Module -1

Values

Values are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or motivate attitudes or
actions. They help us to determine what is important to us. Values describe the
personal qualities that guide our actions; the sort of person we want to be; the
manner in which we treat ourselves and others, and our interaction with the
world around us. They provide the general guidelines for conduct.

Values are personal beliefs or something that comes from within. These are
emotionally related for deciding right or wrong. It decide the standard of
behaviour. Values are mainly related to individuals and since they are related to
justice, they remain the same for everyone. e.g. Truth, honesty, empathy, self
respect. Values are the foundation of a person's ability to judge between right
and wrong. Values include a deep-rooted system of beliefs. They have intrinsic
worth, but are not universally accepted. This system allows each individual to
determine what should and shouldn't be. Value comprise of personal concepts of
responsibility, entitlement and respect. Human values are shaped by personal
experience, and may change over the span of a lifetime and may be influenced
by lessons learned. Values may vary according to an individual’s cultural,
ethnic and faith based background.

The five core human values are:

1. Right conduct
2. Peace
3. Truth
4. Love
5. Nonviolence.

1. Values related to Right conduct are:

(a) Self-help skills: Care of possessions, diet, hygiene, modesty, posture, self
reliance, and tidy appearance

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(b) Social Skills: Good behavior, good manners, good relationships,
helpfulness, No wastage, and good environment, and
(c) Ethical skills: Code of conduct, courage, dependability, duty, efficiency,
ingenuity, initiative, perseverance, punctuality, resourcefulness, respect for all,
and responsibility.
2. Values related to Peace are: Attention, calmness, concentration, contentment,
dignity, discipline, equality, equanimity, faithfulness, focus, gratitude,
happiness, harmony, humility, inner silence, optimism, patience, reflection,
satisfaction, self-acceptance, self-confidence, self-control, self-discipline, self-
esteem, self-respect, sense control, tolerance, and understanding 3. Values
related to Truth are: Accuracy, curiosity, discernment, fairness, fearlessness,
honesty, integrity (unity of thought, word, and deed), intuition, justice,
optimism, purity, quest for knowledge, reason, self-analysis, sincerity, sprit of
enquiry, synthesis, trust, truthfulness, and determination.
4. Values related to Love are: Acceptance, affection, care, compassion,
consideration, dedication, devotion, empathy, forbearance, forgiveness,
friendship, generosity, gentleness, humanness, interdependence, kindness,
patience, patriotism, reverence, sacrifice, selflessness, service, sharing,
sympathy, thoughtfulness, tolerance and trust
5. Values related to Non-violence are:
(a) PSYCHOLOGICAL: Benevolence, compassion, concern for others,
consideration, forbearance, forgiveness, manners, happiness, loyalty, morality,
and universal love
(b) SOCIAL: Appreciation of other cultures and religions, brotherhood, care of
environment, citizenship, equality, harmlessness, national awareness,
perseverance(determination), respect for property, and social justice.

From a virtue perspective, it is most important to distinguish intrinsic from

extrinsic value. Intrinsic value is something that has value in its own right, such
as honesty and kindness, whereas extrinsic value is doing something for another
reason (i.e., wealth and fame) Value specifies a relationship between a person
and a goal. It is relational in the sense that what one person values may not be
what another person values even in the same situation. For example, a person
who values honesty might blow the whistle on financial wrongdoing by a
superior whereas another person who values loyalty may remain silent. This is
an example of values conflict. The honest person may believe there are limits to
loyalty and keeping quiet about a wrongful act out of loyalty might harm others.
The loyal person may believe in the importance of keeping one’s confidence
even if it might harm others because of the trusting relationship.

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Morals
Morals and values are a part of the behavioral aspect of a person. Morals which
are formed out of values are the actual system of beliefs that emerge out of a
person's core values. Morals are specific and context-driven rules that govern a
person's behavior. Because this system of beliefs is individually tailored to a
person's life experience, it's subject to opinion.

Morals are formed from the inborn values. Moral is a system of beliefs that is
taught for deciding good or bad. Morals have more social value and acceptance
than values, therefore a person is judged more for his moral character than the
values. One is said to be immoral for a person without morals.

There is not much difference between morals and values but both are correlated
to each other. Moral is a motivation or a key for leading a good life in right
direction whereas value is imbibed within a person, it can be bad or good
depending on the person’s choice. It can also be called as intuition or the call of
the heart. Morals do not determine the values but are formed because of the
values. Morals contribute to the system of beliefs and are the values which we
get from the society.

Morals can be related to ones religion, political system or a business society.

Business morals include prompt service, excellence, quality and safety. One
practices all the morals while running a business, but the values may not
coincide with them. Therefore these morals do not come from within a person
but are taught by the social group and has to be followed. On the other hand
values are the standards to judge the right or wrong, good or bad, just or unjust.
They are the fundamental principles that give guidance to a person to evaluate
the merits and demerits of a thing. Values include courage, respect, patriotism,
honesty, honour, compassion etc. All these are not mandatory by society but
depend on individual’s choice.

Lastly the difference between the morals and values is that morals are like
commandments set by the elders and to be followed by the descendants. They
can be set by ones elders or religious teachers or leaders of society who want to
lead people away from immoral thoughts. One always treasures the morals
throughout his life and they never change with time or conditions. While on the
other hand values are not set by the society or teachers, but are governed by an
individual. Values do not mean that it is always right to do so. Whatever is
valuable for one person may not be the same for the other. Hence it is personal
aspect and changes according to different situations with time and needs. Sound
moral judgment is rooted in strong values and acted upon by our ethics.
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Ethics

The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines ethics as: “Relating to morals, treating
of moral questions; morally correct, honourable”. The term ethics derived from
the greek work ‘ethos’ which means customs or habit. The discipline Ethics
deals with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligations. It is “A
branch of philosophy concerned with that which is deemed acceptable in human
behaviour, with what is good or bad, right or wrong in human conduct in pursuit
of goals and aims.”.Ethics explores the nature of rights, of moral
responsibilities, and of how to go about addressing an ethical problem. A
person who knows the difference between right and wrong and chooses right is
moral. A person whose morality is reflected in his willingness to do the right
thing – even if it is hard or dangerous – is ethical. Thus Ethics are moral
values in action.

Ethics help us navigate the gray area between absolute right and morally wrong.
Ethics refers to society's sense of the right way of living our daily lives. It does
this by establishing rules, principles, and values on which we can base our
conduct. Basic principles of ethics can help us lead a more fulfilling life
whether on a personal or professional level. The significance of studying ethics
is understood by the fact that the study of moral philosophy or ethics can deepen
our understanding of the ultimate goal of life. Through ethics, an individual can
look upon his life critically and evaluate his actions and decisions.
The Objectives of Ethics are to evaluate the human behaviours and calling up
on the moral standards. The ethical standards also prescribe how to act morally
in specified situations.

Three basic principles, of ethics generally accepted in our cultural tradition, are
beneficence (do good), nonmaleficence (do not harm), autonomy (control by the
individual), and justice (fairness) are important to a code of ethics Thus ethics
decides one’s actions, without it everything a person does is random and
aimless. Only with a rational ethical standard, we will be able to correctly
organize our goals and actions to accomplish our most important values. Any
flaw in our ethics will reduce our ability to be successful. “There is no right
way to do a wrong thing.”

Importance of ethics:
There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms.

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 1. Integrity
Integrity is the most important value in one’s life. Ethics is required to live with
integrity, because it allows us to decide what’s right. If we lack integrity it
suggests cowardliness or weakness in towards one’s life.
2. Respect and Recognition
Making Ethical choices in life earns us a lot of respect and cultivates a strong
image in the public domain. A person with high ethical thoughts earns others
trust easily.
3. Dignity
It is any quality of a person entitling them to be regarded, respected and
honoured by others. It is the highest possible status that belongs to each and
every human being and to live that status.
4. Rational Nature
True human self-worth is constituted not by success in obtaining the powers or
other goods for which people compete, but merely in the capacity to set ends
and govern our actions through reason.
5. Freedom
Freedom is important in maintaining a healthy order in life, and it requires
moral discussion in which voice can be heard, respected and accepted by all.
People monitor their own activities and regulate them and realize their life plans
in accordance with their own or culturally defined values which sets them free
from any misconduct.
6. Responsible to society
The most common way to define ethics is, they are the rules for conduct that
distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. A code of ethics is a
guide to an individual‘s attitude through which he expresses his character as a
person that reflects his behaviour in the society.
.

Work Ethics
Work ethics is defined as a set of attitudes concerned with the value of work,
which forms the motivational orientation. The ‘work ethics’ is aimed at
ensuring the economy (get job, create wealth, earn salary), productivity (wealth,
profit), safety (in workplace), health and hygiene (working conditions), privacy
(raise family), security (permanence against contractual, pension, and retirement
benefits), cultural and social development (leisure, hobby, and happiness),
welfare (social work), environment (anti-pollution activities), and offer
opportunities for all, according to their abilities, but without discrimination.

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Many complex social problems exist in the industrial/business scenario,
because:
1. The people desire to be recognized as individuals and treated with dignity, as
living human beings. Work is intrinsically valuable so far as it is enjoyable or
meaningful in allowing personal expression and self-fulfilment. Meaningful
work is worth doing for the sense of personal identity and the self-esteem it
holds.
2. Economic independence: Work is the major instrumental good in life. It is the
main source of providing the income needed to avoid economic dependence on
others, for obtaining desired materials and services, and for achieving status and
recognition from others.
3. Pay as well as the pace of work should be in commensurate with the expertise
required, acquired, and utilized in the persons. Exploitation and bargained pay
should be discouraged.
4. Privacy (personal freedom) of the employee, including women, is to be
protected. At the same time, confidentiality of the employer is also to be
protected. Mutual trust and loyalty both ways play major roles in this aspect.
5. Security during job and upon retirement: This concept is being accepted only
in government jobs, public limited companies, and corporate organizations. The
western thought has influenced the Indian private industries and multinationals
in a paradigm shift from ‘lifelong employment’ to policies such as ‘merit only’,
‘hire and fire’, ‘pay and use’ etc. This situation has no doubt created tension in
the Indian scene.
6. Recognition to non-work activities, such as leisure, paid holiday on the day of
visit of a dignitary, social service, and other developmental activities. The
workers in prosperous countries are less willing to consider ‘work’ as their
prime interest in life. They claim that such service activities give them peace of
mind and happiness. However, such a trend is likely to decline the work ethics.
7. Hard work and productivity are very essential for the success of an industry.
The quality of work life deserves to be improved. Hard labor, undignified jobs
(human-drawn rikshaw, people carrying night soil), and hazardous jobs are to
be made less straining, dignified, and safer. Automation and CNC systems to a
large extent have been successful in lessening the human burden. Still, many a
hard work cannot be replaced by ‘virtual work’, in the near future.
8. Employee alienation: Absence of or inadequate ‘recognition and reward
system’ and ‘grievance redressal system’, lack of transparency in policy
implementation, factions in trade unions etc. lead to ethical problems, affecting
the work ethics. Participative management, quality circles, job rotation, and
flexible working hours are some of the measures to counter this situation.

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9. A different view of work ethics: Work is considered as a necessary evil. It is
a thing one must do in order to avoid worse evils, such as dependency and
poverty. That is a major source of anxiety and unhappiness.
10. As per the Protestant Work Ethics, the financial success is a sign that is
favoured by God. It means making maximal profit is a duty mandated by God.
It is to be obtained rationally, diligently, and without compromising with other
values such as spending time with one’s family and not exploiting or harming
others.
The elements of work ethics comprised of Interpersonal skill, Initiative , Being
dependable, importance Of Civic virtue: Make them understanding the
responsibility, It makes them understand the democratic values and bill of
rights. Main goal of work ethics is to produce responsible citizen and active
participants in society. By one’s work one cannot harm others. Any worker
cannot escape accountability. Worker has the moral responsibility to see that no
other person’s right, private or freedom is impaired or transgressed. To work
(job), is not for monetary considerations only. Human beings believe that it is
good to work. Work is good for the body and mind. It promotes self-respect,
self-esteem, good for the family, and obligation to the society and allow the
world to prosper. Work lays a moral and meaningful foundation for life. That is
why, work ethics affirm s that, the work per se is worthy, admirable and
valuable at personal and social levels. It improves the quality of life and makes
life purposeful, successful, and happy. By work ethics, duties to the self, family,
society, and nation are fulfilled. Rights of the individuals are respected and
nourished. Values and virtues are cultivated and enjoyed by all human beings.
Further, the quality of life is improved and the environment is protected. For a
developing economy and society, like ours, we need to promote work ethics, at
all levels, to flourish as developed nation.

Integrity
Integrity is the unity of character based on moral values. Integrity is the practice
of being honest and showing a consistent and uncompromising adherence to
strong moral and ethical principles and values. The word integrity evolved from
the Latin adjective integer, meaning whole or complete. In ethics, integrity is
regarded as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of one's actions. It is
the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that
you refuse to change. Integrity is defined as the unity of thought, word and deed
(honesty) and open mindedness. In ethics , an individual is said to possess the
virtue of integrity if the individual's actions are based upon an internally
consistent framework of principles.

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It includes the capacity to communicate the factual information so that others
can make well-informed decisions. Consistency in attitudes, emotions and
conduct in relations to morally justified actions and values are also the part of
integrity of individual. Integrity is the bridge between responsibility in private
and professional life. It yields the person’s ‘peace of mind’, and hence adds
strength and consistency in character, decisions, and actions. This paves way to
one’s success. It is one of the self-direction virtues. It enthuse people not only to
execute a job well but to achieve excellence in performance. It helps them to
own the responsibility and earn self-respect and recognition by doing the job.
Thus integrity is someone's high artistic standards or standards of
doing their job, and that person's determination not to lower those standards.
Integrity means following your moral or ethical convictions and doing the right
thing in all circumstances, even if no one is watching you. Having integrity
means you are true to yourself and would do nothing that demeans or dishonors
you.

Integrity in daily life can be maintained through:

• Keep your promises even if it takes extra effort.

• Go back to a store and pay for something you forgot to pay for.
• Never betray a friend's trust even if you get in trouble.
• Inform the cashier he gave you too much change back.
• Do not gossip or talking badly about someone.
• Remain true to your spouse or partner.
• When in a serious relationship, don't keep secrets from each other.
• Return money that you noticed someone dropped without expecting a
reward.
• Ignore someone's advice on how to cheat on your taxes and not get
caught.
• Do not let someone else take the blame for something you did.
• If someone gives you confidential information, never tell anyone what
you know.
• When it is obvious to you a relationship is over, don't drag it out but
discuss it openly.

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Integrity in workplace can be maintained:

• Work when you are supposed to and save socializing, snacking, searching
the Internet and personal phone calls for break time.
• Show respect to co-workers with appropriate conversation and empathy.
• If you are in management, keep your employees informed so they will
know what is coming and what needs to be done.
• Adhere to company policies and procedures.
• Be responsible. Do what you say you will do.
• Use materials for work and not personal use.
• If you make a mistake and a team's project gets messed up or you miss a
deadline, own up to your mistake. Don't let teammates take the fall.
• Work together as a team. This builds trust and shows integrity.
• Never steal supplies from the workplace.
• If you find yourself in a conflict of interest, get out of it as soon as
possible.
• Don't accept praise of acclaim for someone else's work. That includes
stealing someone's idea or pretending to have worked on a successful
project.
• When making a business deal, make sure everything is on the table and
nothing was left out.
• If your company asks you to do something against your personal code of
conduct, refuse. If it means losing a good paying job, so be it. Find a
more ethical company to work for.

Academic Integrity

Academic integrity is the commitment to and demonstration of honest and

moral behaviour in an academic setting. it requires acknowledging the
contributions of other people. First, having academic integrity means that others
can trust you. The people with whom you deal know that they can rely on you
to act honestly and to do what you say you will do. Second, having academic
integrity is important because it provides value to your degree.

It means acting with the values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect and
responsibility in learning, teaching and research. It is important for students,
teachers, researchers and professional staff to act in an honest way, be
responsible for their actions, and show fairness in every part of their work.
Copying from another student's test or homework. Allowing another student to

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copy from your test or homework are examples that violates academic integrity.
Any activity undertaken with the purpose of creating or obtaining an
unfair academic advantage over other students' academic work, or inhibiting the
progress of another person's academic work, violates academic integrity.

Honesty
Honesty is a feature of moral character that connotes positive
and virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness:
(straightforwardness of conduct, along with the absence of lying, cheating,
theft). Honesty is a virtue, and it is exhibited in two aspects namely,
(a) Truthfulness
(b) Trustworthiness.

Truthfulness is to face the responsibilities upon telling truth. One should keep
one’s word or promise. By admitting one’s mistake committed (one needs
courage to do that!), it is easy to fix them. Reliable engineering judgment,
maintenance of truth, defending the truth, and communicating the truth, only
when it does ‘good’ to others, are some of the reflections of truthfulness. But
trustworthiness is maintaining integrity and taking responsibility for personal
performance. People abide by law and live by mutual trust. They play the right
way to win, according to the laws or rules (legally and morally). They build
trust through reliability and authenticity. They admit their own mistakes and
confront unethical actions in others and take tough and principled stand, even if
unpopular.

As against this, some of the actions of an engineer that leads to dishonesty are:

1. Lying: Honesty implies avoidance of lying. An engineer may communicate

wrong or distorted test results intentionally or otherwise. It is giving wrong
information to the right people.
2. Deliberate deception: An engineer may judge or decide on matters one is not
familiar or with insufficient data or proof, to impress upon the customers or
employers. This is a self deceit.
3. Withholding the information: It means hiding the facts during communication
to one’s superior or subordinate, intentionally or otherwise.
4. Not seeking the truth: Some engineers accept the information or data, without
applying their mind and seeking the truth.
5. Not maintaining confidentiality: It is giving right information to wrong
people. The engineers should keep information of their customers/clients or of
their employers confidential and should not discuss them with others.

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6. Giving professional judgment under the influence of extraneous factors such
as personal benefits and prejudice. The laws, experience, social welfare, and
even conscience are neglected there.

Caring and Sharing

Caring is the essence of moral life. Caring involves feelings, relationship,

contends with other persons and protecting others and causing least damage to
others. Caring is feeling for others. It is a process which exhibits the interest in,
and support for, the welfare of others with fairness, impartiality and justice in
all activities, among the employees, in the context of professional ethics. It
includes showing respect to the feelings of others, and also respecting and
preserving the interests of all others concerned. Caring is reflected in activities
such as friendship, membership in social clubs and professional societies, and
through various transactions in the family, fraternity, community, country and
in international councils.

In the present day context, caring for the environment (including the fauna and
flora) has become a necessity for our very survival. If we do not care for the
environment, the environment will scare us.

Sharing means sharing of feelings, ideas thoughts, resources and profits.

Sharing is always mutually beneficial. Sharing morally acceptable feelings,
resources and materials is a value. Sharing is a process that describes the
transfer of knowledge (teaching, learning, and information), experience
(training), commodities (material possession) and facilities with others. The
transfer should be genuine, legal, positive, voluntary, and without any
expectation in return. However, the proprietary information it should not be
shared with outsiders. Through this process of sharing, experience, expertise,
wisdom and other benefits reach more people faster. Sharing is voluntary and it
cannot be driven by force, but motivated successfully through ethical principles.
In short, sharing is ‘charity’ for the humanity, ‘sharing’ is a culture. The
‘happiness and wealth’ are multiplied and the ‘crimes and sufferings’ are
reduced, by sharing. It paves the way for peace and obviates militancy.

In the industrial arena, code-sharing in airlines for bookings on air travels and
the common Effluent Treatment Plant constructed for small-scale industries in
the industrial estates, are some of the examples of sharing. (Code sharing is a
marketing arrangement in which an airline places its designator code on a
flight operated by another airline, and sells tickets for that [Link]

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allows airlines to offer flights to destinations they don't actually serve. It also
helps with customer loyalty. For passengers racking up miles in attempts to
earn frequent flier status, code-sharing makes it possible to earn points on a
route your airline doesn't presently offer.)

Self- Confidence

Certainty in one’s own capabilities, values, and goals, is self-confidence. These

people are usually positive thinking, flexible and willing to change. They
respect others so much as they respect themselves. Self-confidence is positive
attitude, wherein the individual has some positive and realistic view of himself,
with respect to the situations in which one gets involved. The people with self-
confidence exhibit courage to get into action and unshakable faith in their
abilities, whatever may be their positions. They are not influenced by threats or
challenges and are prepared to face them and the natural or unexpected
consequences. The self-confidence in a person develops a sense of partnership,
respect, and accountability, and this helps the organization to obtain maximum
ideas, efforts, and guidelines from its employees.

The people with self-confidence have the following characteristics:

1. A self-assured standing,
2. Willing to listen to learn from others and to adopt (flexibility),
3. Frank to speak the truth, and
4. Respect others’ efforts and give due credit.

The factors that shape self-confidence in a person are:

1. Heredity (attitudes of parents) and family environment (elders),
2. Friendship (influence of friends/colleagues),
3. Influence of superiors/role models, and
4. Training in the organization

The following methodologies are effective in developing self-confidence in a

person:
1. Encouraging SWOT analysis. By evaluating their strength and weakness,
they can anticipate and be prepared to face the results.
2. Training to evaluate risks and face them (self-acceptance).
3. Self-talk: It is conditioning the mind for preparing the self to act, without
any doubt on his capabilities. This make one accepts himself while still
striving for improvement.
4. Study and group discussion, on the history of leaders and innovators

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 5. Be prepared for effective time management

Commitment
The definition of commitment is ‘a promise or agreement to do something’. It is
a state or quality of being dedicated to a cause or activity, Commitment means
alignment to goals and adherence to ethical principles during the activities.
First of all, one must believe in one’s action performed and the expected end
results (confidence). It means one should have the conviction without an iota of
doubt that one will succeed.

Holding sustained interest and firmness, in whatever ethical means one follows,
with the fervent attitude and hope that one will achieve the goals, is
commitment. It is the driving force to realize success. It usually evokes a strong
sense of intention and focus. It typically is accompanied by a statement of
purpose or a plan of action.

Moreover, commitment also facilitates cooperation by making individuals

willing to contribute to joint actions to which they wouldn’t be willing to
contribute. Committed people have a good self-concept and strong self-esteem.
Commitment creates a bond of mutual trust. It creates an understanding and
obligation between two parties. It provides purpose and a pledge to uphold. This
is a basic requirement for any profession. For example, a design engineer shall
exhibit a sense of commitment, to make his product or project designed a
beneficial contribution to the society. Only when the teacher (Guru) is
committed to his job, the students will succeed in life and contribute ‘good’ to
the society. The commitment of top management will naturally lead to
committed employees, whatever may be their position or emoluments. This is
bound to add wealth to oneself, one’s employer, society, and the nation at
large.

Living Peacefully

Living in peace is about living harmoniously with yourself, others, and all
beings around us. Living in peace is both an outward and an inward process.
Outwardly, it’s a way of life in which we respect and love each other in spite of
our cultural, religious, and political differences. Inwardly, we all need to search
our hearts and minds and understand the fear that causes the impulse for
violence. To live peacefully, one should start install peace within (self). Charity
begins at home. Then one can spread peace to family, organisation where one

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works, and then to the world, including the environment. Only who are at peace
can spread peace.

The principle of ‘Peaceful living’ centers on the ethical and sustainable

application of technologies which would aim to provide basic needs for
everyone without compromising the planet’s resources. In such a way
Sustainability can be expressed as one such policy of peaceful living where,
meeting present ecological, societal, and economical needs without
compromising these factors for future generations.

One should adopt the following means to live peacefully, in the world:
1. Order in one’s life (self-regulation, discipline, and duty).
2. Pure thoughts in one’s soul (loving others, blessing others, friendly,
and not Criticizing or hurting others by thought, word or deed).
3. Creativity in one’s head (useful and constructive).
4. Beauty in one’s heart -live in joy(love, service, happiness, and peace).
5. Earn good health/body (physical strength for service).
6. Help the needy with head, heart, and hands (charity). Service to the
poor is considered holier than the service to God.
[Link] hurting and torturing others physically, verbally, or mentally- seek
forgiveness and not taking revenge on others.

Service Learning
Service-learning is an educational approach that combines learning with
community service in order to provide a progressive learning experience while
meeting societal needs. Service-learning refers to learning that actively involves
each of us in a wide range of experiences, which often benefit others and the
community.

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Service learning tells that one has moral responsibility to increase the desirable
effects and to decrease the harmful effects. Any service should increase the
desirable result. Characteristics of service learning involves Links academic
content and standard, Promotes skill associated with team work, community
involvement & citizen ship, Ability to identify the critical issue in society.

Service-learning provides students with opportunities to develop civic

engagement skills. By working with community members, students can enhance
their group, organizational and interpersonal skills. They also can
gain important experience working with diverse members of their communities.
Examples are service learning are: Tutoring other students and adults,
Conducting art/music/dance lessons for youth, Giving presentations on violence
and drug prevention, Helping in a homeless shelter.

Benefits of service learning

• Develop skills in critical thinking, problem solving, leadership, decision

making, collaboration and communication.
• Build positive relationships with community members.
• Connect their experiences to academic subjects.
• Develop a deeper understanding of themselves and empathy and respect for
others.

The service-learning process takes the various stages such

as Investigation, Preparation, Action, Reflection, Demonstration and
Evaluation. Service-Learning is curriculum-based and structured as a class
requirement in which students enroll and serve the community. Whereas
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in community service, the emphasis is placed on the people being helped and
the service being offered such as Collecting Food and providing to the needy,
Cleanup, Community garden, Blood drive.

Under Service-Learning, students learn and develop through active

participation in thoughtfully organized service experiences that meet actual
community needs and that are coordinated in collaboration with college
classrooms and community; That are integrated into the students‘ academic
curriculum or provide structured time for a student to think, talk, or write about
what the student did and saw during the actual service activity; That provides
students with opportunities to use newly-acquired skills and knowledge in real-
life situations in their own communities; and That enhance what is taught by
extending student learning beyond the classroom and into the community and
helps to foster the development of a sense of caring for others.

Thus Service-learning is a method of teaching through which students

apply their academic skills and knowledge to address real-life needs in
their own communities. Service-learning provides a compelling reason to
learn, teaches the skills of civic participation and develops an ethic of
service and civic responsibility.

Civic Virtues
Civic virtue is morality or a standard of righteous behaviour in relationship to a
citizen's involvement in society. An individual may exhibit civic virtue by
voting, volunteering, organizing a book group, or attending a PTA meeting. The
Greek word for virtue is ‘arete’, which means excellence. Good citizen demand
civic virtue. It is the principle of not harming the surroundings .it also includes
living peacefully, respect for others, protecting the environment and being
normally and ethically good. civic virtue is often conceived as the dedication of
citizens to the common welfare of their community even at the cost of their
individual interests.

Virtue is a disposition of character or mind to think or act in the morally right

way, towards the right things, at the right time, while feeling the right feelings.
Whereas, Civic virtue is that part of virtue that relates to the connection between
citizen and state, or maybe less formal, between citizen and (national/local)
community. As virtue, civic virtue is the way that good citizens should behave,
the appropriate role for a citizen in society. Civic virtue, thus, is that part of
virtue that makes one forgo one’s own and other people’s interest on behalf of

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his community. The emphasis is on public interest, the value of civic virtue is in
the fact that it benefits or intends to benefit the wider community.

Civic virtue is attached to the role of citizen, and tells us how a good citizen
should act and think. In the mind, civic virtue fosters a sense of attachment to
and responsibility for the community of which the citizen is a part. Activities of
civic virtue that sustain or improve the community includes obeying the law,
voting, doing volunteer work, organizing neighbourhood activities, becoming
active in public or civil organizations or becoming active in politics. Without an
understanding of civic virtue, citizens are less likely to look beyond their
families, friends and economic interests. They are less likely to help others in
the community, to volunteer their time, to give to nonprofit organizations or to
participate in group activity that benefits society. Thus Civic virtue is the
harvesting of habits important for the success of the community. Civic virtue is
often conceived as the dedication of citizens to the common welfare of their
community even at the cost of their individual interests

Cooperation.

The definition of cooperation is people working together to achieve results or

people helping each other out to achieve a common goal. Co-operation means
extending help to others, for a good cause. Co-operation may be through an
idea, a suggestion, an assistance or physical work which extends to others for
common benefit. Team cooperation encourages employees to work together for
the benefit of the organization. It reduces the desire of employees to compete
against each other, which often is never good for the business, and instead focus
on working together to achieve a common goal. Cooperation as a Value means
encouraging members to see mutual assistance as a goal to strive for, to view
others as potential collaborators, and to choose cooperation as often as possible
as a viable alternative to competition and individual work. Cooperation in a
Workplace is a process whereby employees or their representatives participate
with management, through consultation and discussion, in resolving issues of
common concern. It is a communication mechanism enabling both parties to
understand each other's needs, interests and difficulties.

To Improve Cooperation Amongst Co-Workers, following to be ensured:

1. Teamwork must become part of your culture.

2. Provide teams with the resources they need to work together.
3. Train employees and encourage ongoing learning.
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 4. Clarifying roles and setting expectations.
5. Resolve team conflict quickly.
Thus Cooperation may be voluntary or involuntary, direct or indirect, formal or
informal, but always there is a combination of efforts toward a specific end in
which all the participants have a real goal to be achieved. When employees
dedicate more time to their duties in a cooperative workplace, they are more
productive and things get done more quickly and efficiently.

Empathy
Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is
experiencing from within, it is the capacity to place oneself in another's
position. Empathy means putting self in a position of someone else and thinking
as the later and reasoning suitable action including caring for other people and
having a desire to help them; experiencing emotions that match another person's
emotions; discerning what another person is thinking or feeling; and making
less distinct the differences between the self and the other
It also is the ability to feel and share another person's emotions. Empathy
involves the ability to match another's emotions and also being tender hearted
toward another person. Empathy is important because it helps us understand
how others are feeling so we can respond appropriately to the situation. People
who are good at reading others' emotions, such as manipulators, fortune-tellers
or psychics, might also use their excellent empathetic skills for their own
benefit by deceiving others. An example of empathy is feeling the same amount
of excitement as a friend, when they tell you they're getting married.
Empathy is generally divided into two major components
Affective empathy: also called emotional empathy - the capacity to respond with
an appropriate emotion to another's mental [Link]- being affected by another's
emotional or arousal state
Cognitive empathy: the capacity to understand another's perspective or mental
state
The benefits of empathy includes:
• Empathy allows people to build social connections with others. By
understanding what people are thinking and feeling, people are able to
respond appropriately in social situations.
• Empathizing with others helps you learn to regulate your own emotions.
• Empathy promotes helping behaviours.

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Empathy generates an interest in and appreciation for others, paving the way to
more productive working relationships. As managers hone their empathy skills,
they improve their leadership effectiveness and increase their chances of
success in the job. Empathy helps us to communicate our ideas in a way that
makes sense to others, and it helps us understand others when they
communicate with us. It is one of the foundational building blocks of great
social interaction.

Respect for Others

According to Einstein, respect means to communicate with every person with

the same regard, regardless of their job, role, status, regardless of their
differences. Respect is defined as to feel or show esteem or honour for someone
or something People respect others who are impressive for any reason, such as
being in authority — like a teacher or a police officer — or being older — like a
grandparent. it is a process of honouring someone by exhibiting care, concern,
or consideration for their needs or feelings

The word respect comes from the Latin word “respectus” meaning attention,
regard or consideration. It is a concept that refers to the ability to value and
honour another person, both his or her words and actions, even if we do not
approve or share everything he or she does. It is a very important component of
both personal identity and interpersonal relationships.

“Knowledge will give you power, but character, respect.”-A person may be
knowledgeable, but that knowledge doesn’t earn admiration if his mental or
physical qualities and actions are less than desirable.

Respect for others is very important, but for yourself is fundamental since you
will value others to the extent that you are able to value yourself. Without it,
interpersonal relationships will be filled with conflict and dissatisfaction. If we
don’t respect others, they will not respect us, and if we don’t respect ourselves
we will not be respected by others either.
It is essential to feel safe, to be able to express ourselves without fear of being
judged, humiliated or discriminated against.
Being respectful of others, being respected and respecting ourselves increases
our self-esteem, self-efficacy, mental health, and well-being.

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The most important classification of the term respect comprises of self-respect,
for others, for social norms, for nature, for values, for laws and norms, for
culture and for the family.
It is learning to tolerate, not discriminate and avoid actions that may offend
others. Some examples of consideration in everyday life are: greeting or
speaking to others in a kind and respectful way, giving up your seat in public
places, treating others as you would like them to treat you, etc.
▪ For self: This kind refers to the ability to respect oneself, to value and
appreciate oneself. Accepting oneself regardless of what others think.
▪ For others: This kind refers to the act of tolerating accepting and
considering another person, even though there may be differences between
them, or between the way they think. Examples would be; respect for
parents, men and women equally, teachers, older people.
▪ For social norms: This kind refers to the ability to respect all the norms
that govern society. Examples: respect for rules, working hours, letting
them speak and listen, respecting others opinions.
▪ For nature: This kind refers to the appreciation of the environment
(animals, plants, rivers, etc.). Examples; not throwing garbage in rivers,
forests, or fields, not tearing up plants or mistreating nature, not wasting
water, not harming animals or insects, recycling, using environmentally
friendly means of transport, etc.
▪ For the family: This kind implies being able to understand and respect
each other within the family, and implies being able to follow a set of rules
of coexistence.
▪ For values: This kind refers to the ability to honor our own principles.
▪ For culture: This type of value refers to the ability to recognize that there
are other beliefs and be able to respect them. Example - not trying to
impose our beliefs on others, avoid making judgments about the opinions of
others, etc.
▪ For national symbols: This kind refers to the ability to value and
appreciate the symbols of a nation. For example, the anthem or the flag.

A person to become respectable has to follow:

 Listen and be present

 Be thoughtful of others' feelings.
 Acknowledge others and say thank you.
 Address mistakes with kindness.

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  Make decisions based on what's right, not who you like.
 Respect physical boundaries.
 Treating others the way I want to be treated

To keep respect at the workplace it is important to be polite with each other,

don’t judge people, control your anger, inspire others, etc. Practicing humility,
respecting other people’s time, trying to be empathic are important variables at
the workplace. However, what is most important in a diverse workplace to
maintain respect among co-workers is to reduce job stress.

Self-respect and Self-esteem

Self-respect: It is a moral concept; refers to the virtue properly valuing oneself.

Self respect is defined as holding yourself in esteem and believing that you are
good and worthy of being treated well. Self-respect is a component of self-
esteem and it has to do with the positive values you attribute to yourself such as
honesty, confidence, humility, and having dignity and integrity.- it is self-
love. An example of self respect is when you know you deserve to be treated
right and, as a result, you do not tolerate others lying to you or treating you
unfairly. Having self-respect helps others to see and treat you with dignity and
worth. Often the backbone of self-respect is knowing ones values and living by
them. Having self-respect often means that you need to stand by your character
and be willing to defend your values and actions. Receiving respect from others
is important because it helps us to feel safe and to express ourselves.
Respect means that you accept somebody for who they are, even when they're
different from you or you don't agree with them. Respect in our relationships
builds feelings of trust, safety, and wellbeing.

Benefits of self-respect

• Assertive in expressing ones needs and opinions.

• Confident in ones ability to make decisions.
• Able to form secure and honest relationships - and less likely to stay in
unhealthy ones.
• Realistic in ones expectations and less likely to be overcritical of oneself and
others.

Self-esteem: It is a psychological concept; means having a positive attitude

toward oneself, even if the attitude is excessive or otherwise unwarranted. Self-
esteem stems from how you think and feel about yourself. It is how you value
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 your abilities and skills. We get self-esteem when we feel satisfied after
completing or finishing a challenge. The term self-esteem is used to describe a
person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value. In other words, how
much you appreciate and like yourself. It involves a variety of beliefs about
yourself, such as the appraisal of your own appearance, beliefs, emotions, and
behaviours. Confidence is not something that can be learned like a set of
rules; confidence is a state of mind. Confidence comes from feelings of well-
being, acceptance of your body and mind (self-esteem) and belief in our own
ability, skills and experience.

Self-esteem is important because it heavily influences people's choices and

decisions. In other words, self-esteem serves a motivational function by making
it more or less likely that people will take care of themselves and explore their
full potential.

To improve self-esteem.

1. Identify and Challenge Your Negative Beliefs.

2. Identify the Positive About Yourself
3. Build Positive Relationships—and Avoid Negative Ones
4. Become More Assertive and Learn to Say No
5. Improve Your Physical Health.
6. Take On Challenges.

There are multiple factors that can have an effect on our self-esteem- our
childhood, society, the media, and people in our life can all add or take away
from how we feel about ourselves. People who have an unhealthy self-
esteem are more likely to experience stress, anxiety, and depression.

To summarize, self-esteem is how you evaluate yourself and it can be negative

or positive depending on your outlook. On the other hand, self-respect is when
you learn to accept both and free yourself from the expectations of other people.

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