2.

What is the origin of manga? The word itself was popularized by the famous
woodblock print artist Hokusai, but, contrary to a popular myth, it was not
invented by him. The word is composed of two Chinese characters—the first
meaning "in spite of oneself" or "lax" and the second meaning "picture"—and
has been used to describe various comical images for at least two centuries.

Perhaps the single most important factor in the creation of the modern manga
industry was the work of one artist, the late Osamu Tezuka, known in Japan
as the "god of manga." Tezuka's most popular creation, Mighty Atom, is
known throughout the world; an animated version was broadcast in the U.S.
in the 1960's under the name "Astro Boy." In his autobiography, Tezuka
described what made his manga different from those that came before him.

There are many different types of manga; there's a genre or a storyline for
every type of person. Different types of manga refers to the different genres
of manga, and there are many different genres when it comes to manga.
There are a few large genres, if that makes any sense. For example, some of
the obvious types of manga might be, shounen, shoujo, hentai, etc. Well, take
the shounen genre for instance, there are many smaller genres that could fall
into the shounen manga category. For example, a martial arts and mecha
manga is usually going to also be a shounen manga. But then a shounen
manga is not always going to be a martial arts or mehca manga. That's how it
works.

I'm sure that you're wondering what the different genres of manga actually
are. Let's just say that there are a few. I'll list them and then explain some of
the ones that might need an explanation. We have action, shounen, shoujo,
seinen, ecchi, slice of life, comedy, adventure, drama, tragedy, horror, sports,
harem, historical, martial arts, mecha, mature, music, psychological, sci-fi,
mystery, supernatural, school life, gender bender, and hentai. There you have
it, I'd say that that about covers all of the different genres of manga. After
reading a few of those, you might be thoroughly confused. I'll take some time
to explain those which aren't really self-explanatory.

Shounen is a genre that is primarily targeted at teenage boys. It usually

contains large amounts of action and violence, but the violence is never
anything too over the top, because of the intended audience being boys in
their early teens. A shounen manga always follows the theme of a main
character who becomes stronger or becomes better in one way or another,
with a few exceptions.

A shoujo manga is a genre that is geared towards girls (but many guys also
enjoy shoujo manga). These manga' are known for their distinct art style, and
of course, their romance and love stories. The art is very girly in nature and
the characters themselves are usually very beautiful and have large, highly
detailed eyes.

Seinen manga is meant for an older audience and usually contains material
that is highly inappropriate for young teenagers. Often containing nudity,
gore, profanity, and harsh violence, seinen manga is usually depicted as a
more serious and harsh world. It can be compared to shounen manga in the
sense that it often has a main character or thing that strives to become
stronger or better, for lack of a better word.

The ecchi genre is for older audiences who like to see a bit of extra skin.
Ecchi manga does not always depict full blown nudity or sexual acts but it
does contain partial nudity and an overload of cleavage.
A harem manga is simply where a guy suddenly finds himself surrounded by
girls. These girls are all usually very pretty and ninety-nine percent of the time
the guy is an ungrateful wimp who doesn't realise how fortunate his situation
really is.

Mecha is a genre that contains robots or the like. Just think if you were able
to get inside of a transformer and control it, yeah, like that.

Gender bender is manga that contains a person or people who, in one way or
another, appear to be one gender, but in reality they're the opposite gender.

Hentai manga is basically manga porn.

Then, what is science? According to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, the

definition of science is "knowledge attained through study or practice," or
"knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as
obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the
physical world."

What does that really mean? Science is a systematic enterprise that builds
and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions
about nature and the universe. This knowledge is determined through the
scientific method by experiments and observations, and may take the form of
scientific facts, scientific models, or scientific theories. In an older and closely
related meaning, "science" also refers to a body of knowledge itself, of the
type that can be rationally explained and reliably applied. Ever since classical
antiquity, science as a type of knowledge has been closely linked to
philosophy. In the West during the early modern period the words "science"
and "philosophy of nature" were sometimes used interchangeably, and until
the 19th century natural philosophy (which is today called "natural science")
was considered a separate branch of philosophy.
In modern usage, "science" most often refers to a way of pursuing
knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is also often restricted to those
branches of study that seek to explain the phenomena of the material
universe. In the 17th and 18th centuries scientists increasingly sought to
formulate knowledge in terms of laws of nature. Over the course of the 19th
century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with the scientific
method itself, as a disciplined way to study the natural world, including
physics, chemistry, geology and biology. It is in the 19th century also that the
term scientist began to be applied to those who sought knowledge and
understanding of nature. However, "science" has also continued to be used in
a broad sense to denote reliable and teachable knowledge about a topic, as
reflected in modern terms like library science or computer science. This is
also reflected in the names of some areas of academic study such as social
science and political science.

Science also divided again. There are 3 types of science: Biology, Physics,
and Chemistry.

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living
organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution,
and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many
branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology,
there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study
and research, consolidating it into single, coherent fields. In general, biology
recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of
heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation
of new species. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by
consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal
environment to maintain a stable and vital condition.
Subdisciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are
studied, the kinds of organisms studied, and the methods used to study them:
Biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology
studies the complex interactions among biological molecules; botany studies
the biology of plants; cellular biology examines the basic building-block of all
life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of
tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; evolutionary biology
examines the processes that produced the diversity of life; and ecology
examines how organisms interact in their environment.

Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matterand its motion
through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and
force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to
understand how the universe behaves.

Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through
its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of
natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics,
and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the
natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right.
Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as
biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not
rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental
mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in
areas such as mathematics and philosophy.

Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new

technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example,
advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led
directly to the development of new products that have dramatically
transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic
appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the
development of industrialization, and advances in mechanics inspired the
development of calculus.

Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition,

structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is chiefly concerned
with atoms and molecules and their interactions and transformations, for
example, the properties of the chemical bonds formed between atoms to
create chemical compounds. As such, chemistry studies the involvement of
electrons and various forms of energy in photochemical reactions, oxidation-
reduction reactions, changes in phases of matter, and separation of mixtures.
Preparation and properties of complex substances, such as alloys, polymers,
biological molecules, and pharmaceutical agents are considered in
specialized fields of chemistry.

Chemistry is sometimes called the central science because it bridges other

natural sciences like physics, geology and biology. Chemistry is a branch of
physical science but distinct from physics.

The etymology of the word chemistry has been much disputed. The history of
chemistry can be traced to certain practices, known as alchemy, which had
been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world.