NETWORKING COURSE

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 Why this Course?

• Better Future Ahead

• Great Opportunities
• Demanding Skill
• Network Admininstrator
• First Step to Security
• High Salary Packages
 Values:
• Network & Networking
• Topologies
• OSI Model
• Transmission Media
• Networking Devices
• Wireless Networking
• Network Threads
• Troubleshooting
• Remote Desktop Connection
 What is Network ?
A network consists of two or more computers that
are linked in order to share resources (such as
printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow
electronic communications.

The computers on a network may be linked

through cables, telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites, or infrared light beams.
 Basic Types of Networks

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Personal Area Network (PAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
4. Wide Area Network (WAN)
5. Campus Area Network (CAN)
6. Storage Area Network (SAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually within an office building or
home.
LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or
hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users
• • Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred
meters, and no more than a mile
Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting
to each device
Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or
fibre optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s.
 Advantages of LAN

Speed
Cost
Security
Resource Sharing
 Local Area Network (PAN)
A PAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually home.
PAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or
hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users
• • Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred
meters
Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting
to each device
Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair, coax or
fibre optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s.
 Advantages of PAN

Speed
Cost
Security
Resource Sharing
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network
that usually spans a city or a large campus.
A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN,
ranging
from several blocks of buildings to entire cities.
A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but
it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations.
A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of
regional
resources.
A MAN typically covers an area of between 5 and 50 km diameter.
Examples of MAN: Telephone company network that provides a high
speed DSL to customers and cable TV network.
 Advantages of MAN

Speed
Cost
Security
Resource Sharing
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

WAN covers a large geographic area such as country, continent or

even whole of the world.
A WAN is two or more LANs connected together. The LANs can
be many miles apart.
To cover great distances, WANs may transmit data over leased
high-speed phone lines or wireless links such as satellites.
Multiple LANs can be connected together using devices such as
bridges, routers, or gateways, which enable them to share data.
The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.
 Advantages of WAN

Speed
Cost
Security
Resource Sharing
 Campus Area Network (CAN)

❑ A campus area network (CAN) is a network of multiple

interconnected local area networks (LAN) in a limited
geographical area. A CAN is smaller than a wide area network
(WAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN).

❑ A CAN is also known as a corporate area network (CAN).

❑ CAN benefits are as follows:

Cost-effective
Wireless, versus cable
Multidepartmental network access
 Advantages of CAN

❑ Speed
❑ Reliability
❑ Campus Interconnection
❑ Better for Every Consumer
 Storage Area Network (SAN)
❑ A Storage Area Network (SAN) is a specialized, high-
speed network that provides block-level network
access to storage. SANs are typically composed of
hosts, switches, storage elements, and storage
devices that are interconnected using a variety of
technologies, topologies, and protocols.

❑ This enables each server to access shared storage as

if it were a drive directly attached to the server. When
a host wants to access a storage device on the SAN, it
sends out a block-based access request for the
storage device.
 Advantages of SAN

❑ Low Expense
❑ fault tolerance
❑ Disk Mirroring
❑ Real Time Update
❑ Aminstrator Control
Peer to Peer Model
Client-Server Model
OSI MODEL
 INTRODUCTION
• Open systems interconnection basic reference model (OSI reference model
or OSI model) is an abstract description for layered communications and
computer network protocol design. It was developed as part of the open
systems interconnection (OSI) initiative. In its most basic form, it divides
network architecture into seven layers which, from top to bottom, are the
application, presentation, session, transport, network, data-link, and
physical layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI seven layer
model.
OSI MODEL
 OSI Model's 7 Layers
APPLICATION Application to Application APPLICATION

Application to Application
PRESENTATION PRESENTATION

SESSION Application to Application SESSION

TRANSPORT Process to Process TRANSPORT

NETWORK Source to Destination NETWORK

Router
Source to Destination

Hop to Hop
DATA LINK Switch DATA LINK
Hop to Hop

Hub and Repeater

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL
Physical Medium
 Data, Protocol & Activities
OSI Layers TCP/IP Suit Activities

Application Application To allow access to network resources

Telnet, FTP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS, SNMP, Specific address etc…

To Translate, encrypt, and compress

Presentation Presentation data

Session To establish, manage, and terminate

Session session

Transport To Provide reliable process-to-process

Transport SCTP, TCP, UDP, Sockets and Ports address Message delivery and error recovery

Network To move packets from source to

Network IP, ARP/RARP, ICMP, IGMP, Logical address destination; to provide internetworking

Data Link To organize bits into frames; to provide

Data Link IEEE 802 Standards, TR, FDDI, PPP, Physical address Hop-to-hop delivery

Physical To Transmit bits over a medium; to provide

Physical Medium, Coax, Fiber, 10base, Wireless Mechanical and electrical specifications
 PHYSICAL LAYER
From data link layer To data link layer

Physical layer
110 10101000000010111 110 10101000000010111 Physical layer

Transmission medium

◼ One of the major function of the physical layer is to move data in the form of electromagnetic signals
◼
across a transmission medium.
Its responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (Node) to next.
◼
Both data and the signals can be either analog or digital.
◼
◼
Transmission media work by conducting energy along a physical path which can be wired or wireless
❑
Physical characteristics of interface and medium (Transmission medium)
❑
Representation of bits (stream of bits (0s or 1s) with no interpretation and encoded into signals)
❑
Data rate (duration of a bit, which is how long it last)
❑ Synchronization of bits (sender and receivers clock must be synchronized)
❑ Line configuration (Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint)
❑ Physical topology
❑ Transmission mode (Simplex, half duplex, full duplex)
 DATALINK LAYER
From network layer To network layer

Data link layer H2 Data T2 H2 Data T2 Data link layer

To physical layer From physical layer

◼ Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (Node) to the next.
◼ Concerned:
❑ Framing (stream of bits into manageable data units)
❑ Physical addressing (MAC Address)
❑ Flow Control (mechanism for overwhelming the receiver)
❑ Error Control (trailer, retransmission)
❑ Access Control (defining master device in the same link)
 NETWORK LAYER
From transport layer To transport layer

Network layer H3 Data Packet H3 Data Packet Network layer

To data link layer From data link layer

◼ The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host.
◼ Concerned:
❑ Logical addressing (IP Address)
❑ Routing (Source to destination transmission between networks)
 TRANSPORT LAYER
From session layer From session layer

Transport layer H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data H4 Data Transport layer

Segments Segments

To network layer From network layer

◼ The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to
another
◼ Concerned:
❑ Service-point addressing (Port address)
❑ Segmentation and reassembly (Sequence number)
❑ Connection control (Connectionless or connection oriented)
❑ Flow control (end to end)
❑ Error Control (Process to Process)
 SESSION LAYER
From Presentation layer To Presentation layer

H5 Data Data Data H5 Data Data Data Session layer

Session layer
Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn Syn

To transport layer From transport layer

◼ The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization

◼ Concerned:
❑ Dialog Control (Half Duplex/Full duplex)
❑ Synchronization (Synchronization points, process inline within same page)
 PRESENTATION LAYER
From application layer To application layer

presentation layer H6 Data H6 Data presentation layer

To session layer From session layer

◼ The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression and encryption

◼ Concerned:
❑ Translation (interoperability between different encoding system)
❑ Encryption (Privacy schemes)
❑ Compression (data compression)
 APPLICATION LAYER
USER USER
(Human or Program)
(Human or Program)

X.500 FTAM X.400 X.500 FTAM X.400

Application layer
Application layer
H7 Data Message H7 Data Message

To presentation layer From presentation layer

◼ The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

◼ Concerned:
❑ Network virtual terminal (Software)
❑ File transfer, access and management
❑ Mail services
❑ Directory services (access to distributed database sources for global information about various objects
and services)
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 What is Tranmission Media ?
In data communication,

• Transmission media is a pathway that carries the

information from sender to receiver.

• We use different types of cables or waves to transmit

data.

• Data is transmitted normally through electrical or

electromagnetic signals.
 DESCRIPTION
• Transmission media are located below the physical layer

• Computers use signals to represent data.

• Signals are transmitted in form of electromagnetic energy.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 TWISTED-PAIR CABLE
▪ A twisted pair consists of two conductors

▪ Basically copper based

▪ With its own plastic insulation, twisted together.

 TWISTED PAIR DESCRIPTION
• One wire use to carry signals to the receiver

• Second wire used as a ground reference

• Very common medium

• Can be use in telephone network

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Connection Within the buildings
• Cheap • Low data rate

• For local area networks (LAN) • Easy to work with • Short range
 Twisted Pair Cables

Twisted Pair cables

Unshielded Shielded
Twisted Pair Twisted pair
(UTP) (STP)
 UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP):

• Pair of unshielded wires wound

around each other

• Easiest to install

• Telephone subscribers connect to the

central telephone office

• DSL lines

• LAN – 10Mbps or 100Mbps

UTP CABLE TYPES
 UTP CONNECTOR ANDTOOLS

RJ45 (RJ stands for registered jack) is a keyed connector, it

means that it can be inserted in only one way

Crimping Tool
ADVANTAGES OF UTP:

▪ Affordable
▪ Most compatible cabling
▪ Major networking system

Disadvantages of UTP:

• Suffers from external Electromagnetic interference

 SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP)
• Pair of wires wound around each
other placed inside a protective
foil wrap

• Metal braid or sheath foil that reduces

interference

• Harder to handle (thick, heavy)

• STP is used in IBM token ring networks.

• Higher transmission rates over longer

distances.
ADVANTAGES OF STP:

▪ Shielded
▪ Faster than UTP

Disadvantages of STP:

▪ More expensive than UTP

▪ High attenuation rate
 CO-AXIAL CABLE
Co-axial cable carries signal of higher frequency ranges than twisted pair cable

• Inner conductor is a solid wire

• Outer conductor serves as a shield against noise and a second

conductor
 CATEGORIES OF COAXIAL CABLES

Coaxial cables are categorized by Radio Government (RG) ratings,

RG is De Jure standards
 COAXIAL CABLE CONNECTORS
BNC Connectors – Bayone Neil Concelman
To connect coaxial cable to devices we need coaxial connectors

▪ BNC Connector is used at the end of the cable to a device

Example: TV set conenction

▪ BNC T connector used to Ethernet networks to branch out connection to

computer or other devices

▪ BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent the reflection of the signal
 COAXIAL CABLE APPLICATIONS

• Most versatile medium

• Television distribution

• Long distance telephone transmission ADVANTAGES

▪ Easy to wire
• Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
▪ Easy to expand
• Short distance computer systems links
DISADVANTAGE
• Local area networks
▪ Single cable failure can take
down an entire network
 FIBER-OPTIC CABLE
A fiber optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmit signals in the
form of light.

Nature of light:

▪ Light travels in a straight line

▪ If light goes from one substance to another then the ray of light changes
direction

▪ Ray of light changes direction when goes from more dense to a less dence
substance
FIBER CONSTRUCTION
FIBER – OPTIC CABLE CONNECTORS

Subscriber Channel (SC) Connecter

Straight-Tip (ST) Connecter

 AREAS OF APPLICATION
▪ Telecommunications

▪ Local Area Networks

▪ Cable TV

▪ CCTV

Advantage Disadvantage

▪ Greater capacity Example: Data rates at • Installation and maintenance are

100 Gbps
Expensive
▪ Smaller size & light weight
• Only Unidirectional light propagation
▪ Lower attenuation
 Unguided Media
Wireless transmission waves
UNGUIDED MEDIA – RADIO WAVES
▪ Omnidirectional Antenna
▪ Frequencies between 3
KHz and 1 GHz.
▪ Used for multicasts(multiple
way) communications,
such as radio and
television, and paging
system.
▪ Radio waves can penetrate
buildings easily, so that
widely use for indoors &
outdoors communication.
 ANTENNAS
An Antenna is a structure that is generally a metallic object may be a wire or group
of wires, used to convert high frequency current into electromagnetic waves.

Antenna are two types:

• Transmission antenna
▪ Transmit radio frequency from transmitter
▪ Radio frequency then
Convert to electromagnetic energy by antenna
▪ Then, radiate into surrounding environment
 MICROWAVES
Microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered and there are no obstacles
in the path
 MICRO WAVES TRANSMISSION
• Microwaves are unidirectional

• Micro waves electromagnetic waves having frequency between 1 GHZ

and 300 GHZ.

• There are two types of micro waves data communication system

: terrestrial and satellite

• Micro waves are widely used for one to one communication

between sender and receiver,
example: cellular phone, satellite networks and in wireless
LANs(wifi), WiMAX,GPS
 Infrared
▪ Frequencies between 300 GHz to 400 THz.

▪ Used for short-range communication

▪ Example: Night Vision Camera,Remote control, File sharing between
two phones, Communication between a PC and peripheral device
 What is PING?
• It stands for Packet Internet Gropher The ping command is usually used as
a simple way to verify that a computer can communicate over the network
with another computer or network device. The ping command operates by
sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request
messages to the destination computer and waiting for a response.
NETWORKING
DEVICES

1
 Introduction
• To connect LANs, connecting devices are needed and
various connecting devices are such as bridge, switch,
router, hub, repeater. 1. NIC Card
• Types of Networking Devices :-
2. Repeater
3. Hub
4. Bridge
5. Switch
6. Gateway
7. Router
8. Modem
 CONNECTING DEVICES
• Connecting devices into five different categories based on
the layer in which they operate in a network.
 NIC or Network
Card
It stands for Network Interface Controller. NIC used to connect the ethernet
cable (RJ-45), (SC,ST Connector) with the PC. It is a Card which have Mac Address
written on it.

Components of NIC :-

1. Metal Expansion Card

2. Boot ROM Chip
3. 32 bit PCI Controller
4. Activity LED
5. RJ-45 LAN Port
A NIC connecting a LAN
 Repeate
rs
Repeater used to regenerate or replicate a signal. It removes the unwanted
noise in an incoming signal, it works on Layer 1 of OSI Model

It is used in some scaled area and it refine

the signals and manage the proper speed
of the network
Repeater connecting two segments of a LAN
 HUB
It is a Networking Device which simply receive data from one port and
transfer on all the other ports. HUBs are commonly used to connect
segments of LAN. Hub Works on Physical layer of OSI Moodel

It used in where you have to create

multiple ethernet with the help of a
nnetworking device. It comes with
different port segment like 6,12 &
24
A HUB connecting LAN
 Bridg
e
Bridge Devices inspect incoming network traffic and determine whether to
forward or discard it according to its intended destination it operates on data
link layer

A bridge is a type of computer

network device that provides
interconnection with other bridge networks
that use the same protocol.
 A bridge connecting two LANs

A bridge does not change the physical (MAC) addresses in a frame.

Function of Bridge
 Switc
h
A Switch can recieve input or signal from any of one port and transmit it on all
the ports. Ethernet LAN is used to connect to a switch that correct system. It
works on Data link layer of OSI Model

It is a small device that transfers data packets

between multiple network devices such as
computers, routers, servers or
other switches
A switch connecting a LAN
 Gatew
ay
Gateway Connects two networks together with the help of gateway devices
like firewire & router. It is a node between the public network and private
network which makes some security with the help of identification

A gateway is a networking device that

connects two networks using different
protocols together. it also acts as a “gate”
between two networks.
A Gateway connecting a LAN
 Router
Router is a networking device which is used to provide interaction between
two different networks. Router are also used for provide the routes to the data
and devices that are connected in network. Router are used to establish
internetwork communication
A router inspects a given data packet's
destination Internet Protocol address (IP
address), and provide connection to the
nodes with the main network. It gives you
wired and wireless both connectivities.
A Router connecting a LAN
 MODE
M
”Modulator-Demodulator” A modem or broadband modem is a hardware
device that connects a computer or router to a broadband network. It converts
or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone or cable wire to digital data
(1s and 0s) that a computer can recognize.

The main difference between the two

devices is that a modem lets you connect to
the internet, while a router distributes that
connection to different devices. A modem is
your gateway to the web, while a router is a
central hub for your devices.
A Modem connecting a LAN
 NETWORK
TOPOLOGIES

1
 Topology
• Topology refers to the layout of connected devices on a network.
• Here, some logical layout of topology.

• Mesh
• Star
• Ring
• Line
• Bus
• Tree
• Hybrid
Network Topology
 Mesh Topology
• Here every device has a point to point link to every other device.

Advantages:
• They use dedicated links so each link can only carry its own data load. So traffic
problem can be avoided.

• It is robust. If any one link get damaged it cannot affect others.

➢ It gives privacy and security.

• Fault identification and fault isolation are easy.

Mesh Topology
 Star Topology
• Here each device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the central
controller called “Hub”(Act as a Exchange).
• There is no direct traffic between devices.
• The transmission are occurred only through the central “hub”.
• When device 1 wants to send data to device 2; First sends the data to
hub. Which then relays the data to the other connected device.
Star Topology
 Bus Topology
• A bus topology is multipoint.
• Here one long cable act as a backbone to link all the devices are
connected to the backbone by drop lines and taps.
• Drop line- is the connection b/w the devices and the cable.
• Tap- is the splitter that cut the main link.
• This allows only one device to transmit at a time.
Bus Topology
Bus Topology
 Ring Topology
• Here each device has a dedicated connection with two devices on either
side.
• The signal is passed in one direction from device to device until it reaches
the destination and each device have repeater.
• When one device received signals instead of intended another device, its
repeater then regenerates the data and passes them along.
• To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections.
Ring Topology
 Tree Topology
• Alternatively referred to as a star bus topology.

• Tree topology is one of the most common network setups

that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology.

• A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other

star networks. Below is a visual example of a simple
computer setup on a network using the star topology.
Tree Topology
 Hybrid Topology
• A network which contain all type of physical structure and
connected under a single backbone channel.
 Considerations for choosing topology
• Money-Bus n/w may be the least expensive way to install a n/w.

• Length-of cable needed- the linear bus n/w uses shorter lengths of cable.

• Future growth-with star topology, expending is easily done by adding another

• Cable type-most common used cable in commercial organization is twisted pair.

Which often used with star topologies.
 IP Addressing IPv4
• An IP address basically a 32-bit address that uniquely universally
defines connection of host or a router to the Internet. IP address
is unique.
• Introduced by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).

• 32 bit is divided into 4 equal parts of 8-8 bits separated by dotted decimal
notation. It is in the range of minimum [Link] to [Link].
• Each 8 bit group is known by OCTET.
 Various IP classes
IP has five different classes differentiated by characteristics.
◦ Class-A ranges from 0 to 127
◦ Class-B ranges from 128 to 191
◦ Class-C ranges from 192 to 223
◦ Class-D ranges from 224 to 239
◦ Class-E ranges from 240 to 255
First Octet is defines the class of particular IP e.g. - [Link]
is follow in class –B
[Link] to [Link] is a range of look back IP.
 Classes of IP addresses
Class-A
This IP ranges from 0 to 126 Decimal value in first octet. And 1st octet defines
network part and remaining three octet defines the Host part. It patterns like
this NHHH (N-Network; H- Host).

First 8bits defines network and remaining 24 bits defines

host parts. It has a highest nos. of address [Link] is
about 16,277,216.

Lie between [Link] to [Link]

Class B
This IP ranges from 128 to 191 Decimal value in first octet. And 1st two bit defines
network part and remaining two octet defines the Host part. It patterns like this
NNHH (N-Network; H-Host).

First 16 bits defines network and remaining 16 bits defines host

parts. It has a highest nos. of address [Link] is about 65,536.

IP ranges from [Link] to [Link].

Class C
This IP ranges from 192 to 223 Decimal value in first octet. And 1st three bit
defines network part and remaining one octet defines the Host part. It patterns
like this NNNH (N-Network; H-Host).

First 24 bits defines network and remaining 8 bits defines

host parts. It has a highest nos. of address [Link] is
about 53,68,70,912
IP ranges from [Link] to [Link].
Class-D
This IP ranges from 224 to 239 Decimal value in first octet.
It is not usually use in general applications.
It is use in Special purpose applications known as Multicast.
Class-E
This IP ranges from 240 to 255 Decimal value in first octet. It
is not usually use in general applications.
It is reserved range of IP by R & D (Research and Development) department.
Usually, Class-A to C is supported by PC and Class-D and E is not supported.
 IP Addressing IPv6
• An IP address basically a 128-bit address that uniquely
universally defines connection of host or a router to the Internet.
IP address is unique.
• Introduced by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).
• total of 4,294,967,296 unique IP addresses can be assigned to hosts.
• IP is like 2001:db8:1234::f350:2256:f3dd/64
• It supports Unicast. Telecast & Multicast.
• It doesn’t have Classes like ipv4
 What Is Subnet Mask?

A subnet mask is a 32- or 128-bit number that segments an existing IP address

in a TCP/IP network. It is used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a
host is on the local subnet or on a remote network. Subnet mask divides the IP
address into a network address and host address, hence to identify which part
of IP address is reserved for the network and which part is available for host
use.
 What Is DHCP?
A DHCP Server is a network server that automatically provides and assigns IP
addresses, default gateways and other network parameters to client devices. It
relies on the standard protocol known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
or DHCP to respond to broadcast queries by clients. Its alternate is APIPA
 What Is DNS?

Domain Name Servers (DNS)

are the Internet's equivalent of a
phone book. They maintain a
directory of domain names and
translate them to Internet
Protocol (IP) addresses. This is
necessary because, although
domain names are easy for
people to remember, computers
or machines, access websites
based on IP addresses.
 What Is MAC Address?
A media access control address is a unique identifier assigned to a
network interface controller for use as a network address in
communications within a network segment. This use is common in most
IEEE 802 networking technologies, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.
 TCP/IP model
• The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model.

• The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI model.

• The TCP/IP model consists of five layers: the application layer, transport
layer, network layer, data link layer and physical layer.

• The first four layers provide physical standards, network interface,

internetworking, and transport functions that correspond to the first four
layers of the OSI model and these four layers are represented in TCP/IP
model by a single layer called the application layer.

• TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, and

each of them provides specific functionality.
Model
Ethernet Cable

Also known as RJ-45 cable

Connect one end to: router, network switch

Connect other end to: Ethernet port on computer (see image below)
Ethernet Port

• Connects to a network and high speed

Internet.

• Connects the network cable to a computer.

• This port resides on an Ethernet Card.

• Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000

megabits per seconds depending upon the
network bandwidth.
 What are RJ connectors?
RJ Connectors are a family of push-and-click connectors for twisted-pair wiring in telephone
and network wiring. RJ stands for Registered Jack. RJ types define both a jack or receptacle
(female) and a plug (male) type of connector.

The most common types of RJ connectors are as follows:

RJ-11 connector: A 4-wire or 6-wire telephone-type connector

RJ-45 connector: An 8-wire telephone-type connector

RJ-48 connector: An 8-wire telephone-type connector TP

 What is BNC connector?

Bayonet Neill–Concelman BNC connector is a series of connectors used for connecting thinnet
coaxial cabling to various networking components. BNC connectors use a twist-and-lock
mechanism that provides a secure connection between network cabling and components.

BNC connectors are typically used on 10Base2 Ethernet

networks. The different types of BNC connectors include
the following:

BNC cable connector

BNC T-connector
BNC barrel connector
BNC terminator
 What is SC and ST connectors?
Connector types that are generally used for connecting fiber-optic cabling to networking
devices. Both are recognized by the Electronic Industries Alliance/Telecommunications
Industry Association (EIA/TIA) 568A standard.
Subscriber Connector SC
This Connector is for structural cabling it is used for high speed
And for single mode fibre cabling

Straight Tip ST
This Connector is for structural cabling it is used for high speed
And for Multi mode fibre cabling

Lucent Connector LC
LC connectors can be used with both single-mode and multi-mode
cables.
 What is SC and ST connectors?
Connector types that are generally used for connecting fiber-optic cabling to networking
devices. Both are recognized by the Electronic Industries Alliance/Telecommunications
Industry Association (EIA/TIA) 568A standard.
Subscriber Connector SC
This Connector is for structural cabling it is used for high speed
And for single mode fibre cabling

Straight Tip ST
This Connector is for structural cabling it is used for high speed
And for Multi mode fibre cabling

Lucent Connector LC
LC connectors can be used with both single-mode and multi-mode
cables.
Wireless Networking
Wi-Fi & Bluetooth
What is Wi-Fi
Short for “WirelessFidelity”
A trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance
The brand name for products using the IEEE 802.11family of
standards
Commonly used for “wireless local area network”(WLAN)
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)
Design goal
Cablereplacement
Lowcost
Lowpower
Smallsize
For mobiledevices
Standard: IEEE 802.15.1
Wi-fi Standards
Bluetooth Evolution
 Bluetooth Wifi
Specificat Bluetooth SIG IEEE, WECA
ions
authority
Year of development 1994 1991

Bandwidth Low (800 Kbps) High (11Mbps )

Hardware Bluetooth adaptor on all the Wireless adaptors on all the
require devices connecting with each devices of the network, a
ment other wireless router and/or
access points

Cost Low High

Vs.
Power Consumption Low High

Frequency 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz

Security Itis less secure Itis more secure
Range 10meters 100meters
Primary Devices Mobile phones, mouse, Notebook computers, deskto
keyboards,office and industrial computers, servers
automation devices

Ease of Use Fairly simple to use. Can be Itis more complex and
used to connect up to seven requires configuration
devices at a time. Itis easy to of hardware and
switch between devices or find software.
and connect to any device.
 Wi-Fi CARD
❑ Internal
❑ External

Internal External
Bluetooth CARD
❑ Internal
❑ External

Internal External
Network Threads
 Types of Viruses
• Macro Virus
• Executable Virus
• Backdoor Virus
 • Most common type of virus on campus Affect Microsoft
Office documents Written in Visual Basic for Applications
• Generally harmless with a few destructive varients

• Second most common type of virus on campus

• Written in programming languages and compiled into executable files

Allow anyone on the internet to remotely control the infected computer

– Send and receive files
– View the screen
– Monitor all keystrokes
 Firewall
A firewall is a network security device, either hardware or software-based, which
monitors all incoming and outgoing traffic and based on a defined set of security
rules it accepts, rejects or drops that specific traffic.

Accept : allow the traffic

Reject : block the traffic but reply with an “unreachable error”
Drop : block the traffic with no reply

A firewall establishes a barrier between secured internal networks and outside

untrusted network, such as the Internet.
 Proxy Server
A proxy server is a server that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking
resources from other servers. Today, most proxies are web proxies that facilitate
access to content on the internet, while providing anonymity.
TROUBLESHOOTING
 #1 Pinging Problem
Step-1 :- Check Discovery
Step-2 :- Check Firewall
Step-3 :- Check IP Address
Step-4 :- Check Host and Medium

#2 No Printing
Step-1 :- Goto [Link]
Step-2 :- Check Printer Spooler Service
Step-3 :- Restart it
Step-4 :- Now give Printing Command
 #3 No Internet Access
Step-1 :- Check Adapters and Ports
Step-2 :- Check Physical Connectivity like wires, router & switch
Step-3 :- Restart your Network devices and System
Step-4 :- Try to Check Default in Cable Line

#4 IP Conflict
Step-1 :- Check with Ping in another Device after Shutdown
Step-2 :- If it is Pinging Change your IP
Step-3 :- Goto [Link] and select adapter and ipv4 or ipv6
Step-4 :- Now give a new Unique Supported Static IP
 Practical
1. Folder Sharing in Network
2. Remote Desktop Connection

50 Computer Related Fullforms

All helping RUN Commands
CMD Commands for Networking link in Description
 Abbrevations
• LAN - Local Area Network • E-mail - Electronic Mail
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network • HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
• WAN - Wide Area Network • STP - Shielded Twisted pair
• UTP - Unshielded Twisted pair
• PAN - Personal Area Network • URL - Uniform Resource Locator
• NIU - Network Interface Unit • WWW - World Wide Web
• NIC - Network Interface Card • ISP - Internet Service Provider
• MAC - Media Access Control • HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• TCP - Transmission Control Protocol • PPP - Point to Point Protocol
• TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
• IP - Internet Protocol • NTP - Network Time Protocol
• Bps - Bits Per Second • SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• gbps - Gigabyte Per Second • POP - Post Office Protocol
• KHz - kilohertz • IMAP - Internet Mail Access Protocol
 • NFS - Network File System
• Telnet - Terminal Network • RJ-45 - Registered Jack-45
• CD - Carrier Detect
• VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol
• CTS - Clear – to-Send
• SIP - Session Initiation Protocol • DTE - Data Terminal Equipment
• Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity • DCE - Data Communication Equipment
• GSM - Global system for mobile comm • DTR - Data Terminal Ready
• GPRS - General Packet Radio Service • FAT - File Allocation Table
• DNS - Domain Name System
• CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
• PING - Packet InterNet Groper
• WLL - Wireless in Local Loop • W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
• 3G - Third Generation • ARP - Address Reolution Protocol
• IRC - Internet Relay Chat • RARP - Rev. Address Reolution Prot.
• SMS - Short Message Service
• TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
• UMTS - Universal Mobile Telephone System
 RUN Commands
• [Link] - For Network Adapters
• [Link] - For Windows Firewall Settings
• [Link] - For Getting Windows Sercices
• [Link] - For Device Management Settings
• Mstsc - For Remote Desktop Connection
• Msra - For Windows Remote Assistance
• [Link] - For Windows Policies Settings
Let’s Practical