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Radiographic Examination Procedure API 1104

This document provides procedures for conducting radiographic examinations of welds on ferrous materials using x-rays or gamma rays according to ASME and API standards. It outlines the purpose, scope, personnel qualifications, safety requirements, test instructions, acceptance criteria, and record keeping for the radiographic testing process. The objective is to produce high quality radiographic images that clearly show essential details and meet the standards for image quality, identification, technique, and acceptance.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
225 views24 pages

Radiographic Examination Procedure API 1104

This document provides procedures for conducting radiographic examinations of welds on ferrous materials using x-rays or gamma rays according to ASME and API standards. It outlines the purpose, scope, personnel qualifications, safety requirements, test instructions, acceptance criteria, and record keeping for the radiographic testing process. The objective is to produce high quality radiographic images that clearly show essential details and meet the standards for image quality, identification, technique, and acceptance.

Uploaded by

Awale Udin
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Purpose
  • Scope
  • Qualifications and Responsibilities
  • Reference Documents
  • Film Radiography
  • Equipment Requirements
  • Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
  • Exposure Geometry
  • Density and Film Quality
  • Acceptance Standards
  • Interpretation of Results
  • Types of Imperfections
  • Tables and Figures
  • Exhibit

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ID€UNIICAL ANII} INSPEEIION Sf,*VICE Revision No. : 0O
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Telepon: (02118701936, Far: (02r) 870t936 Pase : lof24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

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Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 2 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

SUMMARY OF REVISION SHEET

This page is a record of all revisions of the procedure and the following revision (s) has (have) been made to this
procedure.

REV. DATE PAGE DESCRIPTION

00 November 12, 2012 All pages Original Issue


Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 3 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

Daftar Isi / Table of Content

Par. Uraian Par. Description Page


1 Tujuan 1 Purpose 4
2 Ruang lingkup 2 Scope 4
3 Pelaporan 3 Records 4
4 Referensi 4 References 5
5 Qualifikasi Personel dan 5 Personnel Qualification and 5
Tanggung Jawab Responsibility
6 Persyaratan Keselamatan 6 Safety Requirement 5
7 Instruksi 7 Instructions 5
7.1 Persiapan Permukaan 7.1 Surface Preparation 5
7.2 Film Radiography 7.2 Film Radiography 5
7.3 Exposure Geometry 7.3 Exposure Geometry 6
7.4 Jenis Image Quality Indicator 7.4 Type of Image Quality Indicators 8
(IQI) (IQI)
7.5 Pemilihan Image Quality 7.5 Selection of Image Quality 8
Indicator (IQI) Indicators (IQI)
7.6 Penempatan Image Quality 7.6 Placement of Image Quality 9
Indicator (IQI) Indicators (IQI)
7.7 Identifikasi gambar 7.7 Identification of Images 10
7.8 Penyimpanan film 7.8 Storage of Film 10
7.9 Density film 7.9 Film Density 10
7.10 Proses gambar 7.10 Image Processing 11
7.11 Area process gambar 7.11 Image Processing Area 11
8 Standard Keberterimaan 8 Acceptance Standards 11
Lapiran Exhibit 19 ~ 24
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 4 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

1 Tujuan 1 Purpose
a. Untuk menyediakan petunjuk pelaksanaan a. This procedure provides guidance during the
pengujian radiografi pada lasan material ferrous conduct of radiographic examination of welds
(carbon steel, low alloy steel and stainless steel of ferrous material (carbon steel, low alloy steel
material) termasuk kupon test welder, and stainless steel material) include welder test
menggunakan Iridium (Ir 192) atau Cobalt (Co. coupons , using x-rays or gamma rays, in
60), sesuai dengan ASME code Sect. V dan API accordance with ASME Code Sect. V, and API
1104 1104 Twentieth Edition
b. Prosedur ini terdiri dari versi Inggris dan b. This procedure consists of English and
Indonesia, jika ada konflik antara keduanya maka Indonesian versions, should there is conflict
versi Inggris yang dipakai between these versions the English version shall
govern.

2 Ruang lingkup 2 Scope


Prosedur ini menyajikan persyaratan untuk This procedure presents the requirements for
menghasilkan gambar radiografi pada film atau producing radiographic images on film or other
media lain melalui penggunaan sinar-X atau media through the use of X-rays or gamma rays.
sinar gamma. Suatu prosedur rinci untuk A detailed procedure for the production of
produksi gambar harus ditetapkan dan images shall be established and recorded.
dicatat. Film radiografi yang dihasilkan dengan Radiographic film produced by the use of this
menggunakan prosedur ini harus mempunyai procedure shall have the density (see 7.9),
density (lihat 7.9), kejelasan, dan kontras sesuai clarity, and contrast required by this standard.
dengan standar ini. Gambar yang dihasilkan oleh Images produced by other systems shall have
sistem lain harus memiliki kepekaan yang the requisite sensitivity to define clearly the
diperlukan untuk mendefinisikan dengan jelas essential wire diameter of the proper Image
diameter kawat essensial dari Image Quality Quality Indicator (IQI). The following criteria
Indicator (IQI). Kriteria berikut harus digunakan shall be used to evaluate images:
untuk mengevaluasi gambar: a. An acceptable image quality that is free
a. Sebuah kualitas yang dapat diterima gambar from fog and from processing irregularities
yang bebas dari kabut dan dari that could mask the image of actual
penyimpangan pemrosesan yang dapat imperfections.
menutupi gambar ketidaksempurnaan aktual
b. Menunjukkan Image Quality Indicator (IQI) b. The prescribed Image Quality Indicator
dan diameter kawat esensial (IQI) and the essential wire diameter.
c. Sebuah sistem identifikasi yang memuaskan c. A satisfactory identification system.
d. Suatu teknik yang dapat diterima dan setup d. An acceptable technique and setup.
e. Kompatibilitas dengan standar e. Compatibility with acceptance standards.
keberterimaan.

3 Pelaporan 3 Records
Semua Hasil Pengujian Radiografi harus All Radiographic Examination Results shall be
dilaporkan kedalam form laporan pengujian reported on Radiographic Test Report form
radiografi (Exhibit VI). Salinan catatan harus (Exhibit VI). A copy of the record shall be
diberikan kepada perusahaan untuk furnished to the company for its records. The
catatannya. catatan tersebut mungkin dalam record may be in the form of writing, a sketch,
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 5 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

bentuk tulisan, sketsa, atau keduanya or both.

4 Referensi 4 References
4.1 PT. Bengawan Solo Tecnik’s Written Practice 4.1 PT. Bengawan Solo Tecnik’s Written Practice
Procedure. Procedure.
4.2 ASME Code Sect. V. 4.2 ASME Code Sect. V.
4.3 API Standard 1104, 2005 Edition, Errata 4.3 API Standard 1105, 2004 Edition, Errata
2008; Welding of Pipelines and Related 2008; Welding of Pipelines and Related
Facilities. (SNI 13-3472-2002) Facilities. (SNI 13-3472-2002)

5 Qualifikasi Personel dan Tanggung Jawab 5 Personnel Qualification and Responsibility


5.1 Personel yang melakukan pengujian untuk 5.1 Personnel performing examinations to the
memenuhi syarat – syarat dari spesifikasi ini requirements of this specification shall be
harus di qualifikasi sesuai dengan written qualified in accordance with PT. Bengawan
practice PT. Bengawan Solo Tecnik. Solo Tecnik’s written practice.
5.2 Personel yang menentukan keberterimaan sesuai 5.2 Personnel determining the acceptability to the
syarat –syarat dari prosedur ini harus mempunyai requirements of this procedure shall be qualified
qualifikasi Level II atau Level III to Level II or Level III radiographer.

6 Persyaratan Keselamatan 6 Safety Requirement


Radiografer harus bertanggung jawab untuk The radiographer shall be responsible for the
melindungi dan pemantauan setiap orang yang protection and monitoring of every person
bekerja dengan atau dekat sumber working with or near radiation sources. The
radiasi. Perlindungan dan pemantauan harus protection and monitoring shall comply with
sesuai dengan keadaan yang berlaku federal, applicable federal, state, and local regulations.
negara, dan peraturan daerah.

7 Instruksi 7 Instructions
7.1 Persiapan Permukaan 7.1 Surface Preparation
7.1.1 Riak lasan atau penyimpangan permukaan lasan 7.1.1 Weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on
baik pada bagian dalam (di mana dapat diakses) both the inside (where accessible) and outside
dan luar harus dihilangkan sedemikian rupa shall be removed to such a degree that the
sehingga gambar radiografi yang dihasilkan resulting radiographic image due to surface
karena permukaan yang tidak rata tidak irregularities cannot mask or be confused with
menutupi atau menjadi bingung dengan gambar the image of any discontinuities.
dari setiap diskontinuitas.
7.1.2 Permukaan dari semua sambungan las butt 7.1.2 The finished surface of all butt welded joints
mungkin digerinda rata dengan bahan dasar atau may be flush with the base material or may have
mempunyai cukup mahkota seragam, dengan reasonably uniform crowns, with reinforcement,
reinforcement, tidak melebihi yang ditentukan not to exceed that specified in the referencing
dalam referensi code. Code.

7.2 Film Radiography 7.2 Film Radiography


Sebagai minimum, prosedur untuk radiografi As a minimum, the procedure for film
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 6 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

film harus mencakup rincian sebagai berikut: radiography shall include the following details:
a. Sumber radiasi – jenis sumber radiasi, a. Radiation source—the type of radiation
ukuran sumber efektif atau focal spot, dan source, the size of the effective source or
rating tegangan dari peralatan X-ray focal spot, and the voltage rating of the X-
b. Intensifying screen – jenis dan penempatan ray equipment.
screen dan, jika timbal digunakan, b. Intensifying screens—the type and
ketebalannya. placement of the screens and, if lead is used,
c. Film – merek film atau jenis atau keduanya their thickness.
dan jumlah frame dalam dudukan atau c. Film—the film brand or type or both and the
kaset. Untuk multiple-film teknik, cara di number of frames in the holder or cassette.
mana film ini dapat dilihat harus ditentukan For multiple-film techniques, the way in
d. Exposure geometry – apakah single-wall which the film is to be viewed shall be
exposure untuk single-wall viewing specified.
(SWE/SWV), double-wall exposure untuk d. Exposure geometry—whether single-wall
single-wall viewing (DWE/SWV), atau exposure for single-wall viewing
double-wall exposure untuk double-wall (SWE/SWV), double-wall exposure for
viewing (DWE/DWV); jarak dari sumber single-wall viewing (DWE/SWV), or
atau focal spot ke film; posisi relatif dari double-wall exposure for double-wall
film, las, sumber, Image Quality Indicator viewing (DWE/DWV); the distance from
(IQI), dan interval atau referensi marker, the source or focal spot to the film; the
dan jumlah eksposur yang diperlukan untuk relative positions of the film, weld, source,
radiografi seluruh lasan Image Quality Indicators (IQI), and interval
e. Kondisi Eksposur – apakah milliampere or reference markers; and the number of
atau curie minutes, tegangan X-ray atau exposures required for radiography of a
tegangan input dan arus listrik, dan waktu complete weld.
eksposur e. Exposure conditions—whether milliampere
f. Pengolahan – apakah otomatis atau manual, or curie minutes, the X-ray voltage or the
waktu dan suhu untuk development dan input voltage and amperage, and the
waktu untuk stop bath atau pembilasan, exposure time.
fixing, dan pencucian, dan pengeringan f. Processing—whether automatic or manual;
secara rinci. the time and temperature for development
and the time for stop bath or rinsing, fixing,
g. Material – jenis dan range ketebalan
and washing; and drying details.
material yang sesuai prosedur
g. Materials—the type and thickness range of
h. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) – jenis
material for which the procedure is suitable.
material, mengidentifikasi ASTM atau ISO
h. Image Quality Indicators (IQI)—the type
set, dan diameter kawat esensial
material, identifying ASTM or ISO set, and
i. Heat shields - material, ketebalan, dan jarak essential wire diameter.
dari sisi film dari perisai panas ke i. Heat shields—material, thickness, and the
permukaan pipa. distance from the film side of the heat shield
to the pipe surface.

7.3 Exposure Geometry 7.3 Exposure Geometry


7.3.1 Film Radiography 7.3.1 Film Radiography
[Link] Ketika sumber radiografi terpusat pada pipa [Link] When a radiographic source is centered in the
untuk penyinaran lasan butt, salah satu paparan pipe for exposing a butt weld, one exposure is
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 7 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

adalah cukup untuk inspeksi radiografi dari lasan adequate for the radiographic inspection of the
(SWE/SWV) complete weld (SWE/SWV).
[Link] Ketika sumber radiografi di luar tetapi tidak [Link] When the radiographic source is outside but not
lebih dari 1/2 in (13 mm) dari permukaan lasan, more than 1/2 in.(13 mm) from the weld
setidaknya tiga paparan yang terpisah 120 derajat surface, at least three exposures separated by
harus dibuat untuk inspeksi radiografi seluruh 120° shall be made for the radiographic
lasan (DWE/SWV) inspection of a complete weld (DWE/SWV).
[Link] Ketika sumber radiografi berada di luar dan lebih [Link] When the radiographic source is outside and
dari 1/2 in (13 mm) dari permukaan lasan, more than 1/2 in. (13 mm) from the weld
setidaknya empat paparan yang terpisah 90 ° surface, at least four exposures separated by 90°
harus dibuat untuk inspeksi radiografi seluruh shall be made for the radiographic inspection of
lasan (DWE/ SWV) a complete weld (DWE/ SWV).
[Link] Ketika diameter pipa yang terdapat las adalah [Link] When the diameter of the piping containing the
3.500 inci (88,9 mm) atau kurang, DWE/DWV weld is 3.500 in. (88.9 mm) or less, a
prosedur dapat digunakan DWE/DWV procedure may be used.
[Link] Bila prosedur ini digunakan dan sinar radiasi [Link] When this procedure is used and the radiation
adalah offset sehingga bagian source-side dan beam is offset so that the source-side and film-
film-side las tidak tumpang tindih di bidang side portions of the weld do not overlap in the
radiografi yang sedang dievaluasi, setidaknya areas of the radiograph being evaluated, at least
dua paparan yang terpisah 90 ° harus dibuat two exposures separated by 90° shall be made
untukpemeriksaan radiografi lasan for the radiographic inspection of a complete
weld.
[Link] Ketika bagian source-side dan film-side lasan [Link] When the source-side and film-side portions of
ditumpangkan, setidaknya tiga paparan yang the weld are superimposed, at least three
dipisahkan oleh 60 ° harus dibuat untuk inspeksi exposures separated by 60° shall be made for
radiografi seluruh lasan the radiographic inspection of a complete weld.
[Link] Ketika diameter yang lebih kecil, lebih tebal [Link] When smaller diameter, thicker wall pipe is
dinding pipa adalah diradiografi, eksposur radiographed, additional exposures should be
tambahan harus dilakukan untuk meminimalkan made to minimize the distortion of imperfection
distorsi gambar ketidaksempurnaan di ujung images at the ends of the radiographs.
radiografi
[Link] Jarak minimum antara sumber atau focal spot [Link] The minimum distance between the source or
dan sisi sumber objek yang diradiografi harus focal spot and the source side of the object being
ditentukan dengan rumus berikut (dengan radiographed shall be determined by the
menggunakan unit pengukuran konstan): following formula (using constant units of
measurement):
D = St/k D = St/k
dimana where
D = jarak minimum, dalam inci, antara sumber D = minimum distance, in inches, between the
atau focal spot dan sisi sumber dari obyek source or focal spot and the source side
yang diradiografi of the object being radiographed,
S = ukuran, dalam inci, dari sumber yang efektif S = size, in inches, of the effective source or
atau focal spot focal spot,
t = ketebalan las, dalam inci, termasuk t = thickness of the weld, in inches, including
penguatan, ditambah jarak antara sisi film reinforcement, plus the distance between
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 8 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

las dan film the film side of the weld and the film,
k = factor geometric unsharpness k = geometric unsharpness factor.
Ketika t ditentukan untuk prosedur SWE/SWV When t is determined for SWE/SWV and
dan DWE/SWV, ketebalan dinding tunggal dan DWE/SWV procedures, the thickness of the
penguatan las yang harus digunakan. Ketika t single wall and its weld reinforcement shall be
ditentukan untuk prosedur DWE/DWV, diameter used. When t is determined for DWE/DWV
luar las (yaitu, diameter luar pipa ditambah dua procedures, the outside diameter of the weld
kali tinggi rata-rata dari mahkota las) harus (that is, the outside diameter of the pipe plus
digunakan. Biasanya, k adalah 0,02 inci (0,5 twice the average height of the weld crown)
mm) untuk material dengan ketebalan kurang shall be used. Normally, k is 0.02 in. (0.5 mm)
dari atau sama dengan 2.000 inci (50,8 mm). for material with a thickness of less than or
equal to 2.000 in.(50.8 mm).

7.4 Jenis Image Quality Indicator (IQI) 7.4 Type of Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
7.4.1 Image Quality Indicators (IQI) harus memenuhi 7.4.1 Image Quality Indicators (IQI) shall conform to
persyaratan baik ASTM E 747 atau ISO 1027 the requirements of either ASTM E 747 or ISO
IQI kawat. Perusahaan harus menentukan jenis 1027 wire IQI. The company shall define which
IQI (ASTM atau ISO) yang akan digunakan. type IQI (ASTM or ISO) is to be used.
7.4.2 IQI harus dibuat dari bahan yang radiografi mirip 7.4.2 The IQI shall be made of material that is
dengan material yang dilas. radiographically similar to the material being
welded.

7.5 Pemilihan Image Quality Indicator (IQI) 7.5 Selection of Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
7.5.1 IQI harus terdiri dari salah satu rangkaian enam 7.5.1 The IQI shall consist of either a series of six (6)
(6) kawat untuk tipe kawat ASTM E747 atau wires for ASTM E747 wire type or a series of
serangkaian tujuh (7) kawat untuk tipe kawat seven (7) wires for ISO wire type IQI, arranged
ISO IQI, disusun sesuai diameter secara in order of increasing diameter.
bertahap.
7.5.2 Diameter kawat esensial untuk digunakan, 7.5.2 The essential wire diameter to be used, based on
berdasarkan ketebalan las ditampilkan pada the thickness of the weld is shown in Table 5
Tabel 5 (Exhibit I) untuk IQI tipe kawat ASTM (Exhibit I) for ASTM E 747 wire type IQI and
E 747 dan Tabel 6 (Exhibit I) untuk tipe kawat Table 6 (Exhibit I) for ISO wire type IQI.
ISO IQI.
7.5.3 Sebagai pilihan kontraktor radiografi, diameter 7.5.3 At the radiographic contractor's option, smaller
kawat lebih kecil IQI daripada yang ditentukan wire diameter IQI than those specified above
di atas dapat digunakan, asalkan sensitivitas may be used, provided the required radiographic
radiografi yang diperlukan dapat diperoleh. sensitivity is obtained.
Catatan: Untuk tujuan seleksi IQI, ketebalan las Note: For purposes of IQI selection, the
berarti tebal dinding nominal ditambah thickness of the weld shall mean nominal wall
reinforcement las (gabungan internal plus thickness plus the weld reinforcement (internal
eksternal). plus external combined).
Gambar radiografi dari IQI mengidentifikasi
The radiographic images of the IQI identifying
gaya nomor dan set huruf ASTM atau gambar
style number and ASTM set letter or ISO
ISO harus tampak jelas. Gambar dari diameter
designation shall appear clearly. The image of
kawat esensial harus tampak jelas di seluruh area
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 9 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

of interest. the essential wire diameter shall appear clearly


across the entire area of interest.

7.6 Penempatan Image Quality Indicator (IQI) 7.6 Placement of Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
7.6.1 Film 7.6.1 Film
IQI harus ditempatkan sebagai berikut: The IQI shall be placed as follows:
[Link] Ketika lasan diradiografi dengan eksposur [Link] When a complete weld is radiographed in a
tunggal menggunakan sumber dari dalam pipa, single exposure using a source inside the piping,
setidaknya empat IQI ditempatkan melintang di at least four IQI placed across the weld and
las dan berjarak kira-kira sama dalam lingkaran spaced approximately equally around the
harus digunakan. circumference shall be used.
[Link].1 Untuk prosedur DWE/DWV, satu IQI harus [Link].1 For the DWE/DWV procedure, one IQI shall be
ditempatkan pada sisi sumber pada pipa dan placed on the source side of the pipe and across
melintang di lasan sehingga gambar kawat the weld so that the essential wire image is
esensial menumpuk ke gambar las. superimposed onto the weld images.
[Link].2 Untuk prosedur DWE/SWV atau SWE/ SWV [Link].2 For the DWE/SWV or SWE/ SWV procedures
yang membutuhkan beberapa paparan untuk requiring multiple exposures for complete
pemeriksaan lengkap lasan, dan di mana panjang inspection of the weld, and where the length of
film yang akan diinterpret lebih besar dari 5 inci film to be interpreted is greater than 5 in. (130
(130 mm), dua IQI ditempatkan melintang di mm), two IQI placed across the weld and
lasan dan terletak pada film harus located on the film side shall be used. One shall
digunakan. Satu harus berada dalam jarak 1 in be within 1 in. (25 mm) of the end of the film
(25 mm) dari akhir film panjang length to be interpreted and the other shall be at
diinterpretasikan dan yang lainnya harus di the center of the film.
tengah-tengah film.
[Link].3 Ketika panjang film diinterpret adalah 5 inci [Link].3 When the film length to be interpreted is 5 in.
(130 mm) atau kurang, satu IQI harus (130 mm) or less, one IQI shall be placed on the
ditempatkan pada sisi film, melintang di lasan film side, across the weld and located at the
dan terletak di pusat panjang yang akan center of the length to be interpreted.
diinterpret.
[Link].4 Ketika las diperbaiki diradiografi, sebuah IQI [Link].4 When a repaired weld is radiographed, an
tambahan harus ditempatkan di setiap daerah additional IQI shall be placed across each
yang diperbaiki. repaired area.
[Link] Bila tidak praktis untuk m enempatkan IQI pada [Link] When it is not practical to place an IQI on the
lasan karena las konfigurasi atau ukuran, IQI weld due to weld configuration or size, the IQI
dapat ditempatkan pada blok terpisah. blok may be placed on a separate block. Separate
terpisah harus dibuat dari material yang sama blocks shall be made of the same or
atau mirip dan dapat digunakan untuk radiographically similar material and may be
memfasilitasi posisi IQI. Ketebalan bahan blok used to facilitate IQI positioning. The thickness
terpisah harus sama dengan ketebalan dari lasan. of the separate block material should be the
same as the thickness of the weld.
[Link] Heat shields: IQI dapat ditempatkan pada perisai [Link] Heat shields: IQI may be placed on a heat
panas selain kontak dengan pipa, dengan shield rather than in contact with the pipe,
ketentuan bahwa penerimaan penempatan IQI provided that the acceptability of such IQI
didemonstrasikan pada saat kualifikasi prosedur. placement is demonstrated during procedure
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 10 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

qualification

7.7 Identifikasi gambar 7.7 Identification of Images


7.7.1 Gambar harus secara jelas diidentifikasi dengan 7.7.1 Images shall be clearly identified by the use of
menggunakan nomor dari timah, huruf dari lead numbers, lead letters, markers, or other
timag, marker, atau identifikasi lain sehingga identification so that the proper weld and any
lasan yang tepat dan setiap ketidaksempurnaan di imperfections in it can be quickly and accurately
dalamnya dapat dengan cepat dan akurat located. The company may specify the
ditentukan. Perusahaan mungkin menentukan identification procedure to be used.
prosedur identifikasi yang akan digunakan
7.7.2 Bila lebih dari satu gambar digunakan untuk 7.7.2 Whenever more than one image is used to
memeriksa mengelas, marker identifikasi harus inspect a weld, identification markers shall
muncul pada setiap gambar, dan gambar yang appear on each image, and adjacent images shall
berdekatan harus tumpang tindih. overlap.
7.7.3 Marker referensi terakhir pada setiap akhir 7.7.3 The last reference marker on each end of the
gambar harus muncul pada gambar berdekatan image shall appear on the appropriate adjacent
yang sesuai dengan cara menetapkan bahwa images in a way that establishes that no part of
tidak ada bagian las telah dihilangkan. the weld has been omitted.

7.8 Penyimpanan film 7.8 Storage of Film


7.8.1 Film 7.8.1 Film
Semua film tidak terpapar harus disimpan di All unexposed films shall be stored in a clean,
tempat yang bersih dan kering dimana kondisi dry place where the conditions will not
tidak akan berdampak buruk terhadap detrimentally affect the emulsion. If any
emulsi. Jika pertanyaan timbul tentang kondisi question arises about the condition of the
film tidak terpapar, lembaran dari depan dan unexposed film, sheets from the front and back
belakang setiap paket atau panjang film sama of each package or a length of film equal to the
dengan keliling setiap roll asli harus diproses circumference of each original roll shall be
dengan cara yang normal tanpa terkena cahaya processed in the normal manner without
atau radiasi. exposure to light or radiation.
7.8.2 Jika film diproses menunjukkan kabut, seluruh 7.8.2 If the processed film shows fog, the entire box
kotak atau roll dari mana film uji telah dihapus or roll from which the test film was removed
harus dibuang, kecuali tes tambahan shall be discarded, unless additional tests prove
membuktikan bahwa film yang tersisa dalam that the remaining film in the box or roll is free
kotak atau roll bebas dari pra-paparan kabut from pre-exposure fog exceeding 0.30 H&D
melebihi 0,30 H&D menular density transparent- transmitted density for transparent-based film or
based film atau 0,05 H & D tercermin density 0.05 H&D reflected density for opaque-based
untuk opaque-based film. film.
Catatan: H & D mengacu pada metode Hurter- Note: H&D refers to the Hurter-Driffield
Driffield untuk mendefinisikan kuantitatif method of defining quantitative blackening of
kehitaman dari film. the film.

7.9 Density film 7.9 Film Density


7.9.1 Density film 7.9.1 Film Density
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

Kecuali untuk wilayah lokal kecil yang Except for small localized areas caused by
disebabkan oleh konfigurasi lasan tidak teratur, irregular weld configurations, the transmitted
density H&D ditransmisikan di area of interest H&D density in the area of interest of
transparent-based film tidak boleh kurang dari transparent-based film shall not be less than 1.8
1,8 atau lebih besar dari 4.0. Ini mencerminkan nor greater than 4.0. The reflected H&D density
densitas H&D untuk opaque-based film tidak for opaque-based film shall not be less than 0.5
boleh kurang dari 0,5 atau lebih besar dari nor greater than 1.5. Transmitted H&D densities
1,5. Pentransmisian densiti H & D melalui through small localized areas may exceed these
daerah lokal kecil mungkin melebihi batas, limits; however, minimum densities shall not be
namun, kepadatan minimum tidak boleh kurang less than 1.5 and maximum densities shall not
dari 1,5 dan kepadatan maksimum tidak boleh exceed 4.2; reflected H&D density shall not be
melebihi 4.2; pantulan densiti H & D tidak boleh less than 0.25 and shall not exceed 1.8.
kurang dari 0,25 dan tidak boleh melebihi 1,8.
7.9.2 Peralatan film viewing 7.9.2 Film Viewing Equipment
Peralatan viewing (illuminator) harus dari jenis The viewing equipment (illuminator) shall be of
variabel intensitas tinggi dan harus mampu the variable high-intensity type and shall be
melihat densitas film dalam rentang yang capable of viewing film densities within the
ditentukan dalam 7.9.1. Ini harus dilengkapi range specified in 7.9.1. It shall be equipped to
untuk mencegah cahaya, yang datang dari sekitar prevent light, coming from around the outer
tepi luar radiografi atau melalui bagian edge of the radiograph or through low density
kepadatan rendah radiografi, dari mengganggu portions of the radiograph, from interfering with
interpretasi. interpretations.
7.9.3 Fasilitas Film viewing 7.9.3 Film Viewing Facilities
Fasilitas viewing harus menyediakan Viewing facilities shall provide subdued
pencahayaan dengan intensitas latar belakang background lighting of an intensity that will not
yang tidak akan menyebabkan refleksi cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare
merepotkan, bayangan, atau silau pada radiograf. on the radiograph.

7.10 Proses gambar 7.10 Image Processing


Bila diminta oleh perusahaan, film atau media When requested by the company, film or other
gambar lain harus diproses, ditangani, dan imaging media shall be processed, handled, and
disimpan sehingga gambar bisa diinterpret lagi stored so that the images are interpretable for at
minimal 3 tahun setelah dibuat. least 3 years after they are produced.

7.11 Area process gambar 7.11 Image Processing Area


Semua area process film dan semua aksesorisnya a. The image processing area and all accessories
harus di jaga kebersihannya setiap saat. shall be kept clean at all times.

8 Standard Keberterimaan 8 Acceptance Standards


Semua densiti dimaksud dalam 8.1 melalui 8.13 All densities referred to in 8.1 through 8.13 are
didasarkan pada gambar negatif. based on negative images.
8.1 Inadequate penetration without high low 8.1 Inadequate penetration without high low
Inadequate penetration without high low (IP) Inadequate penetration without high-low (IP) is
didefinisikan sebagai pengisian tidak lengkap defined as the incomplete filling of the weld
akar [Link] ini secara skematis diperlihatkan
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 12 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

pada Gambar 13. IP harus dianggap sebagai root. This condition is shown schematically in
defect salah satu kondisi berikut ada: figure 13. IP shall be considered a defect should
a. Panjang indikasi individual IP melebihi 1 in any of the following conditions exist:
(25 mm) a. The length of an individual indication of
b. panjang agregat dari indikasi IP dalam IP exceeds 1 in. ( 25 mm)
setiap 12 in (300 mm) kontinu panjang b. the aggregate length of indications of IP in
lasan melebihi 1 in (25 mm) any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of
c. panjang agregat dari indikasi IP melebihi weld exceeds 1 in. (25 mm)
8% dari panjang lasan pada setiap lasan c. the aggregate length of indications of IP
kurang dari 12 inci (300 mm) panjang exceeds 8% of the weld length in any weld
bahan induk tertipis yang berdekatan dan less than 12 in. (300 mm) in length of the
melebihi ½ (13 mm) dalam setiap 12 in thinnest adjacent parent material and
(300 mm ) kontinu panjang lasan dari total exceeds ½ in (13 mm) in any continuous
panjang lasan, mana yang lebih kecil. 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld of the total
weld length, whichever is less.

8.2 Inadequate Penetration Due to High-Low 8.2 Inadequate Penetration Due to High-Low
Inadequate Penetration Due to High-Low (IPD) Inadequate penetration due to high-low (IPD) is
didefinisikan sebagai kondisi yang terjadi ketika defined as the condition that exists when one
salah satu ujung akar terkena (atau tak terikat) edge of the root is exposed (or unbonded)
karena pipa berdekatan atau sambungan tidak because adjacent pipe or fitting joints are
lurus. Kondisi ini secara skematis diperlihatkan misaligned. This condition is shown
pada Gambar [Link] harus dianggap sebagai schematically in Figure 14. IPD shall be
defect bila salah satu kondisi berikut ada: considered a defect should any of the following
a. Panjang indikasi individual IPD melebihi 2 conditions exist:
in (50 mm) a. The length of an individual indication of
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IPD dalam IPD exceeds 2 in.(50 mm).
setiap 12 in. (300 mm) kontinyu panjang b. The aggregate length of indications of IPD
lasan melebihi 3 inci (75 mm) in any continuous 12-in. (300 mm) length
of weld exceeds 3 in. (75 mm).

8.3 Inadequate Cross Penetration 8.3 Inadequate Cross Penetration


Inadequate Cross Penetration (ICP) didefinisikan Inadequate cross penetration (ICP) is defined as
sebagai suatu ketidaksempurnaan bawah a subsurface imperfection between the first
permukaan antara pass dalam pertama dan pass inside pass and the first outside pass that is
luar pertama yang disebabkan oleh tidak cukup caused by inadequately penetrating the vertical
menembus vertikal permukaan. Kondisi ini land faces. This condition is shown
secara skematis diperlihatkan pada Gambar schematically in Figure 15. ICP shall be
15. ICP harus dianggap sebagai defect bila salah considered a defect should any of the following
satu kondisi berikut ada: conditions exist:
a. Panjang indikasi individual ICP melebihi 2 a. The length of an individual indication of
in (50 mm) ICP exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi ICP dalam b. The aggregate length of indications of ICP
setiap 12 in. (300 mm) kontinyu panjang in any continuous 12-in. (300-mm) length
lasan melebihi 2 in (50 mm) of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 13 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

8.4 Incomplete Fusion. 8.4 Incomplete Fusion


Incomplete Fusion (IF) didefinisikan sebagai Incomplete fusion (IF) is defined as a surface
ketidaksempurnaan permukaan antara logam las imperfection between the weld metal and the
dan bahan dasar yang terbuka ke base material that is open to the surface. This
permukaan. Kondisi ini secara skematis condition is shown schematically in Figure 16.
diperlihatkan pada Gambar 16. IF harus dianggap IF shall be considered a defect should any of the
sebagai defect bila salah satu kondisi berikut ada: following conditions exist:
a. Panjang indikasi individual IF melebihi 1 in a. The length of an individual indication of
(25 mm) IF exceeds 1 in. (25 mm).
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IF dalam b. The aggregate length of indications of IF
setiap 12 in. (300 mm) kontinyu panjang in any continuous 12-in. (300 mm) length
lasan melebihi 1 in (25 mm) of weld exceeds 1 in. (25 mm).
c. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IF melebihi c. The aggregate length of indications of IF
8% dari panjang lasan di lasan apapun exceeds 8% of the weld length in any weld
kurang dari 12 inci (300 mm) panjang less than 12 in. (300 mm) in length.

8.5 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap 8.5 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap
Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap (IFD) Incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD) is
didefinisikan sebagai suatu ketidaksempurnaan defined as an imperfection between two
antara dua manik-manik las yang berdekatan atau adjacent weld beads or between the weld metal
antara logam las dan logam dasar yang tidak and the base metal that is not open to the
terbuka ke [Link] ini secara surface. This condition is shown schematically
skematis diperlihatkan pada Gambar 17. IFD in Figure 17. IFD shall be considered a defect
harus dianggap sebagai defect bila salah satu should any of the following conditions exist:
kondisi berikut ada: a. The length of an individual indication of
a. Panjang indikasi individual IFD melebihi 2 IFD exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
in (50 mm) b. The aggregate length of indications of IFD
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IFD dalam in any continuous 12-in. (300 mm) length
setiap 12 in. (300 mm) kontinyu panjang of weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
lasan melebihi 2 in (50 mm) c. The aggregate length of indications of IFD
c. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IFD melebihi exceeds 8% of the weld length.
8% dari panjang lasan.

8.6 Internal Concavity. 8.6 Internal Concavity


Internal Concavity (IC) didefinisikan dalam 3.2.7 Internal concavity (IC) is defined in 3.2.7 (API
(API Standard 1104) dan secara skematis Standard 1104) and is shown schematically in
diperlihatkan pada Gambar 18. Setiap panjang Figure 18. Any length of internal concavity is
Internal Concavity dapat diterima, asalkan acceptable, provided the density of the
densiti gambar radiografi dari Internal Concavity radiographic image of the internal concavity
tidak melebihi dari bahan induk tertipis does not exceed that of the thinnest adjacent
berdekatan. Untuk daerah yang melebihi densitas parent material. For areas that exceed the
bahan induk tertipis berdekatan, kriteria untuk density of the thinnest adjacent parent material,
burn-through (lihat 8.7) yang berlaku. the criteria for burn-through (see 8.7) are
applicable.
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

8.7 Burn-Through 8.7 Burn-Through


8.7.1 Burn-Through (BT) didefinisikan sebagai bagian 8.7.1 A burn-through (BT) is defined as a portion of
dari root bead dimana penetrasi yang berlebihan the root bead where excessive penetration has
telah menyebabkan weld puddle yang akan caused the weld puddle to be blown into the
ditiupkan ke pipa. pipe.

8.7.2 Untuk pipa dengan diameter luar lebih besar atau 8.7.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater than
sama dengan 2,375 inci (60,3 mm), BT harus or equal to 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), a BT shall be
dianggap sebagai defect bila salah satu kondisi considered a defect should any of the following
berikut ada: conditions exist:
a. Dimensi maksimum melebihi 1/4 in (6 mm) a. The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. (6
dan densiti gambar BT melebihi dari bahan mm) and the density of the BT’s image
induk tertipis berdekatan. exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent
b. Dimensi maksimum melebihi tipis dari material.
ketebalan dinding nominal yang disambung, b. The maximum dimension exceeds the
dan densiti gambar BT melebihi dari bahan thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses
induk tertipis berdekatan. joined, and the density of the BT’s image
c. Jumlah dimensi maksimum BT terpisah exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent
dimana density gambar melebihi dari sekitar material.
bahan induk tertipis melebihi 1/2 inch (13 c. The sum of the maximum dimensions of
mm) dalam setiap 12 in. (300 mm) kontinyu separate BTs whose image density exceeds
panjang lasan atau panjang lasan total, mana that of the thinnest adjacent parent material
yang lebih kecil. exceeds 1/2 inch (13 mm) in any continuous
12-in. (300-mm) length of weld or the total
weld length, whichever is less.

8.7.3 Untuk pipa dengan diameter luar kurang dari 8.7.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than
2,375 inci (60,3 mm), BT harus dianggap sebagai 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), a BT shall be considered a
defect apabila salah satu kondisi berikut ada: defect when any of the following conditions
a. Dimensi maksimum melebihi 1/4 in (6 mm) exists:
dan densiti gambar BT melebihi dari bahan a. The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in.
induk disekitarnya yang tertipis (6 mm) and the density of the BT’s image
b. Dimensi maksimum melebihi tipis dari exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent
ketebalan dinding nominal sambungan, dan material.
densiti gambar BT melebihi dari bahan induk b. The maximum dimension exceeds the
sekitarnya yang tertipis thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses
c. Lebih dari satu BT dari berbagai ukuran joined, and the density of the BT’s image
muncul dan densiti lebih dari salah satu exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent
gambar melebihi dari bahan induk sekitarnya material.
yang tertipis c. More than one BT of any size is present
and the density of more than one of the
images exceeds that of the thinnest
adjacent parent material.
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 15 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

8.8 Slag Inclusions 8.8 Slag Inclusions


8.8.1 Slag Inclusions didefinisikan sebagai non-logam 8.8.1 A slag inclusion is defined as a nonmetallic
padat yang terperangkap dalam logam las atau solid entrapped in the weld metal or between
diantaranya dan bahan induk. Elongated slag and the parent material. Elongated slag
inclusions (ESIs)-misalnya garis slag kontinu inclusions (ESIs)-e.g continuous or broken slag
atau terpotong atau trek gerobak biasanya lines or wagon tracks are usually found at the
ditemukan di zona fusion. Isolated slag fusion zone. Isolated slag inclusions (ISIs) are
inclusions (ISIS) adalah berbentuk tidak irregularly shaped and may be located anywhere
beraturan dan dapat terletak di mana saja di las. in the weld.
Untuk tujuan evaluasi, ketika ukuran indikasi For evaluation purposes, when the size of a
radiografi terak diukur, dimensi maksimum radiographic indication of slag is measured, the
indikasi harus dipertimbangkan adalah panjang. indications maximum dimension shall be
considered is length.
8.8.2 Untuk pipa dengan diameter luar lebih besar atau 8.8.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater than
sama dengan 2,375 inci (60,3 mm), slag or equal to 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), slag inclusions
inclusions harus dianggap sebagai defect bila shall be considered a defect should any of the
salah satu kondisi berikut ada: following conditions exist:
a. Panjang sebuah indikasi ESI melebihi 2 in a. The length of an ESI indications exceeds 2
(50 mm). in. (50 mm).
Catatan: Paralel ESI indikasi dipisahkan Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by
oleh sekitar lebar root bead (trek wagon) approximately the width of the root bead
harus dianggap sebagai indikasi tunggal (wagon tracks) shall be considered a single
kecuali jika lebar dari salah mereka indication unless the width of either them
melebihi 1 / 32 inci (0,8 mm). Dalam hal exceeds 1/32 in. (0.8 mm). In that event,
itu, mereka harus dianggap indikasi they shall be considered separate
terpisah. indications.
b. Panjang agregat dari ESI dalam setiap 12 in b. The aggregate length of ESI indications in
(300 mm) kontinu panjang lasan melebihi 2 any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of
in (50 mm) weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
c. Lebar indikasi ESI melebihi 1/16 in. (1.6 c. The width of an ESI indication exceeds
mm). 1/16 in. (1.6 mm).
d. Panjang agregat indikasi ISI setiap 12 in. d. The aggregate length of ISI indications in
(300 mm) kontinu panjang lasan melebihi ½ any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of
in. (13 mm) weld exceeds ½ in. (13 mm)
e. Lebar indikasi ISI melebihi 1/8 in. ( 3 mm ) e. The width of an ISI indication exceeds 1/8
f. Lebih dari empat indikasi ISI dengan lebar in. ( 3 mm )
maksimum 1/8 (3 mm) ada setiap 12 in. ( f. More than four ISI indications with the
300 mm ) kontinu panjang lasan. maximum width of 1/8 (3 mm) are present
g. Panjang agregat indikasi ESI and ISI in any continuous 12 in. ( 300 mm ) length
melebihi 8% panjang lasan. of weld.
g. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI
indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.
8.8.3 Untuk pipa dengan diameter luar kurang dari 8.8.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than
2,375 inci (60,3 mm), slag inclusions harus 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), slag inclusions shall be
dianggap sebagai defect bila salah satu kondisi considered a defect should any of the following
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
PT. BENGAWAN SOLO TECNIK : 00
TECHNICAL AND INSPECTION SERVICE Revision No.

Jl. Cibubur I Gg. Beriman II No. 24 Jakarta Timur 13720 Date : November 12, 2012
Telepon: (021) 8701936, Fax.: (021) 8701936 Page : 16 of 24
Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

berikut ada: conditions exist:


a. Panjang sebuah indikasi ESI melebihi tiga a. The length of an ESI indications exceeds
kali lebih tipis dari ketebalan dinding three times the thinner of the nominal wall
nominal sambungan thickness joined.
Catatan: indikasi paralel ESI dipisahkan Note: Parallel ESI indications separated
oleh sekitar lebar dari bead root (trek by approximately the width of the root
wagon) harus mempertimbangkan indikasi bead (wagon tracks) shall be consider
terpisah separate indications.
b. Lebar indikasi ESI melebihi 1/16 in (1.6 b. The width of an ESI indications exceeds
mm) 1/16 in (1.6 mm).
c. Panjang agregat dari indikasi ISI melebihi c. The aggregate length of ISI indications
dua kali dari ketebalan tertipis dinding exceeds two times the thinner of the
nominal sambungan dan lebar melebihi satu nominal wall-thickness joined and the
setengah dari ketebalan tertipis dinding width exceeds one-half the thinner of the
nominal sambungan nominal wall thicknesses joined.
d. Panjang indikasi ESI and ISI melebihi 8% d. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI
panjang lasan indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.

8.9 Porosity 8.9 Porosity


8.9.1 Porosity didefinisikan sebagai gas yang 8.9.1 Porosity is defined as gas trapped by solidifying
terperangkap oleh pembekuan logam lasan weld metal before the gas has a chance to rise to
sebelum gas memiliki kesempatan untuk naik ke the surface of the molten paddle and escape.
permukaan cair dan melarikan diri. Porosity Porosity is generally spherical but may be
umumnya berbentuk bulat tetapi mungkin elongated or irregular in shape, such as piping
memanjang atau tidak teratur bentuknya, seperti (wormhole) porosity. When the size of the
porosity pipa (lubang cacing). Bila ukuran dari radiographic indication produce by a pour is
indikasi radiografi dihasilkan oleh tuangan measured, the maximum dimension of the
diukur, dimensi maksimum indikasi akan berlaku indication shall apply to the criteria given in
dengan kriteria yang diberikan dalam 8.9.2 8.9.2 through 8.9.4
melalui 8.9.4
8.9.2 Individu atau scattered porosity (P) harus 8.9.2 Individual or scattered porosity (P) shall be
dianggap sebagai defect bila salah satu kondisi considered a defect should any of the following
berikut ada: conditions exist:
a. Ukuran pori individual melebihi 1/8 inci (3 a. The size of an individual pore exceeds 1/8
mm) in (3 mm).
b. Ukuran pori individual, melebihi 25% dari b. The size of an individual pore exceeds
ketebalan tertipis dinding nominal 25% of the thinner of the nominal wall
sambungan thicknesses joined
c. Distribusi scattered porosity melebihi c. The distribution of scattered porosity
konsentrasi yang diizinkan oleh figure 19 exceeds the concentration permitted by
atau 20 (exhibit IV atau V). figures 19 or 20 (Exhibit IV or V).
8.9.3 Cluster porosity (CP) yang terjadi dalam setiap 8.9.3 Cluster porosity (CP) that occurs in any pass
pass kecuali pass akhir harus memenuhi kriteria except the finish pass shall comply with the
8.9.2. CP yang terjadi di pass akhir harus criteria of 8.9.2. CP that occurs in the finish pass
dianggap sebagai defect bila salah satu kondisi shall be considered a defect should any of the
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

berikut ada. following conditions exist.


a. Diameter cluster melebihi ½ inci (13 mm) a. The diameter of the cluster exceeds ½ in.
b. Panjang agregat CP dalam setiap 12 in (300 (13 mm).
mm) kontinu panjang lasan ada di ½ in(13 b. The aggregate length of CP in any
mm). continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld
exist ½ in (13 mm).
8.9.4 Hollow bead porosity (HB) didefinisikan 8.9.4 Hollow bead porosity (HB) is defined as
sebagai memanjang; porositas linier yang terjadi elongated; linear porosity that occurs in the root
pada root pass. HB harus dianggap sebagai pass. HB shall be considered a defect should any
defect bila salah satu kondisi berikut ada: of the following conditions exist:
a. Panjang indikasi individual HB melebihi ½ a. The length of an individual indication of
(13 mm) HB exceeds ½ in (13 mm)
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi HB dalam b. The aggregate length of indications of HB
setiap 12 in (300 mm) kontinu panjang las in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length
melebihi 2 in (50 mm) of the weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
c. Indikasi HB individual, masing-masing c. Individual indications of HB, each greater
lebih besar dari ¼ inci (6 mm) panjang, than ¼ in (6 mm) in length, are separated
dipisahkan oleh kurang dari 2 inci (50 mm) by less than 2 in. (50 mm).
d. Panjang agregat dari semua indikasi HB d. The aggregate length of all indications of
melebihi 8% dari panjang lasan HB exceeds 8% of the weld length.

8.10 Cracks 8.10 Cracks


Cracks (C) harus dianggap sebagai defect bila Cracks (C) shall be considered a defect should
salah satu kondisi berikut ada: any of the following conditions exists:
a. Crack dari setiap ukuran atau lokasi di a. The crack of any size or location in the
lasan, bukan shallow crater crack atau star weld, is not a shallow crater crack or star
crack crack.
b. Crack adalah shallow crater crack atau star b. The crack is a shallow crater crack or star
crack dengan panjang yang melebihi 5 / 32 crack with a length that exceeds 5/32 in. (4
in (4 mm) mm).
Catatan: Shallow crater cracks atau star cracks Note: Shallow crater cracks or star cracks are
terletak pada titik perhentian manik-manik las located at the stopping point of weld beads and
dan merupakan hasil dari konstruksi logam las are the result of weld metal constructions during
selama solidifications. solidifications.

8.11 Undercutting 8.11 Undercutting


Undercutting didefinisikan sebagai alur meleleh Undercutting is defined as a groove melted into
ke dalam bahan induk yang berdekatan dengan the parent material adjacent to the toe or root of
kaki atau akar dari las dan tertinggal tak terisi the weld and left unfilled by weld metal.
oleh logam [Link] berdekatan pada Undercutting adjacent to the cover pass (EU) or
cover pass (EU) atau root pass (IU) harus root pass (IU) shall be considered a defect
dianggap sebagai defect bila salah satu kondisi should any of the following conditions exists:
berikut ada: a. The aggregate length of indications of EU
a. Panjang agregat indikasi EU dan IU, dalam and IU, in any combination, in any
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

kombinasi apapun, dalam setiap 12 in (300 continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld
mm) kontinu panjang lasan melebihi 2 in exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
(50 mm) b. The aggregate length of indications of EU
b. Panjang agregat indikasi EU dan IU, dalam and IU, in any combination, exceeds one
kombinasi apapun, melebihi seperenam sixth of the weld length.
panjang lasan Note: See 9.7 (API Standard 1104) for
Catatan: Lihat 9.7 (API Standard 1104) untuk acceptance standards for undercutting when
standar penerimaan untuk undercutting bila visual and mechanical measurements are
pengukuran visual dan mekanis dilaksanakan employed.

8.12 Accumulation of Imperfections 8.12 Accumulation of Imperfections


Tidak termasuk incomplete penetration due to Excluding incomplete penetration due to high-
high-low dan undercutting setiap Accumulation low and undercutting any accumulation of
of Imperfections (AI) harus dianggap sebagai imperfections (AI) shall be considered a defect
defect bila salah satu kondisi berikut ada should any of the following conditions exist:
a. Indikasi Panjang agregat dalam setiap 12 in a. The aggregate length indications in any
(300 mm) kontinu panjang lasan melebihi 2 continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of weld
in (50 mm) exceeds 2 in. ( 50 mm)
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi melebihi 8% b. The aggregate length of indications
dari panjang lasan exceeds 8% of the weld length.

8.13 Pipe or fitting Imperfections 8.13 Pipe or fitting Imperfections


Ketidaksempurnaan dalam pipa atau fiting Imperfections in the pipe or fittings detected by
dideteksi dengan pengujian radiografi harus radiographic testing shall be reported to the
dilaporkan kepada perusahaan. disposisi harus company. Their disposition shall be as directed
dilakukan sebagaimana diarahkan bagi for the company.
perusahaan.
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

Table 5—Weld Thickness Versus Diameter of ASTM E 747 Wire Type IQI
Weld Thickness Essential Wire Diameter
Inches Millimeters Inches Millimeters ASTM Set Letter
0 – 0.250 0 – 6.4 0.008 0.20 A
> 0.250 – 0.375 > 6.4 – 9.5 0.010 0.25 A or B
> 0.375 – 0.500 > 9.5 – 12.7 0.013 0.33 B
> 0.500 – 0.750 > 12.7 – 19.1 0.016 0.41 B
> 0.750 – 1.000 > 19.1 – 25.4 0.020 0.51 B
> 1.000 – 2.000 > 25.4 – 50.8 0.025 0.64 B

Table 6—Weld Thickness Versus Diameter of ISO Wire Type IQI


Weld Thickness Essential Wire Diameter
Inches Millimeters Inches Millimeters Wire Identity
0 – 0.250 0 – 6.4 0.008 0.20 13
> 0.250 – 0.375 > 6.4 – 9.5 0.010 0.25 12
> 0.375 – 0.500 > 9.5 – 12.7 0.013 0.33 11
> 0.500 – 0.750 > 12.7 – 19.1 0.016 0.41 10
> 0.750 – 1.000 > 19.1 – 25.4 0.020 0.51 9
> 1.000 – 2.000 >25.4 – 50.8 0.025 0.64 8
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

Note: One or both root faces may be inadequately filled at the inside surface.

Figure 13—Inadequate Penetration without High-low (IP)

Figure 14—Inadequate Penetration Due to High-low (IP)

Figure 15—Inadequate Cross Penetration (ICP)

Figure 16—Incomplete Fusion at Root of Bead or Top of Joint (IF)

Note: The cold lap shown is not surface-connected.

Figure 17—Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap (IFD)


Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

Figure 18—Internal Concavity (IC)


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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

Figure 19—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Less Than or Equal to 0.500 in. (12.7 mm)
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

Figure 20—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Greater Than 0.500 in. (12.7 mm)
Procedure No. : BST / 006 / RT / 12
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Radiographic Examination Procedure (API 1104)

Exhibit
RADIOGRAPHIC TEST REPORT

Common questions

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The acceptance standards for weld imperfections according to API 1104 consider conditions such as inadequate penetration, incomplete fusion, and slag inclusions. Each has specific thresholds, like individual and aggregate lengths of imperfections that should not be exceeded. Any deviation from these thresholds indicates a defect and results in the weld failing to meet acceptance criteria .

Surface preparation is crucial in radiographic examination procedures as it ensures surface defects do not obscure or interfere with the interpretation of the radiographic film, leading to accurate identification of internal anomalies. Proper preparation allows for clearer imaging, increases the reliability of defect detection, and supports compliance with quality standards .

The radiographic film procedure, as per API 1104, must include details such as the type of radiation source, size of the effective source or focal spot, and the voltage rating of the X-ray equipment. It should also specify the type, placement, and thickness of intensifying screens if lead is used, along with the film brand/type and number of frames. Depiction of exposure geometry (single-wall or double-wall exposure and viewing), distance from the source to film, relative positioning of film, weld, source, and image quality indicators (IQI), exposure conditions, as well as processing details (automatic or manual) including times and temperatures during different stages, must also be included .

For pipes with an outside diameter ≥ 2.375 inches, slag inclusions are considered defects if their length exceeds 2 inches, the aggregate length in 12 in. of weld exceeds 2 inches, or width is more than 1/16 inches. For pipes with smaller diameters, specific additional conditions apply . Parallel indications separated by the root bead width are considered single unless their width exceeds 1/32 inches, in which case they are separate. More than four such indications in any 12 in. weld length also qualifies as defect .

Incomplete fusion defects are defined as surface imperfections open to the surface between the weld metal and the base material. It is identified as a defect if the length of an individual indication of incomplete fusion exceeds 1 inch, the aggregate length in any 12-inch length of weld exceeds 1 inch, or if the aggregate length exceeds 8% of any weld shorter than 12 inches .

For a DWE/DWV procedure, one IQI is placed on the source side of the pipe across the weld to superimpose the essential wire image onto the weld images. For DWE/SWV or SWE/SWV requiring multiple exposures and film length over 5 inches, two IQIs are used—one near the end and another at the center of the interpreted film length. If film length is 5 inches or less, one IQI is centered across the weld. For repaired welds, an additional IQI is placed across each repaired area. If impractical to place IQI on the weld due to configuration or size, it can be placed on a separate block made from similar material .

Placing IQIs at specific positions is critical to accurately assess the quality of welds by ensuring that IQIs' essential details, such as clear visibility of the wire diameter across the area of interest, are achieved. Incorrect placement can lead to inaccurate interpretation of radiographic images and undetected defects, compromising quality assurance. It may result in rework of inspections, incorrect acceptance of subpar welds, or overlooking critical defects that can lead to structural failures .

Inadequate penetration due to high-low (IPD) occurs when one edge of the root is exposed or unbonded, typically due to adjacent pipe or fitting joints being misaligned. It is identified as a defect if the length of an individual indication exceeds 2 inches, or the aggregate length in any continuous 12-inch length of weld exceeds 3 inches .

Intensifying screens, used in radiography, amplify the radiation effect, thereby reducing exposure time needed for capturing images on the radiographic film. Specifications include type and placement, thickness when lead is used, ensuring screen-film contact stability which affects image sharpness and quality. Proper usage enhances efficiency and effectiveness of radiographic examinations .

Exposure geometry in radiographic film procedures involves configurations such as single-wall exposure for single-wall viewing (SWE/SWV), double-wall exposure for single-wall viewing (DWE/SWV), and double-wall exposure for double-wall viewing (DWE/DWV). It includes considerations for the distance from the source or focal spot to the film, positioning relative to weld, source, and IQI, and determining necessary exposures for complete weld radiography. These components ensure optimal image quality and defect detection .

P'T. BDNGAWAIY SOLO TDChtIIt
ID€UNIICAL ANII} INSPEEIION Sf,*VICE
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