JAWAHAR NAVODAYA
VIDYALAYA
SADHI , VADODARA
Physics Investigatory Project
Name: Hardik Rohit
Class: XII
Roll no: 1214
Guided by: Sh. Santosh Bahuguna
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Hardik Rohit of class XII has
successfully completed the project on PHYSICS
for class XII practical examination of the central
board of secondary education in year 2021-22.
Sign. of Principal :
Sign. of subject teacher :
Sign. of Examiner :
ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my physics teacher “Sh. Santosh
Bahuguna” for their able to guidance and
support in completing my project.
I would like to extend my gratitude to the
principal “[Link]” for providing me all
the facility that was required.
INDEX
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
APPARATUS REQUIRED
THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aim of the Experiment
To find out the refractive indices of different liquids
using a hollow prism
Apparatus Required
Hollow glass prism
Various liquids like water, carbon disulphide,
benzaldehyde etc.
Bell pins
Drawing board
Theory
A prism is a transparent
optical element with flat,
polished surfaces that
refract light. Prisms can be
made from any material
that is transparent including
glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used to break
light up into its constituent spectral colors. Prisms can
also be used to reflect light, or to split light into
components with different polarizations.
The refractive index of the liquid
Is given by the formula:
U=sin i/sin r=sin((a+d)/2)/sin(a/2)
Where,
U=refractive index of the liquid.
a= the angle of minimum deviation
d=angle of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of refraction
Procedure
Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with
help of drawing pins.
Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the
normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be
in the straight line.
Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid ,on
the marked outline ABC.
Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so
that all the 4 pins appear to be in same line.
Remove the prism and draw the line joining the
points so obtained.
Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
Repeat this with different liquids and different angle
of incidence.
Observation
Benzaldehyde
[Link] a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)
1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 45
U=sin((60+40)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.504
Water
[Link] a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)
1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
5 60 50 25
6 60 55 28
U=sin((60+22)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.306
Dil. Sulphuric Acid
[Link] a º(angle of prism) i º (angle of incidence) d º (angle of deviation)
1 60 20 33
2 60 30 30
3 60 35 25
4 60 40 29
5 60 45 30
U=sin((60+25)/2)/sin(30)
= 1.351
Conclusion
Refractive indices at room temperature:
Benzaldehyde
o Actual: 1.546
o Experimental: 1.504
o
Water
o Actual: 1.33
o Experimental: 1.306
o
Dil . Sulphuric acid
o Actual: 1.355
o Experimental: 1.351
Precautions
Angle of incidence should lie b/w 35-60 degree.
Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in same
line.
Distance b/w two points should not be less
than 10mm.
Same angle of prism should be used for all
observation.
Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent
and incident ray.
Bibliography
[Link]
[Link]
NCERT BOOK