Class: Name: ( ) Date:

25 Body defence mechanisms

 There are two kinds of defence mechanisms:

Specific defence mechanism Non-specific defence mechanism
(特異性防禦機制) (非特異性防禦機制)

Acts against (1) _______________ Acts against (2) _______________

(all / specific) types of pathogens (all / specific) types of pathogens

25.1 Non-specific defence mechanisms (Book 3, p. 25-3)

 Non-specific defence mechanisms include (3) _______________ and chemical barriers, blood
clotting (血液凝固), (4) _______________ (吞噬) and (5) _______________ _______________
(炎性反應).

A Physical and chemical barriers (Book 3, p. 25-3)

 Physical and chemical barriers can prevent pathogens form entering our blood and other
tissues. These barriers form the (6) _______________ line of defence (第一道防線).

1 Physical barriers
 Physical barriers prevent the entry of pathogens by mechanical means.

i) The skin

(7) _______________ (dead / living) cells: (10) _______________ ( 表皮 )

 prevent the entry of pathogens by

forming a tough and (8)

_______________ layer
 pathogens on the skin surface are
removed when these cells are constantly
sebaceous
shed and (9) _______________ by new gland
cells from underneath. ( 皮脂腺 )

▲ Structure of the human skin

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ii) Inner wall of the respiratory tract
to pharynx
(11) _______________-
pathogen
_______________ cell:
mucus
 secretes

(12) _______________ (13) _______________:

to trap dust particles and  their (14) _______________
pathogens in the incoming
action sweeps mucus towards the
air
pharynx; the mucus is then swallowed
or coughed up
(15) _____________ ______________ cell
▲ Mucus with pathogens is swept towards the pharynx

2 Chemical barriers
 Chemical barriers are (16) _______________ from our body that can kill pathogens or inhibit
their growth.

Secretion Nature

I Tears a An antiseptic (抗菌劑); can kill pathogens

II Saliva b Contain(s) hydrochloric acid; can kill pathogens

III Sebum c Contain(s) lysozyme (溶菌酶); can kill pathogens

IV Gastric juice d Acidic; can inhibit the growth of pathogens

V Vaginal secretion

I: (17) ______ II: (18) _____ III: (19) _____ IV: (20) _____ V: (21) _____

 Go to
Practical 25.1 Identifying features of the mammalian skin that are related to body defence
(Book 3, p. 25-5; Practical Workbook for SBA 3 • 4, p. 25-1)

B Blood clotting (Book 3, p. 25-6)

 When a blood vessel is damaged, (22) _______________ _______________ are attracted to

the wound and start off a series of reactions, converting (23) _______________ (纖維蛋白原)
into a net of (24) _______________ (纖維蛋白).
 Blood platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells are trapped in the net and a
(25) _______________ _______________ (血凝塊) is formed, which seals the wound to
prevent the entry of pathogens and stops bleeding.

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 C Phagocytosis (Book 3, p. 25-6)

 The process of phagocytosis:

phagocyte
1 A phagocyte

(26) _______________ a nucleus

pathogen.
enzymes
pathogen

2 The pathogen is 3 The digested

pathogen is released.
digested by (27)

_______________.

D Inflammatory responses (Book 3, p. 25-7)

 An inflammatory response is initiated by certain chemicals released by damaged cells. The

chemicals have the following effects:
- They cause dilation of nearby (28) _______________. Thus, blood flow to the capillaries
around the wound (29) _______________ (increases / decreases).
- They increase the (30) _______________ of capillaries. Thus, more phagocytes can
come out of the capillaries to engulf and digest the pathogens.

blood clot
phagocyte engulfing
pin skin surface swelling pathogens

pathogen
phagocyte
chemical from
damaged cell

capillary increased blood flow

▲ An inflammatory response

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 The inflammatory response leads to (31) _______________ (炎症):
- The wound becomes (32) _______________ and hot due to the increased blood flow.

- The wound is swollen due to the accumulation of (33) ______________ ______________.

- There is (34) _______________ because the pressure built up in the swollen tissue
stimulates the pain receptors in the skin.
 (35) _______________ (膿) may form inside the wound. It consists of the remains of killed
pathogens and dead phagocytes.

25.2 Specific defence mechanisms (Book 3, p. 25-10)

 Specific defence mechanisms involve (1) _______________ _______________ (免疫反應),

which are made by (2) _______________ (淋巴細胞).

A Lymphocytes (Book 3, p. 25-10)

 There are two main types of lymphoctyes:

B cell (B lymphocyte) T cell (T lymphocyte)

Formed in (3) _____________ _____________

Mature in (4) _____________ _____________ (5) _____________ _____________

B Antigens (Book 3, p. 25-10)

 On the surface of each B cell and T cell, there are (6) _______________ which can bind only
to a specific (7) _______________ (抗原).
 There are two groups of antigens:
- ‘(8) _______________’ antigens are produced by a person’s own body. They do not fit in
the receptors of B cells and T cells produced by the person.
- ‘(9) _______________’ antigens come from outside of the body. Those fit in the receptors
of a particular B cell and T cell can activate that lymphocyte and stimulate an
(10) _______________ response against them.

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 C Immune response of lymphocytes (Book 3, p. 25-11)

1 The response of B cells

 An activated B cell divides to produce a large number of identical cells. Then the cells
differentiate into:
- (11) _______________ _______________ (漿細胞), which release (12) _______________
into the blood to act against pathogens that have not yet entered body cells
- (13) _______________ B cells (記憶 B 細胞), which ‘remember’ the type of antigen.

 An antibody is a (14) _______________ antigen- antigen

binding bound to
(lipid / protein) molecule. It can bind to a site antigen-
specific antigen to form an binding site
polypeptide disulphide
(15) _______________-_______________ chains bond
_______________ (抗原抗體複合物).

▲ Structure of an antibody molecule

 Antibodies act against pathogens or their toxins in the following ways:

1 Some antibodies bind to antigens on the pathogens. This (16)

_______________ certain proteins in blood and results in (17) _______________ ( 溶
antigens hole
菌) of the pathogens.

antibodies pathogen antibodies bind to lysis of pathogen

antigens on pathogen

2 Some antibodies help clump the pathogens together in a process called

(18) _______________ ( 凝集 ). This facilitates (19) ______________ of the pathogens.
antigens

antibodies pathogens pathogens clump phagocyte engulfs the

together pathogens more easily

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 3 Some antibodies act as (20) _______________ ( 抗毒素 ). They (21)
_______________ the toxins by binding to them. The toxins become harmless and this
facilitates phagocytosis of them.

antibodies
phagocyteact as toxins released antibodies bind to phagocyte engulfs the
antitoxins
engulfs the by pathogens toxins, making neutralized toxins more
pathogens them harmless easily
more easily

2 The response of T cells

 (22) _______________ T cells (輔助 T 細胞) act as the commander in the response. When a helper
T cell is activated, it activates other T cells to secrete (23) _______________ (淋巴激活素), which
activate phagocytes to carry out (24) _______________.
 Some of the T cells multiply and differentiate into:
- (25) _______________ T cells (殺手 T 細胞), which bind to infected cells and kill them
directly by making holes in their (26) _______________ _______________.
- (27) _______________ T cells (記憶 T 細胞), which ‘(28) _______________’ the type of
antigen.
 When a helper T cell is activated, it also activates (29) _______________ cells to multiply and
differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells. This shows that B cells and T cells work
together to eliminate pathogens.

activates
memory T cell
multiplies and
differentiates
activated helper T cell T cell into
activates secretes

B cell killer T cell

lymphokines

multiplies and differentiates into activate kills infected cells

plasma cells and memory B cells phagocytes directly

▲ Response of T cell

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3 Summary of the immune response
entry of pathogens into the
blood or other tissues
antigens of pathogens activate
specific lymphocytes

activate activate
B cells (30) ____________ T cells
multiply and T cells
differentiate into
secrete

(31) ___________ cells (33) ____________ multiply and (36) ____________

differentiate into
produce B cells

(32) ____________ which

(34) ____________ (35) ____________
1 cause lysis of
pathogens indirectly T cells T cells
2 facilitate remember activate
phagocytosis by
agglutination of pathogens kill infected
the type of antigens phagocytes
3 facilitate cells directly
phagocytosis by
neutralizing toxins

D Primary and secondary responses (Book 3, p. 25-15)

 Differences between primary response (初次反應) and secondary response (再次反應):

Primary response Secondary response

Occurs on the (37) ______________ exposure Occurs when the (38) ______________ antigen
to an antigen enters the body again

Effected by activation of B cells and T cells Effected by activation of memory B cells and
memory T cells, which multiply and
differentiate into a larger number of plasma
cells, killer T cells and memory cells

(39) ______________ (Longer / Shorter) latent (41) ______________ (Longer / Shorter) latent
period (潛伏期), i.e. (40) _______________ period, i.e. (42) _________________
(faster / slower) response (faster / slower) response

(43) ______________ (Larger / Smaller) amount (44) ______________ (Larger / Smaller) amount
of antibodies and killer T cells produced of antibodies and killer T cells produced

Lasts a (45) ______________ (shorter / longer) Lasts a (46) ____________ (shorter / longer)
period of time period of time

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 antibody level in blood
(arbitrary unit)

period of existence
of antibodies2

period of antibody
existence of level2
antibody
antibodies1
level1
latent latent
period1 period2

0
7 14 21 28 35 time (day)
first exposure second exposure

primary response secondary response

recovery
▲ Changes in antibody level during primary1 and secondary2 responses to the same antigen

E Principle of vaccination (Book 3, p. 25-16)

 Vaccination is the introduction of a (47) _______________ (疫苗) into the body to induce
immunity to a disease. It makes use of the (48) _______________ and (49) _______________
_______________ (免疫記憶) of specific defence mechanisms to develop an enhanced
immunity in the body.
 A vaccine contains an antigen which can be:
- live, (50) _______________ (減毒) pathogens
- killed pathogens
- (51) _______________ bacterial toxins
- viral (52) _______________.
 When a vaccine is introduced into the body, the antigens stimulates a (53) _______________
(primary / secondary) response. (54) _______________ cells that ‘remember’ the type of
antigen are produced.
 If the body is later invaded by the same antigen, the body will develop a (55) _______________
(primary / secondary) response. A larger amount of specific antibodies and killer T cells are
produced in a shorter time.
 We may experience mild and temporary (56) _______________ _______________ after
vaccination, such as a slight fever or redness and swelling at the injection site.
 In rare cases, people may have severe (57) _______________ _______________ to a vaccine,
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 such as shortness of breath.

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 F Active and passive immunity (Book 3, p. 25-17)

 Differences between active immunity (主動免疫) and passive immunity (被動免疫):

Active immunity Passive immunity

Antibodies are produced by our own Antibodies are (59) _______________ from
(58) _______________ cells immune individuals

Acquired naturally when a person Acquired naturally when

(60) _______________ from an infection  antibodies in maternal blood pass through
the (61) _______________ and enter the
foetal blood
 antibodies in mother’s milk pass to the
baby via (62) ______________-
______________

Acquired artificially by (63) _______________ Acquired artificially by (64) _______________

of antibodies

Start of immunity is (65) _______________ Start of immunity is (66) _______________

(slow / fast) (slow / fast)

Lasts a (67) ____________ (shorter / longer) Lasts a (68) ____________ (shorter / longer)
period of time period of time
antibody level in blood
(arbitrary unit)

minimum antibody level needed

to provide immunity

body with immunity

time (day)
body without immunity
injection of antibodies

▲ Changes in antibody level in passive immunity

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Answers
Ch 25 Body defence mechanisms

25.1

1 specific 2 all 3 physical 4 phagocytosis 5 inflammatory responses

6 first 7 Dead 8 impermeable 9 replaced 10 epidermis
11 mucus-secreting 12 mucus 13 cilia 14 beating 15 ciliated epithelial
16 secretions 17 c 18 c 19 a 20 b
21 d 22 blood platelets 23 fibrinogen 24 fibrin 25 blood clot
26 engulfs 27 enzymes 28 arterioles 29 increases 30 permeability
31 inflammation 32 red 33 tissue fluid 34 pain 35 Pus

25.2

1 immune responses 2 lymphocytes 3 Bone marrow 4 Bone marrow 5 Thymus gland

6 receptors 7 antigen 8 Self 9 Foreign 10 immune
11 plasma cells 12 antibodies 13 memory 14 protein
15 antigen-antibody complex 16 activates 17 lysis 18 agglutination
19 phagocytosis 20 antitoxins 21 neutralize 22 Helper 23 lymphokines
24 phagocytosis 25 killer 26 cell membranes 27 memory 28 remember
29 B 30 helper 31 plasma 32 antibodies 33 memory
34 memory 35 killer 36 lymphokines 37 first 38 same
39 Longer 40 slower 41 Shorter 42 faster 43 Smaller
44 Larger 45 shorter 46 longer 47 vaccine 48 specificity
49 immunological memory 50 attenuated 51 inactivated 52 proteins
53 primary 54 Memory 55 secondary 56 side effects 57 allergic reactions
58 plasma 59 transferred 60 recovers 61 placenta 62 breast-feeding
63 vaccination 64 injection 65 slow 66 fast 67 longer
68 shorter

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