from these thresholds indicates a defect and results in the weld failing to meet acceptance criteria .
Surface preparation is crucial in radiographic examination procedures as it ensures surface defects do not obscure or interfere with the interpretation of the radiographic film, leading to accurate identification of internal anomalies. Proper preparation allows for clearer imaging, increases the reliability of defect detection, and supports compliance with quality standards .
The radiographic film procedure, as per API 1104, must include details such as the type of radiation source, size of the effective source or focal spot, and the voltage rating of the X-ray equipment. It should also specify the type, placement, and thickness of intensifying screens if lead is used, along with the film brand/type and number of frames. Depiction of exposure geometry (single-wall or double-wall exposure and viewing), distance from the source to film, relative positioning of film, weld, source, and image quality indicators (IQI), exposure conditions, as well as processing details (automatic or manual) including times and temperatures during different stages, must also be included .
For pipes with an outside diameter ≥ 2.375 inches, slag inclusions are considered defects if their length exceeds 2 inches, the aggregate length in 12 in. of weld exceeds 2 inches, or width is more than 1/16 inches. For pipes with smaller diameters, specific additional conditions apply . Parallel indications separated by the root bead width are considered single unless their width exceeds 1/32 inches, in which case they are separate. More than four such indications in any 12 in. weld length also qualifies as defect .
Incomplete fusion defects are defined as surface imperfections open to the surface between the weld metal and the base material. It is identified as a defect if the length of an individual indication of incomplete fusion exceeds 1 inch, the aggregate length in any 12-inch length of weld exceeds 1 inch, or if the aggregate length exceeds 8% of any weld shorter than 12 inches .
For a DWE/DWV procedure, one IQI is placed on the source side of the pipe across the weld to superimpose the essential wire image onto the weld images. For DWE/SWV or SWE/SWV requiring multiple exposures and film length over 5 inches, two IQIs are used—one near the end and another at the center of the interpreted film length. If film length is 5 inches or less, one IQI is centered across the weld. For repaired welds, an additional IQI is placed across each repaired area. If impractical to place IQI on the weld due to configuration or size, it can be placed on a separate block made from similar material .
Placing IQIs at specific positions is critical to accurately assess the quality of welds by ensuring that IQIs' essential details, such as clear visibility of the wire diameter across the area of interest, are achieved. Incorrect placement can lead to inaccurate interpretation of radiographic images and undetected defects, compromising quality assurance. It may result in rework of inspections, incorrect acceptance of subpar welds, or overlooking critical defects that can lead to structural failures .
Inadequate penetration due to high-low (IPD) occurs when one edge of the root is exposed or unbonded, typically due to adjacent pipe or fitting joints being misaligned. It is identified as a defect if the length of an individual indication exceeds 2 inches, or the aggregate length in any continuous 12-inch length of weld exceeds 3 inches .
Intensifying screens, used in radiography, amplify the radiation effect, thereby reducing exposure time needed for capturing images on the radiographic film. Specifications include type and placement, thickness when lead is used, ensuring screen-film contact stability which affects image sharpness and quality. Proper usage enhances efficiency and effectiveness of radiographic examinations .
Exposure geometry in radiographic film procedures involves configurations such as single-wall exposure for single-wall viewing (SWE/SWV), double-wall exposure for single-wall viewing (DWE/SWV), and double-wall exposure for double-wall viewing (DWE/DWV). It includes considerations for the distance from the source or focal spot to the film, positioning relative to weld, source, and IQI, and determining necessary exposures for complete weld radiography. These components ensure optimal image quality and defect detection .









