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MLM 2021

is the science and practice of dealing with

air mixtures and their control. The
discipline studies mainly dry air and water
vapor mixture. Psychrometry deals with
the specific heat of dry air and its volume.
It also deals with the heat of water, heat of
vaporization or condensation, and the
specific of steam in reference to moisture
mixed with dry air.

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 an understanding of psychrometrics and use of psychrometric

chart is essential to the process of designing thermal systems
and sizing the coils that are part of these systems. Whatever the
type of coil, the air stream going through it can be plotted on
the psychrometric chart, and important information learned
about the air stream. A psychrometric chart is an attempt to
show the relationships in many of the properties of moist
air. The chart shows the following properties: dry bulb
temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, dew point
temperature, humidity ratio, total heat (enthalpy) and specific
volume. If any two of the listed properties are known for a
sample of moist air, the state point can be plotted on a chart and
the remaining five properties can be graphically determined.

 Any sensible heating or cooling process is shown as a horizontal line on

the chart. The humidity ratio and the dew point are constant in this
process.

 Any latent heating or cooling process is shown as a vertical line. The

dry bulb temperature is constant in this process.

 A typical cooling/dehumidifying process is represented as a line that

goes down and to the left. This process would theoretically move
horizontally to the left until the dew point is reached, and then follow
the saturation line to the end point.

 A heating/humidifying process is represented by a line that rises and

moves to the right. The actual process depends on the type of
humidification involved, but the end point will always be above and to
the right of the starting point.

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 Is a graph of the temperature-pressure relationship of steam or water vapor.

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1.) A certain air has a dry bulb temperature of 34°C and a wet bulb temperature of
25°C. Determine (a) the relative humidity, (b) the dew point temperature, (c) the
humidity ratio, (d) the specific volume, and (e) the enthalpy.

Given: Required:
tdb = 34°C (a) RH
twb = 25°C (b) tdp
(c) w
(d) v
(e) h

From Psychrometric Chart:

(a) RH = 48%
(b) tdp = 21.5 °C
(c) w = 0.0162 kg/kg
(d) v = 0.89 cu.m/kg
(e) h = 76.5 kJ/kg

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 0 – 1 heating – increasing DBT at constant W (increasing specific

volume)

 0 – 2 cooling – decreasing DBT at constant W (decreasing specific

volume)

 0 – 3 humidifying – increasing W at constant DBT (increasing RH)

3
7 5  0 – 4 dehumidifying – decreasing W at constant DBT (decreasing RH)

2 0 1  0 – 5 heating and humidifying – increasing enthalpy, variable RH

6 8
 0 – 6 cooling and dehumidifying – decreasing enthalpy, variable RH
4
 0 – 7 cooling and humidifying – increasing RH, variable enthalpy

 0 – 8 heating and dehumidifying – decreasing RH, variable enthalpy

QA
 Sensible heating of the air occurs RH1

whenever the air is passed over a DBT

heating surface (dry), such as steam h2 WBT
or hot water coil, whose temperature RH 2 DPT
h1
is above the DBT of the air. Since no
w
moisture is added to or removed 1 2 t HC  DBT
from the air during the heating
td1 td 2 heating coil
process, the humidity ratio, DPT, and
latent heat content of the air do not QA = mA(h2 – h1)
h = CPt + whg
change. For this reason, sensible QA = mA(CPt2 + w2hg – CPt1 – w1hg)
heating (or cooling) processes
always follow a straight line path for sensible heating, w2 = w1 and the equation becomes
along a line of constant DPT
(constant humidity ratio). Since, QA = mA(CPt2 – CPt1)
QA = 1.0216mA(t2 – t1)
during the process, the total heat of
the air increases by an amount equal QA – heat added, kJ
to the increase in the sensible heat, mA – mass of dry air, kg
the WBT also increases. CP – 1.0216 kJ/kg
– specific heat of moist air

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Given: Solution:
va = 14 cu.m/min. mA = vA/v 1
QA = mA(h2 – h1) 2
Condition 1
tdb = 20°C for v, h2, h1 from
RH1 = 80% psychrometric chart
Condition 2
v = 0.847 cu.m/kg
tdb = 35°C h2 = 66 kJ/kg
h1 = 50 kJ/kg
Required: RH2 = 34%
QA
RH2

Solution: Alternate solution: Solution:

from 1 for mA mA = PA vA/ RA T 1 from 2 for QA
from v = vA/mA QA = 1.0216 mA(t2 – t1) 2
QA = 1.0216 mA(t2 – t1)
mA = vA/v Q = (1.0216kJ/kg)(16.55 kg/min.)(35 – 20)
A
for mA
mA = 14 cu.m/min. QA = 253.61 kJ/min.
for PA
0.847 cu.m/kg QA = 4.23 kJ/s or kW
PA = PT - PV
mA = 16.53 kg/min.
for PV
from RH = PV /PSAT
from 2 for QA PV = RH PSAT ; PSAT @ 20°C = 2.339kPa
QA = mA(h2 – h1) PV = (0.80)(2.339kPa) = 1.871 kPa
QA = (16.53 kg/min.)(66 – 50) kJ/kg PA = (101.325 – 1.871)kPa = 99.454 kPa
QA = 264.48 kJ/min. from 1
QA = 4.41 kJ/s or kW mA = (99,454)N/m²(14)m³/min
(287.08) J/kg-K (20+273)K
mA = 16.55 kg/min

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 Since a certain portion of the total air quantity passing through any heating (or
cooling) coil never comes into contact with the coil surface and therefore is
unaffected by its passage through the coil, it leaves the coil in the same condition
that it enters the coil. The portion of the air that passes through the coil without
contacting the coil surface is known as the bypass air and, when expressed as a
ratio to the total air quantity, is called the bypass factor of the coil. The bypass factor
is primarily a function of the coil design.

BPF = TC - TL
TC - TE
TC – mean effective temperature of coil surface, °C
TE – DBT of the air entering the coil, °C
TL– DBT of the air leaving the coil, °C

Note: A coil bypass factor of 0.40 means that 40% of the total air quantity passes
through the heating coil without contacting the coil surface while the other 60% of
the total air quantity contacts the coil surface and has its temperature increased to
the coil surface.

Given: Solution:
TE = 60°F
TL = 90°F
TC = 110°F BPF = TC – TL
T C - TE
BPF = 110 – 90
110 – 60
Required:
BPF = 0.4 = 40%
BPF

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 Sensible cooling of the air is RH 2 cooling coil

accomplished by passing the
air across a dry cooling h1 DBT

surface whose temperature is h2 RH1 WBT

DPT
w
below the DBT of the air but 2 1 QR DPT  tCC  DBT
above the air DPT. The td 2 td 1
sensible cooling process is
similar to the sensible QA = mA(h2 – h1)
h = CPt + Whg
heating process in that no QA = mA(CPt2 + W2hg – CPt1 – W1hg)
moisture is added or QA = mA(CPt2 – CPt1)
removed, and, therefore, the QA = 1.0216mA(t2 – t1)
specific humidity, DPT and
QA – heat added, kJ
latent heat content of the air mA – mass of dry air, kg
remain the same or constant CP – 1.0216 kJ/kg
throughout the process. – specific heat of moist air

Given: Solution:
va = 14 cu.m/min. mA = vA/v 1
QR = mA(h2 – h1) 2
Condition 1
tdb = 37°C for v, h2, h1 from
twb = 21°C psychrometric chart
Condition 2
v = 0.889 cu.m/kg
tdb = 15°C h2 = 38 kJ/kg
h1 = 60 kJ/kg
Required: RH1 = 23%
RH2 = 85%
QR
RH1
RH2

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Solution: Alternate solution: Solution:

from 1 for mA mA = PA vA/ RA T 1 from 2 for QR
from v = vA/mA QR = 1.0216 mA(t2 – t1) 2
QR = 1.0216 mA(t2 – t1)
mA = vA/v R Q = (1.0216kJ/kg)(15.71 kg/min.)(15 – 37)
mA = 14 cu.m/min. for mA
QR = -353.09 kJ/min.
for PA
0.889 cu.m/kg QR = -5.88 kJ/s or kW
PA = PT - PV
mA = 15.75 kg/min.
for PV
from RH = PV /PSAT
from 2 for QR PV = RH PSAT ; PSAT @ 37°C = 6.281kPa
QR = mA(h2 – h1) PV = (0.23)(6.281kPa) = 1.445 kPa
QR = (15.75 kg/min.)(38 – 60) kJ/kg PA = (101.325 – 1.445)kPa = 99.88 kPa
QR = -346.5 kJ/min. from 1
QR = -5.78 kJ/s or kW mA = (99,880)N/m²(14)m³/min
(287.08) J/kg-K (37+273)K
mA = 15.71 kg/min

 During winter, it is essential to heat and humidify room air for

comfort. Air can be simultaneously heated and humidified by
means of drawing it through a spray or over trays of warm water.
mass balance for water vapor :
mAW1 + mW = mAw2 mW = mA (w2 - w1)

energy balance :
steam nozzles initial energy + heat added = final energy
mA(CPt1 + W1hW) + QA = mA(CPt2 + W2hW)
h2 QA DBT QA = mACPt2 – mACPt1 + mAW2hW – mAW2hW
2
w2 WBT QA = mA(CPt2 – CPt1) + mA(W2 – W2)hW
h1 DPT QA = mA(h2 – h1) + mA(W2 – W1)hW
QA = mA(h2 – h1)
w1 mw
1
where :
td1 td 2 heating coil t HC  DBT
mA(h2 – h1) – heat supplied by the heating coil
mA(W2 – W1) hW – heat supplied by the steam

mA – mass of air involved, kg

hX – enthalpy of air at tX (DBT), kJ/kg
hW– enthalpy of water, 2501 kJ/kg
QA– load on the heating coil, Kj
WX – humidity ratio at tX (DBT), kgv/kga

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Given: Solution:
va = 28 cu.m/min. mA = vA/v 1
mW = mA (w2 - w1) 2
Condition 1
QA = mA(h2 – h1) 3
tdb = 24°C
RH = 40% for v, h2, h1 from
Condition 2 psychrometric chart
tdb = 38°C v = 0.852 cu.m/kg
twb = 27°C h1 = 43 kJ/kg
h2 = 85 kJ/kg
w1 = 0.0075
Required:
w2 = 0.0181
QA
mW

Solution:
from 3 for QA
from 1 for mA from 2 for mW QA = mA(h2 – h1)
from v = vA/mA mW = mA (w2 - w1) QA = (32.86 kg/min.)(85 – 43) kJ/kg
mA = vA/v mW = (32.86 kg/min)(0.0181 – 0.0075) QA = 1380.12 kJ/min.
mA = 28 cu.m/min. mW = 0.35 kg/min. QA = 23.002 kJ/s or kW
0.852 cu.m/kg
mA = 32.86 kg/min.

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 Simultaneous cooling and

dehumidification of the air will take
place anytime air is passed across
a cooling surface whose
cooling coil
temperature is below the initial
DPT of the air. This can also be actual path h1
accomplished by drawing the air hw
1
w1
DBT
WBT
through sprays of cold water. The h2 DPT
temperature of the water rises w2 QR  m w
while being sprayed because it 2 tCC  DPT
absorbs sensible and latent heat td 2 td1
from the air. When moist air is
cooled, some of the water vapor in
the air condenses and leaves the
air-stream as liquid. This results in
the decrease of both the DBT and
W of the airstream.

mass balance for water vapor: Note: The second term [mA(W1 – W2)hW] in the
mAW1 = mAW2 + mW previous equation is normally small compared to
moisture removed : the other term so it is neglected most of the time.
mW = mA(W1 – W2) It can be observed that the cooling and
dehumidification process involves both latent
energy balance : and sensible heat transfer processes, hence, the
initial energy = final energy + heat removed total latent and sensible heat transfer rates can be
mA(CPt1 + W1hW) = mA(CPt2 + W2hW) + QR written as:
QR = mA(CPt1 – CPt2) + mA(W1hW – W2hW)
QR = mA(h1 – h2) + mA(W1 – W2)hW
QR = mA(h1 – h2) QT = QS + QL
QT = mA(h1 – hW) + mA(hW – h2)
where : QT = mAhW(W1 – W2) + mACP(t1 – t2)
mA(h1 – h2) – heat removed by the cooling coil QT = mA [hW(W1 – W2) + CP(t1 – t2)]
mA(W1 – W2) hW – heat removed through condensation
mA – mass of air involved, kg QL– latent heat, kJ
hX – enthalpy of air at tX (DBT), kJ/kg QS– sensible heat, kJ
hW– enthalpy of water, 2501 kJ/kg QT– total heat, kJ
QR– load on the cooling coil, kJ
WX – humidity ratio at tX (DBT), kgv/kga

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Given: Solution:
va = 28 cu.m/min. mA = vA/v 1
mW = mA (w1- w2) 2
Condition 1
QR = mA(h2 – h1) 3
tdb = 35°C
twb = 26°C for v, h2, h1 from
Condition 2 psychrometric chart
tdb = 21°C v = 0.896 cu.m/kg
RH = 50% h1 = 80.5 kJ/kg
h2 = 41 kJ/kg
w1 = 0.0176
Required:
w2 = 0.0078
QR
mW

Solution:
from 3 for QR
from 1 for mA from 2 for mW QR = mA(h2 – h1)
from v = vA/mA mW = mA (w1- w2) QR = (31.25 kg/min.)(41 – 80.5) kJ/kg
mA = vA/v mW = (31.25 kg/min)(0.0176 – 0.0078) QR = -1234.38 kJ/min.
mA = 28 cu.m/min. mW = 0.306 kg/min. QR = -20.57 kJ/s or kW
0.896 cu.m/kg
mA = 31.25 kg/min.

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By separating the total heat transfer rate from the cooling coil into
sensible and latent heat transfer rates, a useful parameter called
sensible heat factor (SHF) is defined. SHF is defined as the ratio of
sensible heat to total heat transfer rate.

SHF = QS SHF = QS
QT QS + QL

Note: From the above equation, one can deduce that a SHF of 1.0
corresponds to no latent heat transfer and a SHF OF 0 corresponds to
no sensible heat transfer. A SHF value of 0.75 to 0.80 is quite common in
air conditioning systems in a normal dry climate. A lower value of SHF,
say 0.60, implies a high latent heat load such as that occurs in a humid
climate.

Given: Solution:
QS = 80kW
QL = 20kW SHF = QS SHF = QS
QT Q S + QL
SHF = 80
Required: 80+20
SHF?
SHF = 0.8 = 80%

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 As the name implies, during this process, the air temperature drops
and it's humidity increases. This can be achieved by spraying cool
water in the air stream. The temperature of the water should be
lower than the DBT of the air but higher than its DPT to avoid
condensation.
const. WBT line perfect
washer
saturation DBT

2 WBT
const. h line w2
DPT
w1
1
mw air washer
td 2 td1 DPT  t AW  DBT

 Air can be dehumidified by using a hygroscopic material, which

absorbs (take up or take in moisture by molecular action) or
adsorbs (condense a vapor and hold upon it's surface) the water
vapor from the moisture. If the process is thermally isolated, then
the enthalpy of air remains constant. The DBT of air increases as
the air’s moisture is condensed and give up its latent heat. The air
leaves drier and warmer. The WBT may increase or decrease. If
the process is adiabatic, the DBT increases along a line of
constant WBT. The hygroscopic material can be a solid or a liquid.
In general, the absorption of the water by the hygroscopic
material is an exothermic reaction, as a result the heat is released
during this process, which is transferred to the air and the
enthalpy of the air increases. Since the leaving-air temperature is
usually higher than wanted, it is necessary to add a sensible
cooling process to get the desired final air condition.

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const. WBT line

DBT
saturation
WBT
const. h line 1
w1
DPT
2
w2
hygroscopi c
td1 td 2
material

 Mixing of air streams at different states is commonly

encountered in many processes, including air
conditioning. When air at one condition is mixed
with air at another condition, the condition of
the final mixture can be shown on the
Psychrometric Chart by a point on the line joining
the points indicating the original conditions. The
exact location of the final point will depend upon
the masses of the original air quantities. Depending
upon the state of the individual streams, the mixing
process can take place with or without
condensation of moisture.

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The figure shows an adiabatic mixing of two air streams during which no condensation of moisture
takes place. When two air streams at state points 1 and 2 mix, the resulting mixture condition 3 can
be obtained from mass and energy balance.

mass balance of dry air and water vapor:

2
m1W1 + m2W2 = m3W3 = (m1 + m2)W3
3
energy balance :

m1h1 + m2h2 = m3h3 = (m1 + m2)h3 1

From the above equations, it can be observed that the final enthalpy and humidity ratio of
the mixture are weighted averages of inlet enthalpies and humidity ratios. A generally valid
approximation is that the final temperature of the mixture is the weighted average of the inlet
temperatures. With this approximation, the point on the Psychrometric Chart representing the
mixture lies on a straight line connecting the two inlet states. Hence, the ratio of distances along the
line (1 –3)/(2 – 3), is equal to the ratio of the inlet flow rates, m2/m1. The resulting error (due to the
assumption that the humid specific heats being constant) is usually less than one percent.

When very cold and dry air is mixes with warm air at high
relative humidity, the resulting mixture condition may lie in
the two-phase region, as a result there will be condensation
of water vapor and some amount of water will leave the
system as liquid water. Due to this, the humidity ratio of the 2
resulting mixture (point 3) will be less than that at point 4. 4
Corresponding to this, will be an increase in temperature 3
of air due to the release of latent heat of condensation. This
1
process rarely occurs in an air conditioning system, but this
is the phenomenon which results in the formation of fog or
frost (if the mixture temperature is below 0°C). This
happens in winter when the cold air hear the earth mixes
with the humid and warm air which develops towards the
evening or after rains.

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 conservation of mass of air:

m3 = m1 + m2
 conservation of mass of water vapor
m1w1 + m2w2 = m3w3
w3 = m1 w1 + m2 w2
m3
 applying steady flow equation for the enthalpy
m 1 h 1 + m 2h 2 = m 3 h 3
h 3 = m1 h 1 + m2 h 2
m3
 using m1h1 + m2h2 = m3h3 and h = Cpt + whg
m3(Cpt3 + w3hg) = m1(Cpt1 + w1hg) + m2(Cpt2 + w2hg)
 since w is too small to affect the result,
m3Cpt3 = m1Cpt1 + m2Cpt2
 factoring out Cp :
m 3 t 3 = m 1 t 1 + m 2t 2
tDB3 = m1tDB1 + m2tDB2
m3

Given: Solution:
tDB3 = m1tDB1 + m2tDB2 1
Condition 1 m3
V1 = 0.5 cu.m/s h3 = m1h1 + m2h2 2
tDB1 = 15°C m3
tWB1 = 13°C mA = VA/vA 3
m3 = m1 + m2 4
Condition 2
V2 = 0.2 cu.m/s for v1,v2, h1, h2, from
tDB2 = 25°C
psychrometric chart
tWB2 = 18°C
v1 = 0.825 cu.m/kg
Required:
(a) tDB3, tWB3, tDP3
v2 = 0.858 cu.m/kg
(b) h3 h1 = 36.9 kJ/kg
h2 = 51 kJ/kg
w1 = 0.0085
w2 = 0.012

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Solution:
from 2 for h3
from 3 for m1 & m2 from 4 for m3 h3 = m1h1 + m2h2
from v = VA/mA m3 = m1 + m2 m3
m1 = V1/v1 m3 = (0.606 + 0.233) kg/s h3 = (0.606kg/s)(36.9kJ/kg)+(0.233kg/s)(51kJ/kg)
0.839kg/s
m1 = 0.5 cu.m/s m3 = 0.839 kg/s
0.825 cu.m/kg h3 = 40.82kJ/kg
m1 = 0.606 kg/s from 1 for tDB3
tDB3 = m1tDB1 + m2tDB2 for tWB3 & tDP3 from Psychrometric Chart
m2 = V2/v2 m3 tWB3 = 14.7°C
m2 = 0.2 cu.m/s tDB3 =(0.606kg/s)(15°C)+(0.233kg/s)(25°C) tDP3 = 12.6°C
0.858 cu.m/kg 0.839 kg/s
m2 = 0.233 kg/s tDB3 =17.78°C

“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.”

Philippians 4:13 (NKJV)

MLM 2021

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