Name of the Student__________________________________________________
Learning Area/Grade Level: ___________________________________________
Date: ___________________________________
I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT
The principles behind Newton’s laws of motion are very significant in understanding
the motion of objects in our universe. Their applications are all around us. Understanding
these laws, therefore, helps us understand why things around us move or behave the way
they do.
In this lesson, you will learn the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
Moreover, you will also learn about the interacting forces on an object.
II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM THE MELC
MELC: Investigate the relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of
the object to the amount of change in the object’s motion. (S8FE-Ia-15); and
Infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is
exerted back on it. (S8FE – Ia – 16)
Objectives:
1. Explain how the amount of force applied affects the acceleration when mass is
constant.
2. Explain how mass affects acceleration when the applied force is constant.
3. Identify action – reaction forces acting on an object
4. Draw and explain diagram showing the interacting forces acting on an object.
III. ACTIVITIES
A. Elicit
What do you think makes an object move? List down your ideas on the box provided
below.
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________
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RO_Science_Grade 8_Q2_LP 1
B. Engage
Consider a ball on the top of the table as shown in figure 1.
1. Will the ball move by itself?
2. How can you make the ball move?
3. In what direction will it move?
4. What makes the ball stop?
Figure 1
Take note of the key concepts gained from the activity, you will use these concepts in
analyzing succeeding activities.
Forces can make an object move, move faster, stop, or change the
direction of motion. Hence, a force can produce a change in velocity,
causing an object to accelerate.
A force can be represented by means of an arrow . The
length of an arrow represents the magnitude/strength of force, while
its arrowhead represents the direction.
In the next activity, you will explore more about the relationship between force, mass,
and acceleration.
C. Explore
Activity 1: Effect of Applied Force and Mass
on Acceleration
In this activity, you will investigate how the amount of force applied affects
acceleration when mass is constant and how mass affects acceleration when the applied
force is constant.
Part A. Effect of applied force to acceleration when mass is constant.
Consider the situation below.
Koi, Vince, and Gab want to find out how the applied force affects the acceleration of
an object, so they performed a simple experiment. In the first set up, Koi exerted a
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5N force on a 2kg box, while in the second set up, Vince and Gab each exerted a 5N
force on a 2kg box.
Guide Questions:
1. Does the box accelerate when a force is applied to it? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. In which situation does the box accelerate more? Why do you say so?
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___________________________________________________________________
3. How does the amount of force applied affect acceleration when the mass of the
object is kept constant?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Part B. Effect of mass to acceleration when the applied force is constant.
Koi and Gab continued their experimentation. They’re investigated the effect of mass
to acceleration when they apply a constant force on the box. Koi exerted a 5N force
on a 6kg box while Gab exerted a 5N force on a 3kg box.
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Guide Questions:
1. In which set-up does the object accelerate more? Why do you say so?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. How does mass affect acceleration when the applied force is kept constant?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Based on your answer in part A & part B, how would you relate the amount of force
applied & the mass of the object to acceleration?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Forces Comes in Pairs!
Directions: Below is a table describing a particular situation. In the second column, identify
if the given situation shows the interacting forces. In the 3rd column, draw arrows to show the
magnitude and direction of action & reaction forces, then, provide an explanation on how
these forces act on each other. Number 1 is done for you!
Does the
If the situation shows the interacting
situation
forces (action and reaction), draw
show the
arrows to show the magnitude &
Situation action and
direction of the forces acting on the
reaction
objects, then explain how these forces
forces?
act on each other
(Yes or No)
1. Throwing a rock
Yes
into the water
The rock hitting the water—causes an
equal reaction with its splash.
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2. A person
leaning on the
wall. ____________________
____________________
____________________
3. A swimmer
swimming
forward
____________________
____________________
____________________
4. A person
sitting on a
chair
____________________
____________________
____________________
Guide Questions:
1. Do all situations show action and reaction forces? If no, which situations do not show
action and reaction?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Do all situations have the same number of forces? If yes, how many forces were you
able to identify for each situation?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What can you say about the direction and magnitude of forces acting on each
situation?
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D. Explain
Law of Acceleration and Law of Interaction
The relationship between the amount of force applied and the mass of the object to the
acceleration of the object is given by Newton’s 2nd law of motion. The 2nd law states that
acceleration is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to mass.
Let’s explain in detail what the statement means; acceleration is directly proportional to
the applied force when the mass is constant, referring to part A of activity 1, when Koi exerts
a 5N force to a 2kg box, the box accelerates. When Vince and Gab each exerted a 5N force
on a 2kg box, the box has an acceleration twice as fast. So, we say that acceleration is
directly proportional to the net force; when the net force is doubled, acceleration is also
doubled; when it is tripled, acceleration is also tripled.
The statement ―acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass‖ happens when the net
force is constant. In Part B of activity 1, when Gab exerted a 5N force on a 3kg box, it
accelerates, when Koi exerted the same amount of force on a 6kg box, it accelerates less. A
force applied to the box causes it to accelerate, but if the mass is doubled and the applied
force remains the same, the acceleration is reduced to half.
Activity 2 shows Newton’s 3rd law of motion – the law
of interaction. It states that for every action, there is an equal
but opposite reaction. Forces always occur in pairs-equal and
opposite action – reaction force pairs.
A number of examples are shown in activity 2, in
number 1 situation, if you throw a rock into the water, it’s going
to create a ripple or splash. The force of the action and
reaction always match up. While an action and its reaction are
equal in magnitude, they are opposite in direction. The rock
plunges down into the water, but the water splashes up.
Both forces are always there whenever any force occurs. In the second situation,
your foot pushes (action), and the ground pushes back (reaction). Likewise, as you lean on
the wall, the wall exerts a force opposite and equal to the force you exert while leaning on
the wall.
The law of interaction applies to two different bodies; that’s why the forces do not
cancel each other even if they are equal in magnitude but in opposite directions.
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E. Elaborate & Extend
There are lots of real-life examples of the law of acceleration and the law of
interaction. One of the most common experiences with Newton’s second law is driving a car.
The engine produces force in the forward direction to accelerate the car. The brakes, on the
other hand, produce force in the opposite direction to slow down.
In the law of interaction, Let’s consider this when playing volleyball, your arm exerts a
force on the ball, making it move forward. At the same time, volleyball exerts force on your
arm which makes it painful.
Now, it’s your turn to write down one real-life example of the law of acceleration and
the law of interaction.
One of the real life examples of law of interaction is
F. Evaluate
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the correct answer.
1. What can you say about the relationship between mass and acceleration when
the applied force is constant?
a. Directly proportional c. Inversely proportional
b. Equal d. Unrelated
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For questions 2 & 3, consider the illustration
below of a man pushing a 10 kg box of force 50N.
2. What do you think will happen to the
acceleration of the box if the man
increases the force he exerted in pushing
the box?
a. The acceleration will increase
b. The acceleration will decrease
c. The acceleration will remain the same
d. The acceleration will increase and
then decrease
3. If another 10 kg box is added above the 1st box, what will happen to the
acceleration of the box? (Note: the force applied by the man is the same)
a. The acceleration will increase
b. The acceleration will decrease
c. The acceleration will remain the same
d. The acceleration will increase and then decrease
4. A player hits the ball with a bat. The action force is the impact force of the bat on
the ball. What is the reaction force?
a. the force the hand exerts in holding the bat
b. the force of the ball exerts on the bat
c. Weight of the ball
d. Weight of the bat
5. Study figure A, what law of motion explains this
situation?
a. Law of interaction, because for every action there is
an equal but opposite reaction.
b. Law of acceleration, because the acceleration is
directly proportional to the net force acting on the
body and inversely proportional to its mass.
c. Law of inertia, because bodies at rest will remain at
rest and bodies in motion will continue moving at
constant speed in straight path unless acted upon by
a net force.
d. Law of gravitation, because every particle in the
universe attracts every other particle in the universe Figure A
Source:([Link]
with a force that depends on the product of the two rch?q=boy+pushing+the+wall+cartoon
particles’ masses divided by the square of the &source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=
0ahUKEwi8wYHB9ujhAhVN6XMBHT
hnDAAQ_AUIDigB&biw=1308&bih=62
distance between them. 0#imgrc=us3g8aw60kolTM:
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IV. ANSWER KEY
A. Elicit
* Answers may vary
B. Engage
1. The ball will not merely move by itself.
2. by applying force
3. The ball will move, or it will roll across the surface of the table in the direction you
push it.
4. The ball will stop from moving due to a force.
C. Explore
Activity 1. Effect of Applied Forces and Mass on Acceleration
Part A
1. Yes. The box accelerates when a force is applied on it.
2. In set-up 2. Since, greater force (two person) is pushing on the box in set-up 2, then
it will have greater acceleration.
3. The acceleration of the box increases with the net or unbalanced force applied on it.
Or as the amount of force applied on the box increases, the acceleration of the box
also increases. Therefore, at constant mass, the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the amount force acting on it.
Part B
1. In set-up 2. Object in set-up 2 is smaller than object in set-up 1. Lesser mass means
greater acceleration. Since object in set-up 1 is heavier, Gab will have a harder time
applying force to make it move, thus it will have a lesser acceleration
2. As the mass of the box increases, with the same amount of force applied, its
acceleration decreases. Which means that Acceleration is inversely proportional to
its mass.
3. Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on the body and inversely
proportional to its mass.
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RO_Science_Grade 8_Q2_LP 1
Activity 2. Forces Come in Pairs!
Does the
If the situation shows an action and
situation show
reaction, draw an arrow to show the
Situation an action and
direction of the forces acting between
reaction?
objects
(Yes or No)
1. Throwing a rock
Yes
into the water
The rock hitting the water—causes
an equal reaction with its splash.
As you lean on
the wall, the wall
exerts a force
opposite and
2. A person leaning
Yes equal to the
on the wall.
force you exert
while leaning on
the wall
3. A swimmer
swimming
Yes
forward
the weight of the
man exerts a
downward force on
4. A person setting the chair. The chair
Yes
on a chair exerts an equal
upward force on the
man.
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F. Evaluate
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. A
V. REFLECTION
Complete the statement below:
In this module, I learned that ________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
I want to ask my teacher about
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
VI. REFERENCES
Cartoon Pulling Cart Vector Images (18). (n.d.). Retrieved from
[Link]
vectors
Mapa A. & Campos M. R. Science & technology for lifelong [Link]
2007.113– 114
―Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion.‖ 2019. [Link]. 2019.
[Link]
Ocampo, J.P. & Santos GN. C. Science & Technology 1 e – science the next
generation. 2003. Rex Book Store Inc 98 – 100
Pavico J. F. et al. Phoenix Exploring life through science series – the new grade 8.
2013. Phoenix Publishing House Inc. Pp. 293 – 305
Physics – Science and Technology textbook for fourth year pp. 89 – 94
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Science and technology IV SEDP Series pp. 88 – 92
Science Grade 8 Learners’ Module. Reprint edition 2014, 2016. FEP printing
corporation, 4-10.
[Link], [Link]/academy/lesson/action-and-reaction-forces-law-examples-
[Link].
―What Is Newton’s Third Law? - Lesson.‖ 2019. [Link]. April 11,
2019. [Link]
SMILE LEARNER’S PACKET DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Writer: APRIL R. GERSALIA
Reviewers: MICHELLE H. GUADAMOR
WELIMEN C. OSEO
MA. CHARLENE D. DIPAD
Layout Artists: JERIEL G. MARTIREZ
Editors: CHRISTINA G. GUAÑIZO-BENTIC
MA. CHARLENE D. DIPAD
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