SCIENCE
THIRD QUARTER
10
Module 5
EVOLUTION: THE
CLOSE ENCOUNTER
Julita B. Malto
Lyndssey Munich S. Mamporte
DEPARO HIGH SCHOOL
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Explain how fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic information
provide evidence for evolution (S10LT-lllf-39)
TO THE LEARNERS
Start this module by setting aside other tasks, focus and enjoy on the lessons. Read and follow the
instructions carefully. Ask the guidance of your parents/guardians if needed. Have fun!
1. Take note of the key concept of the lessons remember. Writing enhances learning, which is
important to develop and to keep in mind.
2. Perform all the provided activities in the module with your parents’/guardians’ guidance.
3. Let your facilitators/guardians assess your answers.
4. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
5. Keep on learning!
EXPECTATIONS
At the end of the module, students are expected to:
1. explain how fossil records provides evidence for evolution using images/pictures;
2. explain how rock formation, geologic time scale, and carbon-14 dating can be used in
determining the age of fossils;
3. explain how comparative anatomy provides evidence for evolution using pictures/video clips;
and
4. explain how genetic information provides evidence for evolution.
PRE-TEST
DIRECTION: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided before the number.
_____ 1. Where can most of the fossils be found?
A. Sedimentary rock B. Granite rock C. Lava flows D. Black soil
_____ 2. Which of the following statements DOES NOT describe evolution?
A. Evolution is continuous. C. The world is stable and unchanging.
B. Evolution refers to change. D. If there is mutation, there is evolution.
_____ 3. Which pairs of animals show a correct example of homologous structures?
A. Wings of butterfly and bat. C. Fingers of human and arm of starfish
B. Flipper of whale and forelimb of cat. D. Tongue of frog and proboscis of mosquito.
_____ 4. Which is a more definite characteristics to show relatedness of two organisms?
A. Similarity in development C. Similarity in structure
B. Similarity in courting behavior D. Similarity in genomic DNA
_____ 5. Based on the number of differences in amino acid
sequence shown on the table, which pair of organisms is least
related to each other?
A. Fruit fly-wheat C. Fruit fly- pigeon
B. Human-horse D. Human – wheat
LOOKING BACK
DIRECTION: Arrange the jumbled letters to identify the terms given in each number and match it with its
corresponding description on your right (letter only) by writing your answer on the space provided before
each number.
__________, _____ 1. T A C D O N O N I A. Changing the DNA sequence
__________ , _____ 2. U T I T O N A M B. Converting mRNA into amino acid
__________, _____ 3. R I T I O N P A C E L C. Copying the DNA using its complementary
bases
__________, _____ 4. T A P T I R O N R I N S C D. Copying DNA sequence into mRNA.
__________, _____ 5. T A N L A S T I R O N E. 3-letter code complement of the
mRNA 1
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Organisms inhabiting the earth have changed over time, their structures, traits, and abilities allowed
them to adapt and survive in their environment and is generally called evolution. Let us enumerate the
sources of evidences for evolution. You can watch this video clip link for more information about evidences
for evolution, [Link]
FOSSIL RECORD are traces of organisms that lived in the past and were preserved by natural process
or catastrophic events. They can be remains of organisms which include bones, shells, teeth, and also feces
embedded in rocks, peat, resin, and ice. Fossils are classified as imprints which are shallow external molds
left by animal or plant tissues with little or no organic materials present, or compression fossil when it is
preserved in sedimentary rock and is formed with more organic material most commonly in environments
where fine sediment is deposited, such as in river deltas, lagoons, along rivers, and in ponds. To determine
the age of fossils, paleontologists have used the following methods, namely: relative dating wherein the
age of rock is compared to the other rock layer; and radiometric dating, a method used to determine the
age of rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes of Carbon-14 which is present in rocks when the
organism died.
ACTIVITY 1 Clues to the Past: Fossil Records
OBJECTIVE: Identify the similarities or differences of skulls and front leg fossils of organism
INSTRUCTION: This is a series of skulls and front leg fossils of organisms believed to be ancestors of
the modern-day horse.
Source: [Link]
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. Give two similarities between each of the skulls that might lead to the conclusion that these are all
related species. _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the biggest change in skull anatomy that occurred from the dawn horse to the modern
horse? ________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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3. What is the biggest change in leg anatomy that occurred from the dawn horse to the modern horse?
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Another evidence for evolution is the comparative anatomy. This involves the study of the
similarities and differences in the structures of different species. There are two (2) types of structures
in an organism: (a) homologous structures and (b) analogous structures. Homologous structures
refer to the body parts of an organisms that may perform different functions but of the same origin. The
forelimbs of dog, bird, lizard, and whale, which are structurally the same, but functionally different are
examples of homologous structures. The presence of homologous structures is a strong indicator that
the organisms evolved from common ancestors. This type of evolution is called divergent evolution.
Analogous structures refer to body parts of an organism that may perform the same function but of
different origin. Wings of birds, bats, and insects that have the same function but different in origin are
example of analogous structures. The presence of analogous structures is a strong indicator that the
organisms evolved from common ancestors. This type of evolution is called convergent evolution.
There are also vestigial organs. These are organs which are developed in an organism but seems to
have no particular function on it. Examples are appendix in humans, the internal hind limbs of whales,
and the internal legs of some species of snakes.
What is this for?
ACTIVITY 2 Homologous and Analogous Structures
OBJECTIVE: Identify the function or uses of the body parts of the different vertebrates or organisms
DIRECTION: The illustration below shows the skeletal structure of different vertebrates: whale, frog,
horse, lion, human, bat and bird. On the table below, indicate the following:
a. functions or uses of these limbs in each animal.
b. comparison of the skeletal structure of each limb to the human arm
c. comparison of the function in each animal to the human arm
Figure 1. Skeletal Structure of Some Vertebrates
[Link]
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PRIMARY Comparison in Human Arm Comparison in Human Arm
ANIMAL FUNCTION in Form in Function
(e.g. for walking) (e.g. shorter) (e.g. for walking)
Human
Whale
Frog
Horse
Lion
Bat
Bird
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. From the different vertebrates presented, which show examples of homologous structure?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Which vertebrates are examples of analogous structure?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Below are some vestigial structures found in humans. For each, hypothesize what its function may
have been.
STRUCTURE POSSIBLE FUNCTION STRUCTURE POSSIBLE FUNCTION
A. Appendix D. Muscle in the Ear
B . Body Hair E. Tailbone
C. Little Toe F. Wisdom Teeth
4. How are vestigial structures an example of evidence of evolution?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Embryonic development is also considered one of the evidences for evolution. An embryo is an early
stage of development of a multicellular organism like man and animals. Embryonic development refers to
the portion of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization and continues through the formation of body
structures, such as tissues and organs. The embryo of fishes, salamanders, lizards, birds, cats, and humans
are similar during the first stage of their embryonic development; and have several homologous structures
that are not present when the organisms are adult.
ACTIVITY 3 THE BEGINNING: Stages of Development
OBJECTIVE: To describe how the embryos of certain organisms changes from their earliest to latest
stages.
DIRECTION: Examine the six embryos on the next page of the module.
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Early stage of development of embryo older, more developed embryos
Most advanced embryos, shortly before birth
Source: [Link]
Complete the table below to describe how the embryos changed for each of these organisms from their
earliest to latest stages.
ANATOMICAL CHANGES FROM EARLY
SPECIES
TO LATE STAGES
Human
Chicken
Rabbit
Tortoise
Salamander
Fish
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. Look again at the six embryos in their earliest stages. Describe the patterns you see. What physical
similarities exist between each of the embryos?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Does this suggest an evolutionary relationship? Explain how these embryos can be used as evidence of
a common ancestor between each of these six organisms.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
People believed that we evolved from apes. Do you agree? To understand it well if it is true or not,
let us study the biochemical analysis of an organism. The DNA contains the genetic traits of an
organism varies in every organism which is responsible in protein synthesis or the production of
amino acid in the cells of all life on earth.
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PROTEIN MOLECULE: Are They Similar to all
ACTIVITY 4 Organism?
OBJECTIVE: To list down the number of amino acids of organisms that is different from human amino
acid
DIRECTION: The table below shows a list of the amino acids or the protein molecule for 9 different animals
found in the mitochondria. Any sequences exactly the same for all animals have been skipped. Encircle or
highlight any amino acids that are different than the human sequence. When you are done, record how
many differences you found in the table on the next page.
Number of Amino Acid Number of Amino Acid
Animal Animal
Differences Compared to Human Differences Compared to Human
Horse Shark
Chicken Turtle
Tuna Monkey
Frog Rabbit
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. Based on the Amino Acid data, which organism is most closely related to humans?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Do any of the organisms have the same number of differences from human amino acid? In
situations like this, how would you decide which is more closely related to humans?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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REMEMBER
These are the important concepts/terminologies in this module for you to ponder:
➢ EVOLUTION is the change in the structures, traits, and abilities of an organism that allowed them
to adapt and survive in their environment over time.
➢ FOSSIL RECORD are traces or remains of organisms that lived in the past and were preserved
by natural process or catastrophic events on sedimentary rocks.
➢ IMPRINTS are shallow external molds left by animal or plant tissues with little or no organic
materials present.
➢ COMPRESSION FOSSILS is a fossil preserved in sedimentary rock and are formed with more
organic material most commonly in environments where fine sediment is deposited, such as in river
deltas, lagoons, along rivers, and in ponds.
➢ COMPARATIVE ANATOMY is the study of the similarities and differences in the structures of
different species.
➢ HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE are body parts of an organisms that may perform different
functions but of the same origin.
➢ ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE are body parts of an organisms that may perform the same function
but of different origin.
➢ VESTIGIAL ORGANS are organs which are developed in an organism but seems to have no
particular function on it.
➢ EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT refers to the development of the anatomy of an organism to its
adult form
➢ BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS refers to the similarity of their DNA sequence as basis in producing
amino acids
DIRECTION: Match the picture in Column A with its corresponding evidence for [Link] Column B
and its description in Column C.
COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C
A. Fossil Records E. Development of the anatomy
of an organism to its adult form
_____, _____ 1.
F. Presence of structures in
B. Comparative Anatomy organisms that share the same
basic form but differs in function
_____, _____ 2.
G. Remains of dead plants and
C. Embryonic
animals are embedded on
Development
sedimentary rocks
_____, _____ 3.
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H. Similarity of their DNA
D. Biochemical Analysis sequence as basis in producing
amino acids
_____, _____ 4.
_____, _____ 5.
POST-TEST
DIRECTION: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided before the number.
_____ 1. The fertilized eggs of most mammals follow a similar pattern of early development. Which
sequence is the typical pattern, beginning with the earliest stage?
A. Fetus—embryo—zygote C. Zygote—fetus—embryo
B. Fetus—zygote—embryo D. Zygote—embryo—fetus
_____ 2. Which could be considered biochemical evidence of an evolutionary relationship?
A. Absence of vestigial structures C. Similar anatomical structures
B. Presence of embryonic gill slits D. Presence of identical proteins
_____ 3. This chart compares the base sequences of homologous
segments of DNA from three primates. Based on this information,
how many differences in the resulting amino acid sequences
would you expect to find between humans and chimpanzees?
A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 6
_____ 4. This diagram represents the bone structures of the front limbs of four different animals. What do
the similarities of the structures suggest about these
organisms?
A. They grow at the same rate.
B. They live in the same environment.
C. They live for the same length of time
D. They evolved from a common ancestor
_____ 5. Evidence for evolution includes all of the following EXCEPT ___.
A. Acquired characteristics
B. Similarities and differences in proteins and DNA sequences between organisms
C. The fossil record
D. Homologous structures
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REFLECTION
Now that you are done with the module, write a 3-5 sentences explaining your understanding about
the quote below.
“Change can be beautiful when we are
brave enough to evolve with it, and
change can be brutal when
we fearfully resist.”
- Bryant H. McGill
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Congratulations!
You’ve done a
Good Job.
