CE-3304 & CE-4204
Transportation Engineering –III
Sessional
Hello!
I am Md. Mahadi Hashan
Senior Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
North Western University
You can find me at
“shakil0901025@[Link]”
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Design of Flexible Pavement
▪ A flexible pavement for an interstate highway is to be designed
using 1993 AASHTO guide procedure to carry a design ESAL of
2x106 . It is estimated that it takes about a week for water to be
drained from within the pavement and the pavement structure
will be exposed to moisture level approaching saturation for 30%
of time. The following additional information are available –
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▪ Resilent/Elastic modulus of asphalt concrete at 68 0F = 450000
▪ CBR value for Base Course Material =100, Modulus of Rigidity, (MR ) =
31,000
▪ CBR value for Sub-Base Course Material =22, Modulus of Rigidity,
(MR ) = 13,500
▪ CBR value for Subgrade Course Material =6
Determine the suitable pavement structure.
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Solution
▪ Reliability Range = (80-99.9)% ▪ Standard Deviation = 0.49
Take Reliability as 99 % (Table 20.17)
▪ Serviceability Range = (0-
5)
Modulus of Rigidity, (MR ) for
Subgrade = 1500 x CBR Usually 4.5
= 1500 x 6 = 9000 psi Serviceability Loss , ∆PSI
= PSI-TSI = 4.5-2.5 =2
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Table: 20.17
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▪ SN = SN1 + SN2 + SN3
▪ = A1D1 + A2M2D2 +A3M3D3
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Figure 20.20 (Design Structural Number, SN)
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(Design Structural Number, SN)
▪ SN1 =4.4
▪ SN2 =3.8
▪ SN3 =2.6
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Layer Coeff. a3
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Layer Coeff. a2
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Layer Coeff. a1
Instructions for use
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Layer Coeff. (a)
▪ a1 =0.44
▪ a2 =0.14
▪ a3 =0.10
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Quality of Drainage (Table 20.14)
Drainage Coeff. m2 & m3 (Table 20.15)
Table 20.15
Table 20.14
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Drainage Coeff. (m)
▪ m2 & m3 = 0.8
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▪ Design Structural
▪ Layer ▪ Drainage Coeff. =
Coeff. Number
m2 & m3 = 0.8
▪ a1 =0.44 ▪ SN1 =2.6
▪ a2 =0.14 ▪ SN2 =3.8
▪ a3 =0.10 ▪ SN3 =4.4
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Thickness of Pavement layer
▪ D1 = 6 inch
▪ D2 = 10.5 inch
▪ D3 = 7.5 inch
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Design of Rigid Pavement
▪ A pavement for a 4 lane rural divided highway is to be designed to last for 25 years.
During the first 4 year, the estimated two way single lane applications are 144000.
Expected traffic growth rate is 3.5%. The design reliability is 95% and the standard
deviation is 0.35. The initial serviceability is 4.5 and the terminal serviceability is
2.5. PCC is to be laid on a granular subgrade material. Using the standard
laboratory test on 25 days specimen, the average compressive strength, f’c =4900
psi. And average modulus of rupture for 3rd point loading was 600 psi. The
drainage was just to be fair and will be subjected to moisture level approaching
saturation to 10% of the time. The pavement is being designed with JRCP with
untied asphalt shoulders. The effective modulus of subgrade reaction is 110 pci.
▪ Determine the design thickness according to AASHTO method
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Solution
Ec = 57000 √f’c = modulus of
Ealsticity ▪ Load transfer coefficient , J =
3.2
= 57000 √4900
▪ Drainage Coefficent, Cd =
=3.99 x 10^6
(1+0.9)/2 = 0.95
= 4 x 10^6.
Given Reliability, R = 95%,
Also given
Standard Deviation, So = 0.35,
Modulus of Subgrade reaction, K=110
∆PSI = 4.5 – 2.5 = 2.0
pci
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Modulus of Rupture, S’c =600 psi
▪ W18 = DD x DL x W^ 18 ▪ Design ESAL = [{(1+r)^n}/r] x W18
▪ = 0.5 x 0.9 x 144000 ▪ Growth rate, r= 3.5% = 0.035
▪ = 64,800 ▪ Design Life, n = 25 years
DL = 0.8 – 1.0 = (0.8 +1.0)/2 = ▪ So Design ESAL = 4.37 x 10^6
0.9
DD = Directional Distribution Factor
DL = Lane Distribution Factor
W^ 18 = Cumulative 2 Direction 18k ESAL
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Design of Flexible Pavement
▪ A flexible pavement of for a two lane urban highway (both direction) is to be designed by using Asphalt
Institute Method. The AADT in both direction during the first year of application/ operation will be 6000.
The following additional information are also available –
(i) Percent of heavy trucks in traffic stream= 2 %
(ii) Percent of heavy trucks in Design Lane = 50 %
(iii) Single Axle Load Limit = 20,000 lbs
(iv) Average gross weight of Heavy Trucks = 15,000 lbs
(v) CBR value of subgrade = 5%
(vi) Substitution factor for High Quality Untreated Granular base ( 2 inch of high quality untreated granular base
for 1 inch of Asphaltic concrete) =2:1
(vii) Design Period = 10 years
(viii) Annual Growth rate = 4%
▪ Determine the suitable pavement structure. 24
▪ IDT = Initial Daily Traffic = 6000 ▪ So Number of Heavy
Let Trucks = IDT x A% x B%
▪ A= % of Heavy Truck = 2% = 6000 x 2% x 50%
▪ B = % of Heavy Truck = 50% = 60
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▪ Average Gross Weight of Heavy ▪ If Growth rate is not given
Trucks = 15,000 lbs then ,
▪ So Initial Traffic Number, ITN = 15 ▪ USA = 3-5 % /year
( Figure 15.7) ▪ Europe = >5% /year
▪ Adjustment Factor = 0.6 (Table
15.4) (1+r)n
▪ AF=
▪ DTN = ITN x AF = 15 x 0.6 = 9 𝟐𝟎𝒓
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▪ TA = 6.8 inch ( Figure 15.9) (Surface + Base)
▪ Let Thickness of Surfacing = 4 inch
▪ So Base Thickness = 2 x (6.8-4) = 5.6 inch
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Figure 15.7
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Figure 15.9
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Roadway Capacity Analysis
Capacity of a Roadway
The capacity of a roadway is its ability
to accommodate traffic.
It is usually expressed as the number of
vehicles that can pass a given point in a
certain time at a given speed.
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Level of Service (LOS)
▪ Level of service denotes any of an ▪ Six levels of service (LOS),
infinite number of differing Level A through F, define full
combinations of operating range of driving conditions
conditions that can occur on a from the best to worst in
given lane or roadway when it is that order.
accommodating various traffic
volumes.
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▪ Level of service “A” represent free flow at low densities with no restriction
due to traffic conditions.
▪ Level “B”, the lower limit of which is often used for the design of rural
highways, is the zone of stable flow with some slight restriction of driver
freedom.
▪ Level “C” denotes some of stable flow with more marked restriction in
driver’s selection of speed and with reduced ability to pass.
▪ The conditions of level “D” reflect little freedom for driver maneuverability
and condition approaches unstable flow.
▪ Level “E” area of unstable flow, is the zone of low operating speed and
volume.
▪ Level “F” is the level of service provided by the familiar traffic jam, with
frequent interruptions and breakdown of flow as well as volumes below
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capacity, coupled with low operating speed.
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Adjustment Factors
▪ The adjustment factors used in modifying the
capacity under ideal conditions to give capacity
and service volumes under prevailing conditions
may be grouped under
1. Roadway factors
2. Traffic factors
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Roadway Factors
▪ The roadway factors make allowances for the effects of design elements such
as lane width, lateral clearances at the edge of lanes, alignment and grades.
Table 7.3 shows the effect of reduced lane widths on capacity and Table 7.4
shows the effect of edge clearance. Under both conditions the driver has a
feeling of restricted movement with limited clearance resulting reduced
capacity and lower level of service.
▪ Capacity of a roadway is also highly influence by width of shoulder. Outside
shoulder should be at least 10 ft preferably 12 ft and free of all obstructions for
heavily traveled, high speed roadways. Fully implemented, firm and smooth
shoulders increase traffic lane-width by 2 ft.
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Traffic Factors
▪ Traffic factors (such as many trucks and buses in the traffic stream and
variation of flow) affect the capacity and service columns of a road way.
▪ Trucks and busses, because of their restricted maneuverability, reduce
the number of vehicles that a facility can handle. This reduction in
vehicle is represented by the term passenger car equivalent (PCE),
which indicates the equivalent number of passenger cars that have
been displaced by the presence of each truck or bus,
▪ Table 7.5 shows passenger car equivalents for different types of
vehicles as mentioned by the Roads and Highways Department.
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Capacity Analysis Problem 1
Find the capacity of a roadway section for the following data:
▪ 1. Roadway pattern : Two lane two way
▪ 2. Lane width : 11 ft
▪ 3. Shoulder condition: 4 ft on both side of roadway smooth and
well maintained
▪ 4. Operating speed : 40 mph
▪ 5. % of passing sight distances: 80
▪ 6. Level of service C
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Solution:
From Table 7.1 and Table 7.2
▪ Capacity of two lane two way = 2000 x 0.68 = 1360 veh/hr.
From Table 7.3,
▪ Capacity reduction factor for 11 ft lane width =0.88
From Table 7.4 :
▪ Capacity reduction factor for 4 ft shoulder = 0.92
▪ Therefore actual roadway capacity = 1360 x 0.88 x 0.92 = 1101
passenger veh/hr. (total in both direction)
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