Module 3

Bandwidth and Power Efficient AM Systems

 DSBSC-AM
• DSBSC – Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier

• Carrier signal is suppressed

• Modulated wave contains only upper and lower sidebands

• Transmitted power is saved

• Bandwidth is same as DSBFC-AM (2fm)

Time domain representation of DSBSC-AM wave
 Time domain representation of DSBSC-AM wave

• Let the modulating signal is mathematically expressed as

Vm (t )  Em cos(mt  m )      (1)
 Time domain representation of DSBSC-AM wave

• Let the modulating signal is mathematically expressed as

Vm (t )  Em cos(mt  m )      (1)

• Let the carrier signal is mathematically expressed as

Vc (t )  Ec cos(c t  c )      (2)
 Time domain representation of DSBSC-AM wave

• The instantaneous amplitude of the modulated wave is

mathematically expressed as
VDSBSC (t )  Vm (t )  Vc (t )      (3)
 Time domain representation of DSBSC-AM wave

• The instantaneous amplitude of the modulated wave is

mathematically expressed as
VDSBSC (t )  Vm (t )  Vc (t )      (3)

VDSBSC (t )  Em cos mt  Ec cos c t      (4)

 Time domain representation of DSBSC-AM wave

• The instantaneous amplitude of the modulated wave is

mathematically expressed as
VDSBSC (t )  Vm (t )  Vc (t )      (3)

VDSBSC (t )  Em cos mt  Ec cos c t      (4)

E m Ec
VDSBSC (t )  [cos(c  m )t  cos(c  m )t ]      (5)
2
 Time domain representation of DSBSC-AM wave

• The instantaneous amplitude of the modulated wave is

mathematically expressed as
VDSBSC (t )  Vm (t )  Vc (t )      (3)

VDSBSC (t )  Em cos mt  Ec cos c t      (4)

E m Ec
VDSBSC (t )  [cos(c  m )t  cos(c  m )t ]      (5)
2
mEc
VAM (t )  Ec cos 2f c t  cos 2 ( f c  f m )t 
2
mEc
cos 2 ( f c  f m )t      (6)
2
Frequency spectrum of DSBSC-AM wave
Differentiation between DSBFC and DSBSC signals
 Phasor diagram

Carrier is suppressed Indicated by dotted lines

 DSBSC-AM power distribution
• The total power in AM-DSBFC envelope is expressed as
Pt  Pc  PUSB  PLSB      (1)
m2
Pt  Pc  Pc      (2)
2
 m2 
Pt  Pc 1        (3)
 2 
 DSBSC-AM power distribution
• The total power in AM-DSBFC envelope is expressed as
Pt  Pc  PUSB  PLSB      (1)
m2
Pt  Pc  Pc      (2)
2
 m2 
Pt  Pc 1        (3)
 2 

• The total power in AM-DSBSC envelope is expressed as

Pt  PUSB  PLSB      (4)
m2
Pt  Pc      (`5)
2
 Power saving in DSBSC-AM
• Power saving in DSBSC wave is
Pt  Pt
PSav  DSBSC       (1)
Pt
 Power saving in DSBSC-AM
• Power saving in DSBSC wave is
Pt  Pt
PSav  DSBSC       (1)
Pt

2
PSav  DSBSC       (1)
2m 2
 Power saving in DSBSC-AM
• Power saving in DSBSC wave is
Pt  Pt
PSav  DSBSC       (1)
Pt

2
PSav  DSBSC       (1)
2m 2

• If modulation index is equal to 1, the total power saving in DSBSC-

AM wave is 66.7%
 Generation of DSBSC-AM wave

• Balanced Modulator

• Ring Modulator
 Balanced Modulator (BM)

• Two nonlinear devices are connected in balanced mode

• Two transistors are identical and the circuit is symmetrical
• Voltage across the windings of centre tap transformer is equal and
opposite in phase (V`m=-Vm)
 Balanced modulator
• The input voltage to the transistor T1 is expressed as
 Balanced modulator
• The input voltage to the transistor T1 is expressed as
Vbe  Vc (t )  Vm (t )      (1)

Vbe  Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt      (2)

• The input voltage to the transistor T2 is expressed as

 Balanced modulator
• The input voltage to the transistor T1 is expressed as
Vbe  Vc (t )  Vm (t )      (1)

Vbe  Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt      (2)

• The input voltage to the transistor T2 is expressed as

Vbe  Vc (t )  Vm (t )      (3)
Vbe  Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt      (4)
• Using nonlinearity property, the collector current can be expressed
as
 Balanced modulator
• The input voltage to the transistor T1 is expressed as
Vbe  Vc (t )  Vm (t )      (1)

Vbe  Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt      (2)

• The input voltage to the transistor T2 is expressed as

Vbe  Vc (t )  Vm (t )      (3)
Vbe  Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt      (4)
• Using nonlinearity property, the collector current can be expressed
as
ic  aVbc  bVbc      (5)
2

ic  aVbc  bVbc2      (6)

 Balanced modulator
• Sub Eq.(2) and Eq.(4) in Eq.(5) an Eq.(6), we get
ic  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (7)
 Balanced modulator
• Sub Eq.(2) and Eq.(4) in Eq.(5) an Eq.(6), we get
ic  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (7)

ic  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc2 cos 2 c t  Vm2 cos 2 mt

 2VcVm cos c t cos mt ]    (8)
 Balanced modulator
• Sub Eq.(2) and Eq.(4) in Eq.(5) an Eq.(6), we get
ic  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (7)

ic  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc2 cos 2 c t  Vm2 cos 2 mt

 2VcVm cos c t cos mt ]    (8)

ic  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (9)
 Balanced modulator
• Sub Eq.(2) and Eq.(4) in Eq.(5) an Eq.(6), we get
ic  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (7)

ic  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc2 cos 2 c t  Vm2 cos 2 mt

 2VcVm cos c t cos mt ]    (8)

ic  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (9)

ic  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc2 cos 2 c t  Vm2 cos 2 mt
 2VcVm cos c t cos mt ]    (10)
 Balanced modulator
• The output AM voltage is given as
 Balanced modulator
• The output AM voltage is given as
V0  K (ic  ic )      (11)
• Sub Eq.(8) and Eq.(10) in Eq.(11)
 Balanced modulator
• The output AM voltage is given as
V0  K (ic  ic )      (11)
• Sub Eq.(8) and Eq.(10) in Eq.(11)
V0  2 KaVm cos mt  4 KbVcVm cos c t cos mt      (12)
 Balanced modulator
• The output AM voltage is given as
V0  K (i1  i1)      (11)
• Sub Eq.(8) and Eq.(10) in Eq.(11)
V0  2 KaVm cos mt  4 KbVcVm cos c t cos mt      (12)
 2bVc 
V0  2 KaVm cos mt 1  cos c t       (13)
 a 
 Balanced modulator
• The output AM voltage is given as
V0  K (i1  i1)      (11)
• Sub Eq.(8) and Eq.(10) in Eq.(11)
V0  2 KaVm cos mt  4 KbVcVm cos c t cos mt      (12)
 2bVc 
V0  2 KaVm cos mt 1  cos c t       (13)
 a 

V0  2 KaVm cos mt 1  m cos c t       (14)

2bVc
ModulationIndex, m 
a
 Ring Modulator or Diode Balanced Modulator

• It consists of four diodes (D1, D2, D3 and D4) and two transformers (T1 and
T2)
• The carrier signal is assumed to be a square wave with frequency fc and it is
connected between the centre taps of the two transformers
• The DSB-SC output is obtained at the secondary of the transformer T2
 Working principle of ring modulator

• Diodes act as a perfect switches

• Amplitude and frequency of the carrier is higher than that of the

modulating signal

• Switching operation of diodes is controlled by the RF carrier signal

• The operation can be divided into different modes without the

modulating signal and with the modulating signal
 Mode 1: Carrier suppression
Operation in the positive half cycle of the carrier
 Mode 1: Carrier suppression
Operating in the positive half cycle of the carrier

• Assume the modulating signal is absent and only the carrier signal is applied
• Diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased and the diodes D3 and D4 are reverse
biased
• Direction of currents flowing through the primary windings of output
transformer T2 are equal and opposite to each other
• The induced voltage in secondary winding is zero
 Mode 1: Carrier suppression
Operation in the negative half cycle of the carrier
 Mode 1: Carrier suppression
Operation in the negative half cycle of the carrier

• Diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased and the diodes D1 and D2 are reverse biased
• Direction of currents flowing through the primary windings of output
transformer T2 are equal and opposite to each other
• The induced voltage in secondary winding is zero
• The carrier is suppressed in the negative half-cycle as well
 Mode 2: Operation in the presence of message signal
Operation in the positive half cycle of the message signal
 Mode 2: Operation in the presence of message signal
Operation in the positive half cycle of the message signal

• Assume both the modulating signal and the carrier signal is applied
• During the positive half cycle of carrier, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased and
the diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased
• Secondary of T1 is applied as it is across the primary of T2
• During the positive half cycle of carrier, the output of T2 is positive
 Mode 2: Operation in the presence of message signal
Operation in the positive half cycle of the message signal

• During the negative half cycle of the carrier, diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased
and the diodes D1 and D2 are reverse biased
• Secondary of T1 is applied in a reversed manner across the primary of T2
• During the negative half cycle of carrier, the output of T2 is negative
 Mode 2: Operation in the presence of message signal
Operation in the negative half cycle of the message signal

• When modulating signal reverses the polarities, the operation of the

circuit is same as that in the positive half-cycle discussed earlier

• The only difference is that the diode pair D3 D4 will produce a positive
output voltage whereas D1 D2 will produce a negative output voltage

• When the polarity of the message signal changes, 1800 phase reversal
occurs in the output DSBSC wave
Waveform of ring modulator
 Mathematical analysis of ring modulator
• In the positive half cycle of the carrier, the message signal is multiplied by +1 and in
the negative half-cycle of the carrier is multiplied by -1
• The ring modulator is an ideal form of product modulator and hence it produces the
desired DSB-SC output
• The square-wave carrier signal can be represented by the Fourier series as under :

• The Ring modulator output is given by :

• It may be noted that there is no output from the modulator at carrier frequency
• The modulator output contains entirely of modulation products
 Spectrum of Ring modulator
• Assume that the message signal x(t) is limited to the frequency band –W<f<W
• The spectrum of modulator output consists of sidebands around each of the
odd harmonics of the square wave carrier c(t)

• The desired sidebands around fc may be selected by using BPF

• To prevent side overlap, we must choose fc>W