BEAM

COMPOSITE
[Link] IRWANBINJUKI
J K S BF, i ( , i S
UTHM
 INfRODUCTION
The'tenn,'fcomposite in civilengineeringstruciures
construclion" isolwoys
referredlo ihe useof sieelond concreteformedlogetherinio o
componeniin sucho woy ihot the resulting orrongemenicon functionos
o singleitem (Figurel.)
Mojorweoknesses
for steelstructures
isbuckling.
Concreleisusedto reslrointhe steelbeom by encosingthe compression
steelflongeond become compositesection.

In-SituConcrete

Conprcssion
Flange

Unr\crsal
Beam

F i g u r el . l C o m p o s i l eS e c t i o n s

Composite Steel'beam
girder composito slab
or RC-slab

Composite Steel profiles

column embedded in
or filled wirh
concrele

,
Composite Holorib @
slab sheeting +
concrete

Figure2 Compositeelementsfor building

Compositebeam
' }ncompositeconstruciion,the mostcommonlyusediscomposite
beoms.
. Compositebeom - definedos elemenlresisiing only flexureond
sheorthot comprisetwo longitudinol components connecied
togeihereithercontinuouslyor by o series
of discreieconnectors
The qdvonloges of composite beoms :
. increosedmoment copocity ond stiffness.
. reduced steelsizesfor the some moment copocity
. economicol - throughreduced moteriols,more slenderfloor
depth ond quickerconstruction.
Competitivefor medium or long-sponslruclures:
. where o concrete slobisneeded for o premiumof ropid
construction
. low or mediumlevelof fireproteciionto sieelworkissufficieni

Typicalcompositemulti-storey
steel- Theusualpracticefor commercial and
framedbuildingduringexecution industrial
buildings
is to construct
the
floorsusingmetaldeckingwhichis
embossed to providecompositeaction
 ' 4T:l--'.'"-
. Tfiebosiclimitstotedesign "
of compositesteelconcrele
structures
Port3
isgivenin BS5950:

. Momentcopocily of o
ll-
JL
compositebeom ismost T - Bean Haundredslab

oppropriotely colculoted
usingplostictheoryin the
form of rectongulorstress i_:ffi
blocks.
. Figure3 showsthe useof It-
tl
differentshopesond types
of steelbeom {rolledor
JL
welded sections)together
with in situconcreie. St*l box grder PI9651 @nselo unrts

Figure3 Typicalbeamcross-sections

Compositebeoms,subjeclmoinlyto bending,consistof o steel

sectionocting composilelywith flongesof reinforcedconcrete.
Theiwo moieriols ore interconnectedby meonsof mechonicol
sheorconnectors- heoded studs,semi-outomoticolly welded to
the steelflonge,see Figure4.

Figure4 : Weldingof headedstuds

4
Sheoi C'on'nectors
. frAechonicolconnectors ore usedlo develop the composite
oction between steelbeomsond concrete (seeFigure5).
. Sheorconnector functionsos the holderbetween the concrete
slobond steelbeom due io the inodequoiebondingbetween
concreieslobond steelbeom.
' Alsobehove to resisthorizontolsheorbetween concreteslobond
steelbeom where ihe boitom port of ihe sheorconneclorwill
lronsferthe horizontolsheorond the top porl of the sheor
connectorisfunctioningto hold lhe concreteslobfrom the steel
beom.
' Sheorconneciorshove io fulfilo numberof requirements, os
follows:
- ihey musltronsferdirectsheorof theirbose.
- they mustcreoie o iensilelinkintothe concrele.
- they mustbe economic lo monufocfureond fix.

Figure5: Typesofshearconnectors
. lf slioisfree to occur of the interfocebetweenthe steelsectionond the
concreteslob,eoch componentwilloct independently
. lf slipof the inierfoceiseliminoted,or ot leostreduced,the slobond the
steelmemberwilloct togetheros o compositeunit.
. Theresulting increosein resistcnce willdepend on the exlentto which
slipisprevented.
. Figure6 refersto the useof heoded studsheorconneclors'
. Thedegree of interqctiondependsmoinlyon the degree of sheor
connectionused.

s
-T

No interadron Padial antoradron Como16b [Link]

-.+
r-
l--
#
:
r-
t/|-
?- t7 El

al
-/l -l .at :
.Z-J :
ea

Figure6: Compositebeaminteraction

. Composifebeoms do not need ony folseworkor timber

shuttering.
' constructionmethods,- "propped"ond "unpropped".

ProppedversusUnproppedcompositeConstruction
. In proppedconstruction,
the beom istempororysupportedby
propsduringthe costingond curingof the concreteslob.
. In unproppedconstruction,
the beom isnot supported.
( astirtri ttf \\[Link] e

[.nproppt'rl Propprd
(lonstruction (:onstruction
. Disodvontoges of UnproppedConstruction Comporedlo
ProppedConstruction:
o. Becrmmustbe checkedos o NON-composite beom during
construction in
io ensurethot it con corrythe concreteself-weight
odditionto the construction loods.
b. Hoso higherdeod lood deflection.
stoteduringserviceloods.
c. Generollyhove o lessfovoroblestress
. At ultimotelood,lhe copocityof the composilebeom isthe SAME
whetherpropped or unproppedconstructiontechniquesore
used.
. Unproppedconslruction isMOREcommonlyusedthon propped
construciion due to speedond economicreqsons.

FundomenlolBehoviourof o ComposileBeom
composite beom is
formed from three
componenTs
- )^ +t u^u^tt ^^^+;^^
)u\- il(Jt I

- sheorconnectors
- concreteslob
Thefundomentol
behoviourof o
compositebeom isbest
exploinedby ossessing
to lood.
ilsresponses

A tyeical compoEite floor Ehowrng an

'deal'6€d and '60lar6d 6'n9le oompo6ite

. [Link] sieelseclionsolone ore
designedto corrythe lood octing on the floorplusthe selfweight
of the slob,os shownin FigureB.
. Thesteelseciionissymmetricoboutitsmid depth ond hoso
neuiroloxisof thisPoint.
. Thesectionstroinsoround thisneulroloxisond both the ouier fibre
lensileond compressivestresses ore idenlicol.
. Thesiresses in tensionond in compression in the steelsectionmoy
be evoluotedusingsimplebending theory.
. Theconcreteslobisnot connectedio the steelsection ond
thereforebehovesindependently'
. Asii isgenerollyveryweok in longitudinolbendingil deformsto
ihe curvotureof the sieelsection ond hositsown neutroloxis.
. Thebottom surfoceof the concreleslobisfree to slideover the
top flonge of the steelsectionond considerobleslipoccurs
between the two.
. Thebendingresistonce of the slobisoftenso smollthot it is
ignored.

tF"o
tr_-_..4

Load

Deflected shape
NE
Shear force

\-

Bending moment

Figure8 Non-composite beam

 Behoviour
Slructurol
. Thewoy in which o compositebeom behoves
underthe oction of low lood,mediumlood ond
ihe finolfoilurelood is bestdescribedin stoges.
. Thelood, the bendingmomentond sheorforce
diogroms,deformotion,stroinsond stresses
withinthe sectionore ollshownin
diogrommoticform for the ihree siogesond
relotedto the lood deflectionresponsein
Figures 9-l l.

Stogel-Figure9
. Forvery low loodsthe steelond concretebehovesin on
opproximotely lineorwoy.
. Theconnectionbetween lhe two corriesvery low sheorstresses
ond it isunlikelyihot opprecioblelongitudinolslip willoccur.
. Thebeom deformsso thot lhe stroindistribution of mid sponis
lineor,os in Figure9, ond the resulting isolsolineor'
stress
. ll con be seenfromthe stroindiogromlhol, in thiscose,the slob
mustbe deep os the neulroloxislieswithinthe concrete'
. As o resullsomeof the concreteisin tension
. lt hos been ossumedthot thisconcretecrocksond therefore
coniesno iensilestress.
' lf the slobwos thinit ispossiblethot the neutroloxiswould be in
the sieelond lhen ihe oreo of sieelobove the oxiswould be in
compression.
. Thisstoge corresponds to the servicelood situotionin fhe sogging
momentregionof mostprociicolcomposite beoms.

9
 Connectors

a Sloge2-Figurel0 sieel
the sheor siress between ihe slobond
a Asthe lood increoses
in the connection'
sectiongivesriseto J"i'tnotion
io the overoll
os'slip'ond coniributes
Thisdeformotionisknown
deformotionof the beom'
of slipon the siroinond stress
Figure10showstne eifect
distribulion. be
slipisverysmollondmoy
Formony composilebeoms
neglected. tloss of
corresponds lo the servicelood sioge for thoi
Thisstoge portiolly
hosbeen designedos
compositebeoms*f itft
connected.

10
 Connectors

l)-aaG*I

Load

*=q
Shear force

\7
'tr--ff--*-
Bending moment

Figure10: Composite beam -staqe 2

' Sloge3 - Figures 11ond 7

' Eventuolly the lood becomessufficientio couseyieldstroinsln
one or more of the moteriols.
. In ihe coseof yieldoccurringin the steel,plosticity develops
ond the stress block developsos shown in Figure 11.
. ll is normollyossumedthot, for the ultimotelimitsiote,the plostic
siress blockdevelopssuchthot the wholesieelsectionmoy
eventuollyreoch yieldos shownby ihe dotted linein FigureI I '
. Concreteisnol o ploslicmoieriol.
. lf stroinsdevelop suchos io couseoverstress it is potentiolly
possiblethot explosivebrittlefoilureof the slobwould occur.
. Thisbehoviourwould be similorlo the brittlefoilureexpected in
on over-reinforced concretebeom.
. Thevolumeof concretein mostprocticolslobs meonsthot it is
unlikely thot this could
situoiion everorise in proctice.

11
 'i,.
.rii:

withinthe concrete,
Withincreosein stress
induced by increosingstroin,the stressblock
chongesfrom the triongulorshopeshownin
Figurel0 to the shopeshownin Figure11.
Fordesignthisshopeisdifficultto representin
mothemoticolform ond opproximotions ore
used.
Forcomposiiebeomsthe mosicommon
opproximotionisthe reciongulorstress block
'l
shownby the doshedlinein Figure 1.

connectors
JF"o ,
F--..- =

Load

Deflected shape

\
Shear force

v
Bendingmoment Strain

Figure11 : Composite beam-staqe 3

12
ElosiicBehoviourof ComposiieBeom
. Themechonicolondgeometricolproperties of the composite
sectionore required for the colculotionof servicestressesond
deformotions.
. At servicestresslevels,the concretein compressionond the sleel
ore ossumedto behove in o lineorlyelosticfoshion'
. ln colculotingthe sectionpropertiesof the compositesectionfor
serviceobilifychecks,useismode of the concept of ihe tronsformed
seclion.
. Usinglhisconcept, ihe sieel-concretecompositesectionisreploced
Ovo"nequivolenihomogeneoussectionin steel'
. Foro seciionsubjectedto positivebending,lhe concrete oreo, A. is
replocedwiih o iictitioussteelflonge of oreo, A./n, where n isthe
modulorrotio.
. Modulorroiio,n isthe rotio ErlE.,where E,isihe elosticmodulusof
steel,ond E. isthoi of the concrete.
structurol
. Geometricolproperties ore reodilycolculotedfor the lronsformed
section,ond slroinsmoy be obtoinedusingihe elosticmodulusfor

Fullinterqclion
. Fullinteroctionof o composite beom con be defined when
interfobe slip is toiolly prevenled, such os occurs when ihe two
elementsore glued together or when lhe friciionolbond oi ihe
interfoce hos not been overcome.
. The two elementsthen behove os one.
, In thiscose. lhe siroin of the concrete, e. is equol to stroinof the
wos zero.
sieel, e, ond the slip stroin,6s/,p
. By used the concept of the tronsformed section, the neuirol oxis of
ihe tronsformedsectioncon be colculoted.
. Once the neutroloxis hos been locoted, the second momSnt of
oreo of the tronsformedsection con be cqlculoted.
. The flexurolrigidity,Elmoy thus be used to colculote ihe stressesond
deformotioniof composite beom,

13
Porliolinleroction
ii wos
. ln studyingthe compositebeom with,fullinieroction'
ossumediftot stipwos zeroof everywhere'
even ol the
. Butihe resultof studyingin pushout testshownthot
smollloods, sliPisnol zero'
of lhe
. li isthereforenecessoryio know how the behoviour
6."t ismodifiedby presenceol slip'
' Thisisillustroted bose on o theoryof portiol
by on onolysis
interociion.
. A theorYfor portiolinteroction wos presentedby Newmork

Beom
UltimoleSlrengthAnolysisof Composite
beom con
. Theultimotestrengihof o composiiesteelondconcrete
Theul'limotelood
be determineOuring o rigidplosticonolysis' by the
beom isdetermined
resislonceof o simpiyi'pioit"o
momentof resislonce of the criticolcross-section'
.[Link]
bosedon the followingossumplions: 0'g(
is to be effectiveyieldstrenglh of ffif 'ond the
o. Theconcrete
in both the iensionond
steelisto be fullyio iti Oesignstrength'P,
comPression zones.
the forcesocqurring
b. Thesneorconnectorsore oble to tronsfer
betweenthe steelond the concreie of
foilure{fullsheor
connection).
the concreie (complete
c. No slipoccursbetweenthe steelond
inleroction)
d. Tensionin concreteisneglected'
e'Thesiroinscousedbybendingoredirect|yproportionoltothe
;rrffi;;;;rir].. ^Lrrrotoxis;in orherwords,plonecross-sections

L4
 in o perfectlyplosiicmonner'
Boihmoteriolsore ossumedto behove
;;;i;"iore, the stroinsore not limited'
of
copocity isrepreseniedin terms
colculotionof ptosticmoment element
is the p,robuctof the relevont
elementresislonce(R)'which
os shownin Figurel2'
oreo ond tfre motlriolsslrength'
lo oct of the centroidof slress
Theelemeniresistonceisossumed elements'thiswillbe of
block,ond for|.ttiln"n''tioi'y*ttt'icol
holf-dePthof the stressblock'
beom isobtoinedby
, Ploslicmomentcopocilyof ihe composiie
elements'token of ony re{erence
summingthe firstmomentof the
level.
con be determined'
. However,before the plosticmomentcopocity be determined'
needsto
ihe locotionof the plosticneutroloxts

E b.F
B"h9*7f.

cross-section
of a composite
resistance
Elements
Figure'72:

[Link] #. o.L+\lt : 0.r+L.

4,,,: oj3-f. 1s
[Link]
Degreeof sheorconnection
. Thelongitudinolresultonts ore governedby the relotive strengih of
the longiiudinolsheor
ih; tieJ element,ihe concrete elemenlond
strengthof the sheorconnector'
steel
. Therelotivestrengthwill definethe oxiolsirengtho{ the
element(R,= A'Pv).
=
. the oxiolstrengthof the concrele element (R" 0'67A"f'u)
.ondthe|ongitudino|sheorstrengthofthesheorconnector,[Link]
conneilor multipliedby the numberof
strenglhof the inOividuot
connectorin ihe sheorspon'
.Thereoretwopossibleconditionsthotconoccurincomposite
beomsof theirmoximumstrength'
.Thecondiiionswerereferredtofu|lsheorconnectionondPoriio|*
sheorconneclion'
.Theindividuo|equi|ibriumofcompositebeomsisshowninFigurel3.

Equilibrium
IndiVidual
Concreteequilibrium

o n c r e t ee l e m e n t

(iv) R"< Ro - neutral axisin concreteelement

Figure T3lndividualequilibriumof compositebeams

16
 (iv))'neuirol
R,o{cose(ii)ond
for tne cose R. ond R,smoller |'on vice
< R' ond verso'
!"xt ii.t in steeielemehtif R' full
thisconditionisreferredlo
lf eitherc<lse(ii)or (iv)issolisfied' the shecrrconneclorsdoes
sheorconnectiontt ir'tl"Jit"gih 9ithe composiiebeom'
in
not offect frrestrerigffriesuttont
Rt (cose(i)ond liii)l'two
Forthe cose R. ond R,greoterlh"lin sieelond concrete
lies
neutroloxisoxesh'"uJ io exist'
element.
condilionisreferredto
, lf both, cose (i)ond (iii)[Link]'Jhis of 'thesheor
[Link]
[Link]' since of the compositebeom'
slrength
connectorsnow;;;;;ifi;
con be ochievedto full
. Thestrengthof the sheorconnection
noit to the smollerof R' ond
sheorconnection]il;;;;;; "o*r
Rc.
q definedos the sirengthof
. Thedegree of sheorconnection' is proportionof the
spon'
the [Link]"ttion in o sheor '?:ir
connection 'l - "'/
tir."gtft requiredfor fullsheor Ru11,1

t7
 OFDESIGN
BASIS OFCOMPOSITE BEAMS
o Compositebeomsconsistin o concreteflongeond o sleel
section.
. Theconcreteflongeisin compression
. Thesteelsecfionislorgelyin tension.
. Sheorconnectorsmoke possibleto tronsferthe forces
between the two moteriols.
. Sheorconneciors - very importoni,becousewith them it is
possibleto hove o compositebehoviour.

CONSTRUCNON CONDITION
. Firsiof ollthe compositebeom hosto be designto supporlthe
constructionconditions.
. In unproppedconstruction, the steelbeomissizedto supportthe
selfweightof the concreteslobond otherconstruction loods.
. Thedifferencepresentedin proppedconstruction of thisstoge,is
thot the soonof the beom considered isthe distoncebetween
iwo consecutivesupports whichcon be propsor edge supports,
o n d n o t t h e t o t o l s p o no f t h e b e o m .
. A lood of 0.5kN/m2isossumedto be oppliedto the eniireoreo of
steeldeckingond it would be logicolto toke thissomeload qs
oppliedto the becrn.
. lt istreotedos on imposedlood.
 ThesteelbeomislhendesignedinoccordoncewithBS5950:Port
t.
lo lhe
Secondorybeoms,thoi ore the beomsperpendiculor
[Link]
deckingond the oneswillbe coveredby thisstudy'
by the steeldecking,ond con develop theirfull
restroin"ed
momentresistonces.
is providedontyby the beom
In primorybeomsthe loterolresiroint
is-basedon
loE""r'"onnections ond iheirbucklingresi,stonce
lhese polnls'
the effectivelengthof the beom between

EffectiveWidth
concrele
The composite beom octs likeo T-beom in reinforced
structures.
Duetheeffectofsheor|og,thesiressesinconcretes|obobove
ihe UBwill be higher thon thot owoy from the UB'
The resultis o nor lineordistrlbutionof stressesover the width of
the slob.
Foreose of desir;:"r, ore ossumedto hove o lineor
the siresses
* width of the slob'
distribuiionoV€f , i sectionthe
Thissectionis co ed the EffectiveWidth' Be t
of 3:CL 4'6]
The effective wi'l1h Be, is given by the minimum [Pt
Be = 2*(L/B)
Be = (L/B+ 1,'.nd) for end sPon
Be = [Link] to beom
for sponperPendiculcr
be=o for sponPorollelto beom
W h e r e L i st h e b ' , : m s p o n .
 t
.a
= I
I
I C*
t .;;
".:) 't 5
tta
I
I
I
I 4. i.
-<, v.

.'i

Lr.,,.',LE I
l--H
f
I

ANATYSIS O F COMPOSITE ACTION

PTASTIC
. Once the steetond concrete ore ociing compositely'
beoms ore designed PlosticollY'
stress
. Plosiicstressblocks ore rectongulor'unlikeelostic
b | o c k s w h i c h o r e t r i o n g u l o r , o n d i h e p | o s t i c m o m e n(i'e'
l
of looding
resistonceisinOepeno"entof the sequence
construc'tion)' Likei'tisindependeni
propped or unpropped 'tooOing'
to ihe sequence of the moment resisionceof the
moment opplied
sectionls compo[o tL illJrotolfoclored
to the beom.
. Moteriolsstrengthsto be used in the plostic onolysi*ore:
. Concrete: 0.67f .r/Y. (Y.=I '5)
= O.45fc,
. Steel:fv
 . cornpressiveresislonceof the concrete s/ob is lherefore:
R.=0.45'frr'8"'h,
. Where : h. is the depth of lhe concrete slob obove the
profileddecking

Iensileresislonceof the steelsectionis:

Rr=frxAo
Where:Aoisthe orec of the steelbeom

Plqsticmoment copocify of composilebeom, M"

. M. dependson the relotivemognitudeof R. ond R, which
determinesthe positionof the PNA.
. Designequotionore givenin BS5950: Port3 AppendixB'

In n cc,mpc,ail*;ecticn xirh jul] *h*sr c*Rn*ctirln.

rvhece th* steel b*ara 1:ace'i'lal fiangt; th* pl*'*tic
sro$rex{ c*parit3' .lfg f(r }*rit:'.'e :lrs$lents i'e gio-"en
b:,"ths fuL3ot'ing:
Rw =Resistonceof
C*ae 1: -&, *:.11* lplalric r*utrnl ar::-':n i';*bi
overollwebdePth
{! d d , l$t
*€?&or*{. {L*u [Link]} (855950:Port 3
t t l*fi,-
Appendix B)
p7
tl
&f"-[lrtB. -:
n.. 4

Ca;* l: Sr "' firr.{plaelic ne utral asti in llangel

at S* ;, "R1iplaetic [Link]'.:, ani; in ;tee.l ila:rgel
0 lD.,'.'. l8r-f,cl: T
- -^$- f f . 1 a f . _ - -
M t? u : R1 4
bu
XCITE Tb€IR:tretnra:J!.: . "::.::itllt5 grnelallr:grll---+C"n,,':Y^"ll,V
neglecreo
bt En "t -S,rtplaatic ::*uiri'1 ;ix:e :$ tsx!t!*t*
tlang*.t.
a, {Os-Op}I
Mr* fft + O'. - -:*l
rlc 2 |

4
 SheqrResiltonce
P u r es h e o rt:h e s h e o r e s i s t o n coef t h e w e b i s
t o k e nc s
Pu= C 6frAu - Cl.4.2'3,BS595O: Port
Wherethe sher:rforceFu> 0.5Pu,the moment
copocityshou , be reducedto ollowfor the
influenceof she,or.
Thereduced [Link]
determinedfromthe followingexpression:
M . u= M c - l M . - M r ll e F , I P , l - t ) l
- c l 5- .^3 .. 4

Copocityof SheorCon;
. Theobove formuloticI for bending ossumed the concrete
slobisfullycomPosii'w i t h t h e U B .
. Thiscompositeocliorrcon onlydevelopif thereore mechonicol
meonsto lronsferthc interfocesheorbetweenthe slobond UB.
. Heodedsheorstudl ' :'ovides sucho mechonicolmeon.
. Chorocteristic resisl: - . - a J , o f h e n c l e r ^ ls h e o r c o n n e c t o r s i n
- .,, qk

n o r m o l w e i g hci o n c : l e o r e g i v e n i n T o b l e5 ( C l .5 . 4 . 6 )
. Thesheorcopocily r the heoded sheorstudsin concrete is
obtoinedfromexp' nents (seebelow).
f)r':d t
l+ >l

Full l)f of trrlion $(kl.

(irric(l o!t [Link] lp$id
\.iding giln.
. Cl. 5.4.3- design copocity of sheorconneclors,Qp = [Link]
. Forfull composite oction, the totol number of sheor studs,No,
requiredbeiween M,.no, ond M = 0 is therefore
F".
!,
\-tp
_
0Se" _Cl5.4.4.1

where Fo is totol sheorforce, developed beiween Mro*ond M

. Note'thot the BScode only ollows 80%of the copocity of the

sheorstudsto be used in design.
. Thisconservoiismis to ensurethot the composite oction do not
foilbefore ochieving ihe moment copocity.

Sheor StudsSpocings
. The totol number of studs,No,con be uniformlydistributedin the
beoms spon between M.o* ond M=O- [CL5.4.5]
. The longitudinolspocing, s, between the studsmust sotisfyCL
5 . 4 . 8 .o1n d 5 . 4 . 8 . 1
5 d s s , < ( 4 D ,o r 6 0 O m m )
r * ,, I

Fj! f*i [ ;ffi'

.@_Lu,."'l*,
*L
. Thetronsverse spocing.s,,betweenthe studsmuslsotisfy
C L5 . 4 . 8 . 4 -. 1
) s ,) 4 d
. Thedistontfromthe edge of flongeto lhe centerlineof the studs
mustbe more thon 20 mm [CL5.4.8.2]

6
Degreeof sheorconnection
. ln the plosticdesignof composite,beoms' the longitudinolsheor
force to be tronsf6rredbetween ihe points of zeroond moximum
moment,Ro shouldbe the of
smoller R. or R''
. lf so,fullsheorconneciionisprovided'
. Ro = NoQp
. lf R^islessthe the smollerof R. or Rr,the beom shouldbe
deiignedfor portiolsheorconnection'
. ln thiscose the degreeof sheorconneciionmoy be definedos:
f o,r)R '< R '
( N oi N o ) = ( R o / R
{ N o/ N o ) = ( R o / Rf o. )r R ' ' R '
. R^isthe toiol sheorforce tronsferred by the sheorconneclors
oBtw"un the pointsof zeroond moximummoment
.Noislhenumberofsheorconnectorsforfu||sheorConnect|on
. Noisthe numberof sheorconnectorsprovidedoverthe relevont
oorl of the sPon.
. Limiisore ploced in degree of sheorconnection os in Cl' 5'5'2

of o composileseicionwifh porliolsheor
Momenl Resistonce
connecfion
. Obtoinedfrom BS5950:Port3 AppendixB (823
wh*n J?q !l lt'rr
Part:a.l tb*ar (ofr!!*N!lon appli;:
rh*n bnrh &. and .4r'
In a c*n:pe;it* ;tction r.l'rth palt:'1l ;h?ar . -
wl*re thre steel Les:rr hr; l4rral flangt'l
"ooou*ro*,
p1*:tic trlt:snr:t {3p4.!t:i ,1I, f+r" p*;tr:;e
rh*
'
uouent; r: gi"tn bi' the fr}'o:" ing
':: ipla;ti.c n*utrc'l axia j':r web t
Cal* 3: ftn :t*
rt' it;fi;t- r"+brrotcor:rpactl'
n, 1,r,76*o, 1*a49? rwlbconptrrl
I r 1-8ciA$

tb - ':'[Link]- te ofltldl-
Mc'Mr.^[Link]-t" 2 | r,rc=irr*"olt-r!,-F"
z t

+ {Fu-F..',.fi,-.;ln -2fro1
;.,: 6
,.*oo{
fr{ 'qv ll

CaiE ':: fiq :':' 6-'rluttic neutrnl aria in ltrange

!) Ao tOr-DOl1
n f. t c: Z I . . , , ! 0 . - ;
'4' t, -. . ? -***1-

{l1r-Ro}; 1
R1 {
 Reduclionfoctorfor deck shoPe
. Reductionfoctor,k - tokingoccount of the deck shope,
ond numberof sheorconneclorsper trough.
orientotion
o- fv-rl' i.l.l,l A i l s - 1 . : r ' p i r i , i l : ; . ; c r l o l . l ; t6 c q : ' r , T i : e c n p ' r c i t -
,;i heatieC ttuis :n ccupoi:te ;lah-' rvith the r:!l
runnlEg perpe!t l i c u : a r t s t h e b e a a r L c q l d b e t a ] ; e n
a lrl:d :lab i :'ee S' { 3 ; u ultip Le i
"e,.th eir [Link]€it:: 1n
b;; the raductrqn factor A gruen hl- the follor'ing
expression::
{or one :tud per r:b
'
i = 0 's:, rbroir!r{i,i,Jl)pr - li }:ut 'h 1

for trxs rtuds per r:b

& = Q.6 rbr.t'pj'ih/np! - 1) but i ::: 0 $

fcr ihree 0r mor€ atuds Per rib.

,b = O.5t [Link]'.,li,t-r'D'l - 1] but A :-i [Link]
'rhere
i:, rs lhe hreadrh cf the concrete r:b:

J)1 i: the o-''erall deprh of rhe proiile;i :rtrl

sheer.
'L rs rhe c"'+rall heigi:t oi ti:e ;tud
I shoali rrct b+ taken aB ucire thaa ?D, cr
,flF + i; ::ru 'vh:,:he.:er:s iese. altiloug! :t*d: c'j
great?r'!reiglt ua1- be uged.

i,t,i.3 ft:i'spcrc;Jel Tl:e,:ipafit:,'cf

tct,4c&eur':.
[Link] it'*dlin *oupo;ite sleb;x'irhtheribi
runElBg FarallelIo [Link]';ldbetskens,
rbelrrapacit5 mult:pledb;;
i:: a solid'dabtsee5.,1.3r
thereduction factcri gitenb,r:th* following
{d Orn vrca! p@tllr 6, . }.
expre; !ic:!s:
$!e* ir,,rp .r f .i
.Ir=1
rheab;Dn< 1.a
jl: ir.0ri/rtr{rlil,,, - ljiur jr 1 0

n:he1e
Dr.I, ardii areas:n 5,1"?,1 {!) [Link] tro.e. [Link]}tr r !b

kt flqnddtrl ld

figr-rre tr* Ererdrh of *oner*l rilr b

B
IronsverseReinforcement
. Thelongitudinolsheor strengthof the concreteslobshouldbe
checked in order to ensuretronsfer of forcefromsheor
connectors into the slobwithout the concrete'
splitting
. Thismoy requireprovision of tronsverse reinforcement
perpendiculor to the beom.
. C|.5.6.2
The tctal [Link] eht*r fqrre per unir lengrh t'
to be lesi:red it an:r pD:nt tn ths apan of rhe beau
;houlC be detircraed freur the spacing uf rhe iherr
iozzecto!; bi- the fcllorvlng exFr<EEron:

| =.\'Qre
.rhera

.'. :r lhe niiuber qf:herr col:ecror; in a gr>up :-., :: rl:: :r:,r , r,'r irt!: tube :tven*h cfthe
.,.11',,.",. '.:;r*"':. hr,r -ot DorP thr!4o f,*,rrnn-.
s i: the iong:tuiinai :pacug centte-to'celtre o{ a lttrru :ir,r.r1,:r.r e'r: :1ishet rl!..s€tht E^i- bc
group: :f shear rDnneclor:
? i = 1 r - 1i ) y nnlual .teig):t ctnct'etci
Q i; either Qp or Q, ior rieaL tarraeltor; fle€ 3':i:
n = ir S aia l:ght',seis'}t concrere
reEistisg Foritlve El negair. € $3Eeat; -4r, r; r)'e rre'r::':rr:;-eectioEal ^t'ea eer rnrt
resoe*ivelr eeee 5..1.3t. iersrl. ri ri,e ltr:l af the ansrete rhcar rurftct
u:rJer .orL:r 1€r:r-.b:
.{.1. i,. tir. .rt,:t :.,:ritnai &re* }er unir ]ensrh of

tne l:rr.r ,rf rhe ..rxbincd top and bottcn

r*rnri'rtturent croEsing the shcu rs{cce
i;ie Figurt:).
r o i: the lrnrr:'lurror +f the prr€led :tee!

:!a:r1.,: iirr rli:.''rI. r:er [Link]

Serviceobilityconditions
. Serviceobilitylimitstotesconcerns two differcrrtospects:
o) Control of defleciions
b) Vlbrotionresponse
. lt is common to bose ossessments of the limitslote sludy on
elosticbehoviour.
. To do not be necessoryto toke consideroljonsof posi-elostic
existingin beoms
effects,limitsore usuollyploced on the slres!.-.s
of ihe serviceobilitvlimitstote.

'
(o) Control of deflections
. Deflectionsore colculoted usingthe second rlomeni of oreo of
'thecomposile section bosed on elosticproperties'
. so firstof oll the second moment of [Link]'rcrs
1o be colculoled.

9
 . Underpositivemomentthe concretemoy be cssumedto be
uncrocked.
Tocolculoiethe secondmomentof orec,the compositesection
isconsideredos o tronsformedsteelsection.
Thesecondmomentof oreo of the compositeseclion,expressed
os o tronsformedsteelsection,is:
8 , 3 , 1 l i r r r s r l r * : t :sl t s l i p t i
for a c,:uta:ita sertiln ir q.h!c!:hr ;tarl bf,re hnr
equai ihnge;. thr grurr illu* rf atccnd sromt:rt 1-!f
*r*a J, *i the u::r:[Link] ceetian i; g,';*:: b.r' the
exprE;;r;,{ lr lr:: cr:a :ils ':':c':rltl 1: lltcrac}:ed anithe 3roll
; e , i : , i l ! : ! : f . i r ) ' . . ;: r i l r T l i e r i r l t h ; ' g o f t h t t l r r s t l c
r 'l" iie JrF tht rrncretei}rge tr
6.{an-oolr aiclr t Dp)lo'Df DpJt l , . -, . r, 1
t - l - --.*:. . - . - - . - . . : . . - - 9. r "-I-n' -+1 :. :: : J i - ' ' i : j : "
r2oo a
lao.+Acitr-tpl!
aculDi20rlr8.l01. Oolr

The etectir,+rsodulavratio ;t, - Cl. 4.,1 'r" -lTi'nJo, oJf-

:.r,::i,:o r:::julu: i'or rht rllcr*re ilaagt
- Foroffice-typebuilding: ?hr
"la:ric
lr tj:u.e gj:e;: l.,[Link].r a:iI,r.:::-*ir

- r ':1t1!;t
l0 for normol weight
u concrete
u . , , . ..,. . r t i r i 1 ' . i l ' : u i . , t : i . ,.:'x1,. ileil r$[Link]
- l5 for lightweightconcrete "':'I r- '"ii'-' i
g : l ' , .

'-
r . . I . r r r : .i . r . . . , E . : i . l

Inlluenceon deflectionsof portiolsh. -;.i' cc,,,rcction

. Thiseffecl is very importont becouse deflcclionsincreosedue to
the effect of slipin the sheorconnectors.
. H o w e v e rt h e s ee f f e c i so r e i g n o r e d; n c o n o o s i * e b e o m s
designed for fullsheor connection.
. Forcoses of oortiol sheor connecti^lr uslnctsheor conneciors,the
d e f l e c t i o n6, , i s ( C l .6 . 1 . 4 1 :
fc,r pr cpped consrl'ucriorr
i = Jr+{1".5t1-troi\rii--i-r

for unprl:pp e d c,rnslructrnn

: . i= i l c + 0 . 3 r 1 - i ' " J'.rri'1,

';r-i: the d*fler:tian fsr th* eteel 1.,.,,,,t

ii. :: the deflection ,:{ a couposit- 1.,erur

[Link] ccnnection {s}r t}re iarne Ica:iing.
Compore thisdefleclion with o limll of L / 3 1 0t y p i c o lo f b u i l d i n g s
of normol

10
Vibrolionresponse
. Potentiolvibrotion response moy bc necessory to be check
e s p e c i o l lfyo r l o n gs p o nb e o m s- l c n g e ri h o n l 2 m .
. N o t u r o l f r e q u e n coyf o b e o m i s :

Where:6r* isthe instontoneous dei,ection(inmm) cousedby the

selfweightof ihe floorond otherp rmonentlooC' on to the
c o m p o s i t eb e o m .
A minimumlimiton noturolfrequency isproposedos 4 cycles/sec
for most building except
opplicotions where isvibroting
mochinery, or 3 cycles/secfor cor porks.
Thelimitmoy be roisedio 5 cycles'secfor speciolbuildings such
os sooriholls.

?0 rrl' -_.1
i : l_

st){'l-l()\ x-\

'l
r\ c(ru!lr,i<ira' . , r| $ ! : t { t l c t'rrlt$lrtrlrg 1i' :t I 9 r\'ill! r' i'
elr!)\trr 1rl).,\'.'. L1 ltil\[Link] trt t1l. {lr11.l [Link] .l'tl'.'
!rt!: trril:tel1,r" 'l rd,l)r't{'tl lorr.l{ r!1t'
lr|1tjc*({l Tlcrrrl I o;[Link] 1.5 Ll':l
lrrrl;ovcil I rr'c'l .'rr(l: 'l l) lil'{

l)unrri qirr lit lruglGr:ls1l I l1q ir,,r, 1i,.;r! dlrtllr nts rltrili'r rlrla' nlro$q(l fli
1}qlr'-$!.rSlrl {'t'tlrs
-;5(.rnr:rr il(11r! llt!' lelr-!llr 'tt'!ltt' t)!'Irt1.

t l;r) ( 'lr.'. l. I lr! ;tbi'\ d .L^:rgrr tirl slr*rt lrrrl Lc;t.l

{ tb) ( l1{.li rlr!: lttr\l !l{"\t*r!

11