INTRODUCTION
We will see that important, critical, and costly decisions are based upon the
results of testing the materials that we sample. It is important that we collect
CORRECT sample in order to make CORRECT decisions.
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STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
GENERAL STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
WHAT IS A SAMPLE ?
A small part of the cargo, which is used to
represent the whole cargo
A small quantity of material taken from a lot,
which retains characteristics of the whole lot.
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STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
GENERAL STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
WHAT IS A LOT?
A specific quantity of material for which the overall
quality is to be determined to a particular precision.
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STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
GENERAL STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
ASTM D2234 / ISO 18283
Terminology
Lot – The quantity of cargo/coal .
Increment – A small portion of the lot collected by one operation of a sampling.
Gross sample – A sample representing one lot of coal and composed of a number of
increment.
Topsize – the smallest openings upon which is cumulatively retained a total of
less than 5 % of the sample. This defined topsize is not to be confused with the size of
the largest particle in the lot.
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STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
GENERAL STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
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STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
GENERAL STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
GENERAL SAMPLING THEORY
Two basic premises:
Precision often improves as the MASS of the sample increases
Precision often worsens the larger the PARTICLE SIZE of the
material.
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STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
GENERAL STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
“SQUARE ROOT RULE”
n = k (M)1/2
n = number of increments
k = a constant
M = total mass of lot
Based on:
Specific Product
Specific Precision Level.
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STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
GENERAL STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
International standards have tables or formulae that
provide a default for number of increments per lot:
ASTM D 2234: n = 35 (M/1000)1/2
When;
N = Number of increment (N)
K = 15 for clean coal or 35 for raw coal
M (Lot size) = Quantity (t)
Remark: Minimum number of increment is 35 increments
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STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
GENERAL STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
ISO 18283
The calculated number of increments is based on :-
Number of increments (Nn) = [ minimum mass of test sample / increment mass ] or ASTM square root formula, which ever is
the greater
* Calculated Mass of Sublot Sample(kg) = [ 4V1 / N x PL2 - 4VPT] X Minimum mass of Increment
* Number of increments n = 4VI / [ N x PL2 - 4VPT ]
* Precision of Sampling PL = SQRT(4 / N) x VI / (n + VPT)
* Sample Preparation & Testing Variance VPT)= (PL / 4) - VI / Nn
V1 = Default primary increment variance (unwashed coal) = 20 (Ref ISO 18283: 4.4.5)
PL = Precision of Sampling (Ref ISO 18283 4.4.1 Default value = 10% of shipment Ash(db) )
VPT = preparation and testing variance (Ref ISO 18283 4.4.7 Default value = 0.2 )
N = number of sublots
n = number increments
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STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
GENERAL STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
RECOMMENDED SHIPMENT SUBLOT SIZE (TONS)
following are the recommended default number of Sublots for a shipments of coal / coke ect.
To increase Precision and reduce Variance: increase the number of Sub-lots, and increase total
number of increments per Lot
Shipment Size Primary Sublot Size (tons)
2,500 1 Sublot
2,501 to 10,000 2 Sublots
10,001 to 15,000 3 Sublots
15,001 to 30,001 5 Sublots
30,001 to 40,001 6 Sublots
40,001 to 60,000 8 Sublots
Consignment size +60,000 10,000 ton maximum
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STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
Weight of Increment
Minimum weight of increment ↔ Topsize
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Source: ASTM : D 2234
STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
Exercise 1:Imported Indonesian Coal go to Thailand by Vessel “SGS” quantity 50,000 t & top
size 50 mm.
Separate to 10 sub-lot each sub lot representative cargo around 5,000 t.
Number of Increment
N = K × (Lot size/1,000) 1/2 Top size 16 mm. 50 mm. 150 mm.
N = 35 ×(5,000/1,000)1/2
N = 79 increments
Weight (kg) 1 3 7
Weight of Increment
Minimum weight of increment ↔ Top size
Weight per increment are 3 kg.(Table)
Frequency of Sampling is 5,000/79 = 63 MT.
Total gross sample =79*3 = 237 kg of each sub-lot (Total is 2,370 kg)
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PRACTICAL
ASPECTS OF
SAMPLING
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Stockpile Sampling from Sampling from
Sampling Truck vessel / barge
Sampling from Mechanical
conveyor belt Sampler
STANDARD OF COAL SAMPLING
SCOPE OF INSPECTION
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STOCKPILE SAMPLING
Calculate
• Find to number of Increment
N = K × (Lot size/1,000) 1/2
• -Random sampling on top – middle –
bottom
• Sampling from Excavator
• Sampling is deeper than
30 cm.
Only represent 70%
Source: ASTM : D 2234 36
SAMPLING FROM TRUCK
Loading coal into truck
- bucket’s Budozer
Discharged coal from truck
- landing from truck after truck dumpling
Every 50 t. between unloading or
discharging
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SAMPLING FROM VESSEL / BARGE
Sampling from Vessel
Sampling from vessel’s grab every 50 t
between discharging, separate 5,000 t of each
sub-lot. If vessel 50,000 t divide to 10 sub-lot
each hold divide to 2 sub-lot.
Sampling from Barge
Sampling from bucket of excavator every 50 t
between discharging, separate every 3,000 t
of each sub-lot. If Barge 8,000 MT divide to 3
sub-lot.
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SAMPLING FROM CONVEYER BELT
Sampling from Conveyer belt
Sampling from flowing stream at joint of conveyor belt every 50 t. And
calculate belt speed for converse to time of Frequency of how many minutes
of one increment (4-5 min / increment).
Source: ASTM D 2234 39
WITNESS AUTO SAMPLING
Witness Auto sampling
Observe of the size after reduced from secondary crusher and
separated sample to analyze at our laboratory.
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Cross Stream vs. Cross Belt Samplers:
Cross Stream: Cross Belt:
installed at transfer points Installed anywhere along
between conveyor belts. conveyor belt
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Reducing and dividing
gross sample method
STANDARD OF COAL
1.
Flattened
heap
method
ASTM D
2013 PREPARATION
2. Riffle
divider
3. Rotary
divider
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STANDARD OF COAL
PREPARATION
Sample Preparation is a means to
homogenize the mixture of particles
with differing qualities.
The Gross Sample must be processed:
the particle size must be
reduced.
the mass must be reduced.
Main functions of Preparation:
Crushing ( and MIXING)
Dividing ( and MIXING)
Air drying
Pulverizing ( and MIXING)
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STANDARD OF COAL PREPARATION
Example: 25,000 ton shipment
For each 5,000 ton sub-lot of 50 mm Coal:
Manual Sampling:
No. incr. = 35(5,000/1,000)1/2 = 78
Wt. per increment = 3.6 kg
Therefore: Gross Sample is 280 kg
… How can a representative portion of this
sample be obtained for the Ash or CV
determination which requires only 1 gram of a
212um (60 mesh) material?
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STANDARD OF COAL PREPARATION
The Gross Sample must be processed
(prepared):
the particle size must be reduced.
the mass must be reduced.
Main functions of Preparation:
Crushing ( and MIXING)
Dividing ( and MIXING)
Air drying
Pulverizing ( and MIXING)
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STANDARD OF COAL PREPARATION
Flattened heap method Riffle Divider
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STANDARD OF COAL PREPARATION
Rotary Divider method
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STANDARD OF COAL PREPARATION
Minimum mass of sample after division : ISO 13909 / ASTM 2013
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STANDARD OF COAL PREPARATION
Gross sample
(300 Kg 2 inch)
285 kg Crush to under 4.75 mm. Size Distribution (5 increment or
15 kg of each sub lot)
Mix by Rotary divider
1/8 :Reference sample 1/8 : Send to BKK (~10 Kg) 6/8 : Discard
Mix & Divide by riffle
Source: ASTM D 2013, D 2961, D 3302 49
STANDARD OF COAL PREPARATION
1/8 : Reference sample 2/8 : Composite sample 1/8 1/2 : Discard
Sample No. B
Dry : Oven 37 ± 2 Deg. C Until
Constant (~2 Kg) (< 18 hour)
Hammer mill to under 2.36 mm.
Mix & Divide by Riffle
2/8 Residue Moisture 1/8 5/8 : Discard
105 Deg. C Until Constant
Raymond mill to under 0.2 mm. (0.5 Kg)
Divide by Riffle
Source: ASTM D 2013, D 2961 , D 3302 Reference sample 100 g to lab to General Analysis 50
