Content:

Chapters Page No.

(1) NUMBER SYSTEM 1-18

(2) PERCENTAGES 19-39

(3) PROFIT & LOSS 40-46

(4) RATIO & PROPORTION & MIXTURES -------------------------------------------------- 47-59

(5) AVERAGES & WEIGHTED AVERAGE --------------------------------------------------- 60-72

(6) TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE 73-91

(7)S.I. & C.I 92-95

(8) TIME & WORK, PIPE & CISTERNS, WORK & WAGES ---------------------------------- 96-112

(9) GEOMETRY & MENSURATION 113-132

(10) PROGRESSION, SEQUENCE & SERIES ------------------------------------------------ 133-135

(11) PERMUTATION & COMBINATION ------------------------------------------------------136-155

(12) PROBABILITY 156-163

(13) DATA INTERPRETATION 164-174

 CHAPTER-1 (NUMBER SYSTEM)
1) Face Value and Place value

4567

Face Value of 4 = 4

Face Value of 5 = 5

Face Value of 6 = 6

Face Value of 7 = 7

Place Value of 4 = 4000

Place Value of 5 = 500

Place Value of 6 = 60

Place Value of 7 = 7

2) Types of numbers

What is a rational number?

A rational number is a number which can be expressed in the form of p/q where p & q
are integers and q≠0.
0.5, 0.3, 22/7
Numbers other than rational numbers are called irrational numbers which is non-
terminating and non-repeating.
1
Pie, √3, 0.234387597................................

What are prime numbers?

Prime number is a number which has exactly two factors which is 1 and itself.
Numbers other than prime is called composite numbers which has more than two
factors. First positive composite number is 4.

What are Even numbers?

Integers which is divisible by 2.
What are Odd numbers?
Integers which is not divisible by 2.
What about 0 ?

Important rules related to Even and Odd numbers:

odd ± odd = even;
even ± even = even;
even ± odd = odd

odd × odd = odd;

even × even = even;
even × odd = even.

odd(any number) = odd

even(any number) = even
How to find if a number is prime or not?
N is a prime number if it is not divisible by numbers lesser than √N.
Example: 191 is a prime number since it is not divisible by 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13 [numbers
less than √191 (≈14)].
Note: Prime numbers(>3) will always be in the form (6k±1) where k= 1, 2, 3....
But not all (6k±1) will be a prime number.

Conversion of a decimal number to fraction:

2
3) Divisibility Rules
A number is divisible by
 2 If the last digit is even.
 3 If the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.
 4 If the last two digits of the number divisible by 4.
 5 If the last digit is a 5 or a 0.
 6 If the number is divisible by both 3 and 2.
 7 If the number formed by subtracting twice the last digit with the number
formed by; rest of the digits is divisible by 7.
Example: 343. 34-(3x2) = 28 is divisible by 7.
We'll try 161623
 8 If the last three digits form a number divisible by 8.
 9 If the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
 10 If the last digit of number is 0.
 11 If the difference between sum of digits in even places and the sum of the digits
in odd places is 0 or divisible by 11.
Example: 365167484
(3+5+6+4+4) – (6+1+7+8) = 0
365167484 is divisible by 11.

3
 12 If the number is divisible by both 3 and 4.
 Any other numbers can be written in terms of the numbers whose divisibility is
already known.
 Example: 15 = 3 x 5
18 = 2 x 9
33 = 3 x 11
 Note: The numbers expressed should be co-prime (i.e., the HCF of the two
numbers should be 1)
 Example: 40 = 4 x 10 is wrong because HCF (4,10) is 2.
∴ 40 = 5 x 8 because HCF (5,8) is 1.

4) Unit Digit Concept

4
Choose the nth value in the cycle if the remainder is n except for the last value whose remainder
should be 0
Example: What is the unit digit of (123)^42?
The unit digit pattern of 3 repeats four times. So find the remainder when the power value is
divided by 4.
42/4= R(2)
2nd value in 3 cycle is 9.
∴ Unit digit of (123)^42 is 9
5) Remainder theorem

Type 1: Numerator in terms of powers

The remainder pattern should be found starting from the power of 1. The same
procedure should be followed as done in the unit digit concept.

5
Example: What is the remainder when 2^202 is divided by 7?

2^1/7 = R(2)

2^2/7= R(4)

2^3/7 = R(1)

The next three remainder values will be the same. i.e., The remainder pattern is 2,4,1,
2,4,1, 2,4,1.....

The size of the pattern is 3.

Now divide the power by number of repeating values (3) to choose the remainder.

Choose the nth value in the cycle if the remainder is n except for the last value whose
remainder should be 0.

202/3 = R(1).

The 1st value in the cycle is 2. Note: While finding the remainder pattern if the remainder
becomes 1, then the process can be stopped as the it will always repeat after 1.

∴ 2^202/7 = R(2)

Note: While finding the remainder pattern if the remainder becomes 1, then the process can be
stopped as the it will always repeat after 1.

Type 2: Different numerator values

Replace each of the values of the numerator by its remainder when divided by the
denominator and simplify.

Example: What is the remainder when 13 x 14 x 16 is divided by 6.

13/6 = R(1) ∴ replace 13 by 1

Similarly replace 14 and 16 by 2 and 4 respectively.

∴ (13 x 14 x 16)/6 = (1 x 2 x 4)/6

= 8/6

= R(2)

6
Note: Do not cancel any numerator value with the denominator value as the remainder will
differ.

R(6/4) ≠ R(3/2)

6/4 = R(2)

But 3/2 = R(1)

6) Factors

Factors of a number are the values that divides the number completely.

Example: Factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5 and 10.

Multiple of a number is the product of that number and any other whole number.

Example: multiples of 10 are 10, 20, 30,…..

Number of factors:

Example: 3600

Step 1: Prime factorize the given number

3600 = 36 x 100

= 6^2 x 10^2

= 2^2 x 3^2 x 2^2 x 5^2

= 2^4 x 3^2 x 5^2

 Step 2: Add 1 to the powers and multiply.

(4+1) x (2+1) x (2+1)

=5x3x3

= 45

∴ Number of factors of 3600 is 45.

Sum of factors:

Example: 45

7
Step 1: Prime factorize the given number

45 = 3^2 x 5^1

Step 2: Split each prime factor as sum of every distinct factors.

(3^0 + 3^1 + 3^2) x (5^0 + 5^1)

The following result will be the sum of the factors

= 78

 The number of ways of writing a number as a product of two number =

[(p+1).(q+1).(r+1)...]/2

 Example:

Find no. of ways of writing 140 as a product of two factors

The prime factorization of 140 = 2^2×5×7

number of ways = (3*2*2)/2 = 6

 The number of ways of writing a number N as a product of two co-prime

numbers = 2^(n−1)

where n=the number of prime factors of a number.

 Example:
The prime factorization of 60 = 2^2×3×5
The no of ways of writing 60 as a product of two co - primes = 2^(3−1) = 4

Factors will occur in pairs for the numbers except perfect squares.

Example 1: A non-perfect square number- 10

1 x 10 = 10

2 x 5 = 10

‗∴ Factors of 10 are 1, 2, 5 and 10.

8
Non perfect squares will have even number of factors

Example: A perfect square number- 16

1 x 16 = 16

2 x 8 = 16

4^2 = 16

∴ Factors of 16 are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16.

Every perfect square will have odd number of factors because its square root number will
pair with itself.

This has odd number of factors because 4 will pair with itself.

Every perfect square will have odd number of factors because its square root number will
pair with itself.

Example: A prime square number- 49

The factors of 49 are 1, 7 and 49.

Prime square number will have exactly 3 factors (1, that number itself and square root of that
number).

If N is a prime square number then the factors are 1, N and √N.

9
7) HCF & LCM

• The greatest number that will exactly divide a, b and c is HCF(a, b, c).

• The greatest number that will divide a, b and c leaving remainder of x, y and z
respectively is HCF(a-x, b-y, c-z).

• The greatest remainder which when it divides a, b and c will leave the same
remainder in each case is HCF(a-b, b-c, c-a).

• The least number which is exactly divisible by a, b and c is LCM(a, b, c).

• The least number which when divided by a, b and c leaves the same reminder r
in each case is LCM(a, b, c) + r.

• The least number which when divided by a, b and c leaves the remainder x, y
and z respectively is LCM(a, b, c) – K.

This is possible only if a-x = b-y = c-z = K.

FINDING THE H.C.F. OF BIG NUMBERS

For larger numbers you can use the following method:

Step 1 Find all prime factors of both numbers.

Step 2 Write both numbers as a multiplication of prime numbers.

Step 3 Find which factors are repeating in both numbers and multiply them to
get H.C.F

FINDING L.C.M. OF BIG NUMBERS

Step 1 Find all the prime factors of both numbers.

Step 2 Multiply all the prime factors of the larger number by those prime factors of the
smaller number that are not already included

Important formulae:

10
 EXERCISE-1

Q.1: Sum of squares of two numbers is 404 and sum of two numbers is [Link] product
of two numbers?
A. 20
B. 40
C. 80
D. None of these

Q.2: Find the greatest number of four digits which when divided by 10, 15, 21 and 28
leaves 4, 9, 15 and 22 as remainders respectively?
A. 9654
B. 9666
C. 9664
D. 9864

Q.3: The sum of two numbers is 25 and their difference is 13. Find their product.
A. 104
B. 114
C. 315
D. 325

Q.4: How many numbers between 1to 1000(both excluded) are both squares and cubes?
A. 3
B. 1
C. 2
D. none

Q.5: On dividing a number by 5, we get 3 as remainder. What will the remainder when
the square of the number is divided by 5?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 4

11
Q.6: The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by
interchanging the positions of its digits is 36. What is the difference between the two
digits of that number?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 9
D. cannot be determined

Q.7: The product of two numbers is 9375 and the quotient, when the larger one is
divided by the smaller, is 15. The sum of the numbers is:
A. 380
B. 395
C. 400
D. 425

Q.8: Find the least number which when divided by 6, 7, 8, 9 and 12 gives the same
reminder 1 in each case.
A. 503
B. 504
C. 505
D. 506

Q.9: Find the least number which when divided by 20, 25, 35 and 40 leaves reminder 14,
19, 29 and 34 respectively.
A. 1406
B. 1412
C. 1396
D. 1394

Q.10: The LCM of two numbers is 495 and their HCF is 5. If the sum of numbers is 100,
then their difference will be?
A. 9
B. 10
C. 11
D. 99

Q.11: The LCM of two numbers is 45 times their HCF. If one of the numbers is 25 and
sum of LCM and HCF is 1150, then the other number is.
A. 125
B. 225
C. 405
D. 625

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Q.12: The LCM of two prime numbers x and y (x>y) is 161. What will be (3y-x)?
A. 2
B. 5
C. -2
D. -5

Q.13: The different containers contain 496, 403 and 713 liters mixture of milk and water
respectively. What largest vessel can measure all the different quantities exactly?
A. 17
B. 21
C. 23
D. 31

Q.14: Find the greatest number of five digits exactly divisible by 12, 15, 18 and 27.
A. 99900
B. 99980
C. 99990
D. 99970

Q.15: Three persons A, B and C moving on a circular path of 12 km at 4, 3 and 2/3

km/hr resp. After how much time they will meet together?
A. 72 hr
B. 36 hr
C. 18 hr
D. 12 hr

Q.16: If two numbers 2963 & 1312 are divided by a three digit number N giving the
same reminder in each case. The sum of the number is
A. 4
B. 7
C. 10
D. 11

Q.17: A number when divided by 4 and 5 leaves reminder 1 and 4 resp. When it is
divided by 5 and 4 then the respective reminder will be
A. 3 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3
D. 2 and 1

13
Q.18: Minimum number of square marbles required to tile a floor of length 5m 78cm
and width 3m 74 cm.
A. 34
B. 67
C. 161
D. 187

Q.19: How many number of zeros are there (1x2x3x4x5x...................100)?

A. 12
B. 24
C. 13
D. 25

Q.20: Find the remainder when (1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + .......100!) is divided by 24.

A. 7
B. 8
C. 9
D. 0

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ANSWERS (EXERCISE-1)
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. D
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. B
16. C
17. B
18. D
19. B
20. C

15
 PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The sum of first 45 natural numbers is:
(a) 1035 (b) 1280 (c) 2070 (d) 2140
2. The sum of even numbers between 1 and31 is :
(a) 6 (b) 128 (c) 240 (d) 512
3. (51 +52 +53 + ……+ 100) = ?
(a) 2525 (b) 2975 (c) 3225 (d) 3775
4. Which one of the following is a prime number?
(a) 119 (b) 187 (c) 247 (d) 551
5. If a and b are odd numbers, then which of the following is even?
(a) a + b (b) a + b + 1 (c) ab (d) ab + 2
6. In a division sum, the divisor is 10 times the quotient and 5 times the remainder.
If the remainder is 46, what is the dividend?
(a) 4236 (b) 4306 (c) 4336 (d) 5336
7. On dividing a number by 68, we get 269 as dividend and 0 as remainder. On
dividing the same number by 67, what will be the remainder?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)2 (d) 3
8. On dividing a number by 56, we get 29 as remainder. On dividing the same
number by 8, what will be the remainder?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
9. On dividing a number by 357, we get 39 as remainder. On dividing the same
number by 17, what will be the remainder?
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 11
10. If n is a whole number which when divided by 4 gives 3 as remainder. What will
be the remainder when 2n is divided by 4?
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
11. What will be the remainder when (6767 + 67) is divided by 68?
(a) 1 (b) 63 (c) 66 (d) 67
12. What will be the remainder when 17200 is divided by 18?
(a) 17 (b) 16 (c) 1 (d) 2
13. Which one of the following numbers will completely divide (461 + 462 + 463 + 464)?
(a) 3 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 13
14. Which one of the following numbers will completely divide (325 + 326 + 327 + 328)?
(a) 11 (b) 16 (c) 25 (d) 30
15. A 3-digit number 4a3 is added to another 3-digit number 984 to give a 4-digit
number 13b7, which is divisible by 11. Then, (a + b) = ?
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 15

16
16. A number when divided successively in order by 4 and 5 leaves remainders 1
and 4 respectively. When it is successively divided by 5 and 4, then the respective
remainders will be
(a) 1, 2 (b) 2, 3 (c) 3, 2 (d) 4, 1
17. A number was divided successively in order by 4, 5 and 6. Then remainders were
respectively 2, 3 and 4. The number is
(a) 214 (b) 476 (c) 954 (d) 1908
18. In dividing a number by 585, a student applied the method of short division. He
divided the number successively by 5, 9 and 13 (factors of 585) and got the remainders
4, 8, 12 respectively. If he had divided the number by 585, the remainder would have
been
(a) 24 (b) 144 (c) 292 (d) 584
19. When a number is divided by 13, the remainder is 11. When the same number is
divided by 17, the remainder is 9. What is the number?
(a) 339 (b) 349 (c) 369 (d) Data Inadequate
20. How many 3-digit numbers are completely divisible by 6?
(a) 149 (b) 150 (c) 151 (d) 166
21. How many natural numbers are there between 23 and 100 which are exactly
divisible by 6?
(a) 8 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13 (e) none of these
22. The sum of all two digit numbers divisible by 5 is
(a) 1035 (b) 1245 (c) 1230 (d) 945 (e) none of these
23. (22 + 42 + 62 + …..+ 202) = ?
(a) 770 (b) 1155 (c) 1540 (d) 385 * 385
24. (112 + 122 + 132 + …..+ 202) = ?
(a) 385 (b) 2485 (c) 2870 (d) 3255
25. The unit digit in the product (784 × 618 × 917 × 463) is:
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
26. What is the unit digit in 7105 ?
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9

27. What is the unit digit in the product (365 × 659 ×771) ?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
28. What is the unit digit in (7 - 3 ) ?
95 58

(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 7

29. What is the unit digit in (4137)754 ?
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 7 (9)

17
30. What is the unit digit in {(6374)1793 × (625)317 × (341)491} ?
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
31. The wages of 8 men and 6 boys amount to Rs. 33 if 4 men earn Rs. 4.50 more than
5 boys determine the wages of each man and boy.
a) (Rs. 1.50, Rs. 3)
b) (Rs. 3, Rs. 1.50)
c) (Rs. 2.50, Rs. 2)
d) (Rs. 2, Rs. 2.50)
32. A number consisting of two digits is four times the sum of its digits and if 27 be
added to it the digits are reversed. The number is:
a) 63 b) 35 c) 36 d) 60
33. Of two numbers, 1/5th of the greater is equal to 1/3rd of the smaller and their
sum is 16. The number are:
(a) (6, 10) (b) (9, 7) (c) (12, 4) (d) (11, 5)
34. The sum of two numbers is 52 and their difference is 2. The numbers are
(a) 17 and 15 (b) 12 and 10 (c) 27 and 25 (d) none of these
35. Divide 56 into two parts such that three times the first part exceeds one third of
the second by 48. The parts are.
(a) (20, 36) (b) (25, 31) (c) (24, 32) (d) none of these
36. The sum of the digits of a two digit number is 10. If 18 be subtracted from it the
digits in the resulting number will be equal. The number is
(a) 37 (b) 73 (c) 75 (d) none of these numbers
37. The fourth part of a number exceeds the sixth part by 4. The number is
(a) 84 (b) 44 (c) 48 (d) none of these
38. The denominator of a fraction exceeds the numerator by 2. If 5 be added to the
numerator the fraction increases by unity. The fraction is.
(a) 5/7 (b) 1/3 (c) 7/9 (d) 3/5
39. A number consists of two digits. The digits in the ten‘s place is 3 times the digit
in the unit‘s place. If 54 is subtracted from the number the digits are reversed. The
number is
(a) 39 (b) 92 (c) 93 (d) 94
40. If a number of which the half is greater than 1/5th of the number by 15 then the
number is
(a) 50 (b) 40 (c) 80 (d) none of these

18
 CHAPTER-2 (PERCENTAGE)
1) Introduction

1.i) What is Percentage ?

Percentage

per – cent (100)

Why percentage?

To convert any base values to 100

[Link]) Application:

The concept of percentage is applied in many other important topics like profit and
loss, data interpretation, simple and compound interest etc.

The shortcuts which you are going to learn will be very useful if it is applied in these
topics.

2) Shortcuts

2.i) Shortcut 1: Splitting of values

a) 20% of 80 = ?

100% of 80 = 80

10% of 80 = 8

20% of 80 = 16

Try 30% of 60

b) 15% of 80 = ?

10% of 80= 8

5% of 80 = 4

15% of 80 = 12

19
Try 15% of 60

c) 12% of 80 = ?

10% of 80 = 8 1% of 80 = 0.8

2% of 80 = 1.6

12% of 80 = 9.6

Try 13% of 60

d) 45% of 80 = ?

50% of 80 = 40

5% of 80 = 4

45% of 80 = 36

Try 45% of 60

e) 18% of 80 = ?

10% of 80 = 8

20% of 80 = 16

2% of 80 = 1.6

18% of 80 = 14.4

Try 27% of 60

20
[Link]) Shortcut 2: Decimal

3.555% of 80 = ?

10% of 80 = 8 1% of 80 = 0.8

3% of 80 = 2.4 5% of 80 = 4

0.5% of 80 = 0.4

0.05% of 80 = 0.04

0.005% of 80 = 0.004

3.555% of 80 = 2.844

Try 5.333% of 60

[Link]) Shortcut 3:

How do you solve 12.5% of 80 = ?

10% + 2% + 0.5% ?

How much time will the following question take?

12.5% of 8.8 = ?

Now this

16.66% of 3.6 = ?

12.5% of 80 = ?

1 = 100%

1/2 = 50%

1/4 = 25%

1/8 = 12.5%

∴ 12.5% of 80 = 1/8 of 80

= 10

21
Similarly 12.5% of 8.8 = 1/8 of 8.8

= 1.1

16.66% of 3.6 = 1/6 of 3.6

= 0.6

Lets learn to convert few more fraction values

1 = 100%

1/2 = 50%

1/3 = 33.33%

1/4 = 25% (half of ½)

1/5 = 20%

1/6 = 16.66% (half of 1/3)

1/7 = 14.28%

1/8 = 12.5% (half of ¼)

1/9 = 11.11% (1/3rd of 1/3)

1/10 = 10%

1/11 = 9.09%

Note: 1/9 x will be in the multiples of 11

1/11 x will be in the multiples of 9

1/9 = 11.11%, 2/9= 22.22%, 3/9= 33.33%.........

1/11 = 9.09% 2/11= 18.18%, 3/11= 27.27%..........

22
[Link]) Shortcut 4:

How do you solve 62% of 150 = ?

10% to 60%

1% to 2%

Then 60% + 2% ?

No

a% of b can be written as b% of a

Proof: a% of b = b% of a

a/100 x b = b/100 x a

ab/100 = ab/100

∴ 62% of 150 = 150% of 62

= 100% + 50% of 62

= 62 + 31

= 93

Why should we interchange 62 and 150?

Because splitting 150 is easier than splitting 62

So whenever the right hand side value is easier, interchange the values.

Try 84% of 250

Try 72% of 90

Example 1:

Try 35% of 40

Try 2.4242% of 80

Try 33.33% of 12

23
Try 75% of 16

Try 66.66% of 9

Try 37.5% of 24

Try 55.55% of 18

Try 45.45% of 121

Try 3.6% of 133.33

Solution for the last question:

3.6% of 133.33 = 133.33% of 3.6

= 100% of 3.6 + 33.33% of 3.6

= 3.6 + 1/3rd of 3.6

= 3.6 + 1.2

= 4.8

3)Percentage increase and decrease

3.i) Increase and decrease

Example:

year 1(20) year 2(25)

What is the percentage increase from the 1st year to the 2nd ?

What is the increase? 5

From where it is increasing? 20

Percentage increase = 5/20 * 100

= ¼ * 100

= 25%

24
What is the percentage decrease from the 2nd year to the 1st?

What is the decrease? 5

From where it is decreasing? 25

Percentage decrease = 5/25 * 100

= 1/5 * 100

= 20%

Example: Ram makes $50 a week from his job. He earns a raise and now makes $60 a
week. What is the percent increase?

A. 16.66%

B. 20%

C. 25%

D. 50%

Solution:

Percentage increase = 10/50 * 100

= 20%

[Link]) Increase/ decrease shortcut:

If there are 100 chocolates with me and it is increased by 10%, then what will be the
total number of chocolates now?

110?

Yes

Now from 110 to get back to 100, what should be the percentage decrease?

10% again?

No

Because from 110 if 10% is decreased it will become 99. (-10% of 110 = -11)

To find the decrease easily lets learn a shortcut.

25
Between two values if the increase is 1/n, then the decrease will be 1/n+1.

∴ Increase % = 10% = 1/10

Decrease % = 1/11 = 9.09%

∴ From 110 to 100 the decrease % should be 9.09%

Similarly for the previous question if you observe

Increase % = 25% = 1/4

Decrease % = 1/5 = 20%

Example: If A's height is 33.33% less than that of B, how much percent B's height is
more than that of A?

A) 20%

B) 25%

C) 33.33%

D) 50%

Solution:

33.33% decrease = 1/3

∴ Increase = 1/2

= 50%

26
Important application of 1/n shortcut:

If the price of a commodity increases by 1/n, then the consumption should be reduced
by 1/n+1 to make the expenditure same.

Expenditure = Price * Consumption

1/n 1/n+1

This can be applied in many other topics like time speed and distance in the formula D
= S * T etc.

Example: A person buys 750 litres of milk every year and the price of the milk is Rs 20
per litre. If the price of the milk increases to Rs 25 per litre next year, what amount of
milk he/she can buy for the same expense as in the previous year?

A. 500 litres

B. 562.50 litres

C. 600 litres

D. 9000 litres

Solution: Price increase = 5/20

=¼

∴ Consumption Decrease = 1/5

1/5th of 750 litres = 150 litres should be decreased

Consumption = 750 – 150 litres

= 600 litres

27
[Link]) Successive increase/decrease:

Example: A car is moving at some constant speed. At first it increases its speed by 25%
and then again it increases its speed by 20%. What is the overall percentage increase.

Method 1:

Initial speed of the car = x

Speed of the car after 1st increase = x + 0.25x = 1.25x

Speed of the car after 2nd increase = 1.25x + 0.25x = 1.50x

Initial speed = x

Final speed = 1.50x

Percentage increase = 50%

Method 2:

Assume the initial speed of the car as 100kmph

Initial speed of the car = 100

Speed of the car after the 1st increase = 125

Speed of the car after the 2nd increase = 150

Initial speed = 100

Final speed = 150

Percentage increase = 50%

Method 3: Shortcut

If the 1st increase/ decrease is a% and the 2nd increase/decrease is b% the overall
increase/decrease % will be

a + b + ab/100 %

In this question a = 25% and b= 20%

Overall increase/decrease = 25 + 20 + (25)(20)/100

= 25 + 20 + 5 = 50 %

28
Note: If a or b is increase, then include +ve sign

If a or b is decrease, then include -ve sign.

Note: The final answer will be in percentage

Example 5: A city‘s population was 10,000 at the end of 2008. In 2009, it increased by
25% and in 2010, it decreased by 8%. What was the city‘s population at the end of 2010?

A.8500

B.11500

C.11700

D. 13333

Solution: 25 + (-8) + (25) (-8)/100 %

= 25 – 8 – 200/100 %

= 25 – 8 – 2 %

= 15 %

29
 EXERCISE-01

Q.1 : If x is less than y by 25% then y exceed x by:

A. 33.33%
B. 25%
C. 75%
D. 66.66%

Q.2 : In a class, 8% of total students are interested in Football. Four-fifth of total students
is interested in Cricket. 10% of total students are interested in Basketball and remaining
20 students are not interested in any games. How many students are there in the class?
A. 850
B. 800
C. 900
D. 1000

Q.3 : The population of a city increases by 4% per year but due to migration it decrease
by 1% per years. What will be the percentage increase in population in 3 years?
A. 9%
B. 9.27%
C. 27%
D. 12%

Q.4 : Present birth rate is 32 per thousand while death rate is 11 per thousand. What will
be the percentage increase in the rate of population?
A. 0.21%
B. 21%
C. 0.021%
D. 2.1%

Q.5 : Three sets of 40, 50 and 60 students appeared for an examination and the pass
percentage was 100, 90 and 80 respectively. the pass percentage of the whole set is
A. 88.33
B. 84.33
C. 88.66
D. 84.66

Q.6 : If 90% of A =30% of B and B=x% of A, then the value of x is?

A. 800
B. 300
C. 700
D. 400

30
Q.7 : Ram spends 50% of his monthly income on household items, 20% of his monthly
income on buying clothes, 5% of his monthly income on medicines and saves remaining
Rs. 11,250 . What is Ram‘s monthly income?
A. Rs.38,200
B. Rs.34,000
C. Rs.41,600
D. Rs. 45,000

Q. 8 : In a Election, the winner got 15744 votes which represents 48% of the electorate.
The other candidates secured 22% votes. How many persons didn't cast their votes ?
A. 3420
B. 8200
C. 6840
D. 9840

Q 9 : In a Election between two candidates, one got 55% of total valid votes and 20%
votes were invalid. If total votes were 7500 then the number of valid votes that the other
candidate got was?
A. 1300
B. 2400
C. 2600
D. 2700

Q 10 : In an Exam, 52% candidates failed in English, 42% in maths and 17% in both.
What was the number of percentage of passed students in both subjects?
A. 23
B. 77
C. 6
D. 94

Q 11 : In an Exam, max marks are 500. A got 10% less than B. B got 25% more than C
and C got 20% less than D. If A got 360 marks, what % did D get ?
A. 50
B. 60
C. 70
D. 80

Q 12 : The income of a broker remains unchanged but the rate of commission is

increased by 4 to 5%. By how much percentage business will decrease?
A. 10
B. 20
C. 15
D. 30

31
Q.13: I bought 5 pens, 7 pencils and 4 erasers. Rajan bought 6 pens, 8 erasers and 14
pencils for an amount which was half more than what I had paid. What percent of the
total amount paid by me was paid for the pens ?
A. 37.5%
B. 62.5%
C. 50%
D. None of these

Q 14 : The population of a town increased by 12% during first year and decreased by
10% during second year. If the present population is 50400. what is was two years ago ?
A. 72000
B. 60000
C. 50000
D. 45000

Q 15 : Of the adult population of a certain city, 45% of man and 25% of women are
married. Assume that no men marry more than one women and vice versa. The % of
total population which is married ?
A. 35
B. 45
C. 32.14
D. 42.14

Q 16 : A football team played 60 matches and won 30%. This team wants to raise its
average to 50%. How many game did the team win to attempt this value.
A. 12
B. 18
C. 24
D. 32

Q 17 : A solution of salt and water contains 5% salt by weight. Of it 20kg water

evaporate and solution contains 15 % salt by weight. Find the original quantity of
solution.
A. 24 kg
B. 30 kg
C. 36 kg
D. 32 kg

32
Q 18 : Due to reduction of 6.25% in the price of sugar, a man is able to buy 1 kg more for
Rs. 120. Find original price of sugar.
A. Rs. 10/kg
B. Rs. 8/kg
C. Rs. 7.50/kg
D. Rs. 6.50/kg

Q 19 : Two numbers are 20% and 25% less than the third number. By how much %
second number is less than first?
A. 5.25%
B. 5.5 %
C. 6.25%
D. 6.5 %

Q 20 : Weight of two friends A and B are in 5 : 7 . If weight of A is increased by 16% and

their total weight becomes 78 kg with 30% increment. By how much % weight of B is
increased?
A. 14
B. 18
C. 34
D. 40

33
ANSWERS:
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. D
10. A
11. D
12. B
13. B
14. C
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. B
19. C
20. D

34
 PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. 40 % of a number is 80. What is 30% of one fourth of the number?

(a) 60 (b) 15 (c) 9.6 (d) 30

2. If 35% of a number is 12 less than 50% of that number , then the number is
(a) 40 (b)50 (c) 60 (d) 80

3. Reena scores 80 marks in her first internal maths paper. By how much should she
improved mark in the second internal in order to get 90 marks in maths?
(a) 100% (b) 50% (c) 25% (d) 20%

4. If the is increased by 30% , price of petrol by how much percent a car owner must
reduce his consumption in order to maintain the same budge
(a) 21% (b)25% (c)30% (d)40%

5. The price of wheat falls by 16%. By what percentage a person can increase the
consumption of wheat so that his overall budget does not change?
(a) 16% (b)18% (c)18.5% (d)19%

6. A number is increased by 20% and then again by 20%. By what percentage

should the increased number be reduce so as to get back the original number?
(a) 19 (b) 30 (c) 40% (d)44%

7. A‘s income is 25% more than B‘s income. B‘s income e in terms of A‘s income is;
(a) 75% (b)80% (c)90% (d)96
8. If A‘s height is 40% less than that of B, how much percent B‘s height is more than
that of A?
(a) 33% (b)40% (c)60% (d)66 %

9. A‘s salary is 40% of B‘s salary which is 25% of C‘s salary. What percentage of
C‘s salary is A‘s salary?
(a) 5% (b)10% (c)15% (d)20%

10. 5% of income of A is equal to 15% of income of B and 10% of income of B is

equal is equal to 20% of income of C. If C‘s income is rs 2000 , then the total income of
A, B and C is :
(a) 6000rs (b)14,000 (c)18,000 (d)20,000

35
11. In a test, Rajesh got 112 marks which were 32 more than the passing marks. Sonal
got 75% marks which were 70 more than the passing marks. What is the minimum
passing percentage of the test?
(a) 35% (b) 45% (c) 40% (d) 46%

12. If the length of a rectangle is halved and breadth is tripled. By how much percent
does the area of rectangle increase?
(a) 20% (b) 30% (c) 50% (d) 100%

13. Group consists of 60% men and 40% women. 70% of the people in this group are
employed. If 100 men are employed and 50% of the women are employed find the
number of people in the group?
a) 150 (b) 175 (c) 200 (d) 250

14. When the cost of the petrol increases by 20% a man reduces his monthly
consumption by 15% the % change in his monthly expenditure on petrol will be
(a) 10% (b) 2% (c) 3% (d) 4%

15. The price of sugar is increased by 25%. If a family wants to keep its expenses on
sugar unaltered, then the family will have to reduce the consumption of sugar by
(a) 20% (b) 21% (c) 22% (d) 25%

16. Ravi salary was reduced by 25%. Percentage increase to be effected to bring the
salary to the original level is?
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 33.33% (d) 30%

17. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a 3rd number. What is the
percentage of 2nd with respect to 1st?
(a) 125% (b) 90% (c) 80% (d) 75%

18. In a test, Rajesh got 112 marks which were 32 more than the passing marks. Sonal
got 75% marks which were 70 more than the passing marks. What is the minimum
passing percentage of the test?
(a) 35% (b) 45% (c) 40% (d) 46%

19. A group of 300 consists of 135 senior citizens. If 40% of the women in the group
are senior citizen and there are 200 men in the group. Find the number on male senior
citizen in the group?
(a) 95 (b) 40 (c) 45 (d) 20

36
20. In a class there are 50 students a teacher selects 10 students for a competition.
The number of boys selected is 32% of total no of boys and the number of girls selected
is 8% of a total no of girls in the class find the number of girls in the class?
(a) 20 (b) 24 (c) 25 (d) 30

21. A scored 30% marks and failed by 15 marks. B scored 40% marks and obtained
35 marks more than those required to pass. The pass percentage is
(a) 33% (b)38% (c)43% (d)46%

22. The price of a table is Rs 400 more than that of a chair. If 6 tables and 6 chairs
together cost Rs 4800, by what % is the price of the chair less than that of the table?
(a) 33% (b)50% (c)66 (d)None of these

23. Of the inhabitants of a town, 60% are males of whom 20% are literate. If, of all the
inhabitants, 25% are literate, then what percent of the female of a town are literate?
(a) 22.5 (b)27.5 (c)32.5 (d)73.5

24. Rohit spends 40% of his salary on food, 20% on house rent, 10% on entertainment
and 10% on conveyance. If his savings at the end of month are Rs 1500 then his monthly
salary is
(a) 6000 (b)7500 (c)8000 (d)10,000
25. Gaurav spends 30% of his monthly income on food article, 40% of the remaining
on conveyance and clothes and save 50% of the remaining. If his monthly salary is Rs
18400, how much money does he save every month?
(a) 3624 (b) 3864 (c)4264 (d)5888

26. Sohan spends 23% of an amount of money on an insurance policy, 33% on food,
19% on children‘s education and 16% on recreation. He deposits the remaining amount
of Rs. 504 in bank. How much total amount does he spend on food and insurance policy
together?
(a) Rs. 3200 (b) Rs.3126 (c) Rs. 3136 (d) Rs.3048

27. A man spends 35% of his income on food, 25% on children‘s education and 80%
of the remaining on house rent. What percent of his income he is left with?
(a) 8% (b)10% (c)12% (d)14%

28. Group consists of 60% men and 40% women. 70% of the people in this group are
employed. If 100 men are employed and 50% of the women are employed find the
number of people in the group?
(a) 150 (b) 175 (c) 200 (d) 250

37
29. From the salary of an officer 10% deducted as house rent , 20% of the rest , he
spends on conveyance , 20% of the rest he pays as income tax and 10% of the balance,
he spends on cloths . Then he is left with Rs 15,[Link] his total salary.
(a) 25,000 (b)30,000 (c)35,000 (d)40,000
30. The population of a town was 1,60,000 three year ago . If it increased 3% , 2.5%
and 5% respectively in the last three year , the present population is
(a) 1,77,000 (b)1,77,366 (c)1,77,461 (d)1,77,596

31. The population of a town 2 year ago was 62,500. Due to migration to big cities, it
decrease every year at the rate of 4% .The present population of the town is
(a) 56, 700 (b)57,600 (c)58,800 (d)60,000

32. The total population of a village is 5000. The number of males and females
increases by 10% and 15% respectively and consequently the population of village
becomes 5600. What was the number of males in the village?
(a) 2000 (b)2500 (c)3000 (d)4000
33. How much pure alcohol has to be added to 400 ml of a solution containing 15%
alcohol to change concentration of alcohol in the mixture to 32%?
(a) 60ml (b)68ml (c)100ml (d)128ml
34. Milk contains 5% water. What quantity of pure milk should be added to 10 litres
of milk to reduce this to 2%?
(a) 5 (b)7 (c)15 (d)none of these

35. A reduction of 21% in the price of wheat enables a person to buy 10.5 kg more for
Rs 100. What is the reduce price per kg?
(a) 2 (b)2.25 (c) 2.30 (d)2.50

36. In an examination, 34% of the student failed in mathematics and 42% failed in
English. If 20% of the student failed in both subject , then the percentage of students
who passed in the both subjects was:
(a) 44 (b)50 (c)54 (d)56
37. In an examination, 65% students passed in civics and 60% in history, 40% passed
in both of these subjects. If 90 students failed in history and civics both, then what is the
total number of students?
(a) 600 (b)650 (c)700 (d)750

38. In a cricket match Rahul scored a century with 13 boundary and 3 sixes. What
percent of his runs did he make by running between the wickets?
(a) 70 % (b) 50% (c) 35% (d) 30%

38
39. Value of a scooter depreciates in such a way that its value at the end of each year
is 75% of its value at the beginning of the same year. If the initial value of the scooter is
Rs. 40000, what is the value of the scooter at the end of 3 year?
(a) Rs. 23125 (b) Rs. 19000 (c) Rs. 13435 (d) Rs. 16875

40. Fresh grapes contain 80% water, while dry grapes contain 10% water, if the
weight of dry grapes is 500 kg, what is its total weight when it is fresh?
(a) 2350 kg (b) 2085 kg (c) 2255 kg (d) 2250 kg

39
 CHAPTER-3 (PROFIT & LOSS)

1) Introduction
Cost Price (CP) - The price at which an item has been bought.
Selling Price (SP) - The price at which an item has been sold.
Profit (P) or Loss (L) - The difference between CP and SP.
Profit % = (SP~CP)/CP x 100

2) Problems without applying formula

2.i) SP IN TERMS OF CP
If the profit is 10%,
SP = CP + 10%CP
= 110% CP
∴ SP = 110% CP or SP = 1.10 CP
If the profit is 20%,
SP = 120% CP or SP = 1.20 CP
If the loss is 25%,
SP = 75% CP or SP = 0.75 CP

Example: A dealer loses 20% if an article is sold at the price of 16000. At what price
he/she has to sell to gain 20%?
In the first case the loss is 20%
∴ SP = 80% CP
In the second case the gain has to be 20%
SP = 120% CP
Substituting the given values
80% CP = 16000
120% CP = 80% + 40%
= 16000 + 8000
= 24000
∴ He/she has to sell the article at Rs 24000 to gain 20%.

[Link]) Difference in percentage

Example: A man sold an article at 10% profit. Had it been sold for Rs. 50 more, he
would have gained 15%. Find the cost price of the article.
Here the difference in percentage is 5%
The difference in price is Rs 50
5% = Rs 50
CP = 100%
5% = Rs 50
100% = Rs 1000

40
3) Application of successive increase/ decrease (a + b + ab/100)
Mark up +ve a or b value
Discount -ve a or b value
Following are the few cases in which this formula in applied
i) Mark up and discount
Profit/loss % = M – D – MD/100
ii) Discount and discount
Loss % = – D1 – D2 + D1D2/100

*If the marked price/ discount is given and profit is unknown

Example: I bought a car at Rs 1lakh and marked up the cost by 25% and sold it at a
discount of 4%. What is my profit or loss?
Profit % = a + b + ab/100
Here a = 25 , b = -4
Profit % = 25 – 4 + (25)(-4)/100
= 25 – 4 – 100/100
= 25 – 4 – 1
= 20 %

41
 EXERCISE - 01

1. Alfred buys an old scooter for Rs .4700 and spends Rs. 800 on its repairs. If he
sells the scooter for Rs. 5800 , his profit percent is :
a) 4 ( b) 5 ( c) 10% ( d) 12%
2. A man buys a cycle for Rs. 1400 and sells it at a loss of 15%. What is the selling
price of the cycle?

(a)Rs.1090 (b) Rs.1160 (c) Rs.1190 (d) Rs.1202

3. Peter purchased a machine for Rs.80, 000 and spent Rs. 5000 on repair and Rs.
1000 on transport and sold it with 25% profit. At what price did he sell the machine?
(a)Rs.1, 05,100 (b) Rs.1, 06,250 (c) Rs.1, 07, 500 (d) Rs.1,17500

4. A sells an article which costs him Rs.400 to B at a profit 20%. B then sells it to C,
making a profit of 10% on the price he paid to A. How much does C pay to B?
(a)Rs.472 (b) Rs.476 (c) Rs.528 (d) Rs.532

5. Rajdeep losses 20% by selling a radio for Rs. 768. What percent will he gain by
selling it for Rs. 1020?
(a) 7.25% (b) 5.25% (c) 6.25% (d) 8.25% (e) None of these

6. Meena purchased two fans each at Rs. 1200. She sold one fan at the loss of 5%
and other at the gain of 10%. Find total gain or loss percent.
(a) 1.2% loss (b) 1.2% profit (c) 2.5% profit (d) 2.5% loss (e) None of these

7. Kapil sold two bikes for Rs. 50000 each. On one he gains 14% and on the other, he
losses 14%. Find his gain or loss percent in this whole transaction.
(a) 1.96% loss (b) 1.96% gain (c) 1.15% loss (d) 1.15% gain (e) None of these

8. A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price but the uses a weight
of 920 g for a kg weight. Find his gain percent.
(a) 7 % (b) 8 % (c) 5 % (d) 3 % (e) None of these

9. If the cost price of 20 articles is equal to the selling price of 15 articles, find the
profit percent.
(a) 33 % (b) 33 % (c) 33 % (d) 33 % (e) None of these

42
10. A dishonest dealer sells his goods at 10% loss on cost price but uses 20% less
weight. What is his profit or loss percent?
(a) 12% loss (b) 22.5% gain (c) 13.9% loss (d) 12.5% gain (e) None of these

11. If the cost piece of 30 articles is equal to the selling piece of 28 articles. Find the
profit percent.
` (a) 7 % (b) 14 % `(c) 14 % (d) 14 (e) None of these

12. If a man wants to sell his chair for Rs. 720 he gets 25% loss. To gain 25%, he
should sell it for
(a) Rs. 1200 (b) Rs. 1000 (c) Rs. 960 (d) Rs. 900 (e) None of these

13. The SP of an article after two successive discounts of 10% and 5% on marked
price is Rs. 171. Find the marked price.
(a) Rs. 200 (b) Rs. 220 (c) Rs. 240 (d) Rs. 250 (e) None of these

14. Some apples are bought at 5 for Rs. 10 and sold at 6 for Rs. 15. What is the gain
percent
(a) 35% (b) 45% (c) 20% (d) 25% (e) None of these

15. Pens are bought at 5 for Rs. 4 and sold at 4 for Rs. 5 find the gain percent.
(a) 55% (b) 45.26% (c) 56.25% (d) 60% (e) None of these

16. By selling 100 pens, a shopkeeper gains the selling price of 40 pens. Find his gain
percent.
(a) 4.47% (b) 6.67% (c) 8.8% (d) 5.59% (e) None of these

17. Jacob bought a scooter for a certain sum of money. He spent 10% of the cost on
repairs and sold the scooter for a profit of Rs 1100. How much did he spend on repair if
he made a profit of 20%?
(a) Rs.400 (b)Rs.440 (c) Rs500 (d) Rs 550

18. A shopkeeper sells one transistor for Rs.840 at a gain of 20% and another for Rs.
960 at a loss of 4%. His total gain or loss percent is :
(a) 5 % loss (b) 5 % profit (c) 6 % gain (d) None of these

43
19. In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost increase by 25% but the
selling price remains constant, approximately what percent of the selling price is the
profit?
(a) 30% (b) 70% (c) 100% (d) 250%

20. The profit earned by selling an article for Rs 832 is equal to the loss incurred
when the same article is sold for Rs. 448. What should be the sale price for making 50%
profit?
a) Rs.920 b) Rs.960 c) Rs.1060 d) Rs.1200

21. The profit earned by selling an article for Rs .900 is double the loss incurred
when the same article is sold for Rs .450. At what price should the article be sold to
make 25% profit?
(a) Rs.600 b) Rs.750 c) Rs.800 d)Data inadequate

22. Profit earned by selling an article for Rs. 1060 is 20% more than the loss incurred
by selling the article for Rs. 950. At what price should the article be sold to earn 20%
profit?
(a) Rs.980 (b) Rs.1080 ( c) Rs.1800 (d) None of these

23. A man sold 18 cots for Rs. 16,800 , gaining there by the cost price of 3 cots .The
cost price of a cot is :
(a) Rs.650 (b) Rs.700 (c) Rs.750 (d) Rs800

24. If on selling 12 notebooks, a seller makes a profit equal to the selling price of 4
notebooks, what is his percent profit ?
(a) 16% b. 25% c. 50% d. Not
25. Oranges are bought at the rate of 10 for Rs. 25 and sold at the rate of 9 for Rs 25.
The profit is :
a. 9 % b. 10% c. 11 % d. 12%
26. A man purchased a box full of pencils at the rate of 7 for Rs .9 and sold all of
them at the rate of 8 for Rs 11. In this transaction, he gained Rs .10. How many pencils
did the box contain?
a. 100 b. 112 c. 114 d. 115
27. A trader mixes 26 kg of rice at Rs 20 per kg with 30 kg of rice of other variety at
Rs 36 per kg and sells the mixture at Rs 30 per kg. His profit percent is :
a. No profit, No loss b. 5% c. 8% d. 10%

44
28. Arun purchased 30 kg of wheat at the rate of Rs . 11.50 Per kg and 20 kg of wheat
at the rate of Rs. 14.25 per kg . He mixed the two and sold the mixture. Approximately
what price per kg should he sell the mixture to make 30% profit?
a. Rs. 14.80 b. Rs.15.40 c. Rs.15.60 d. Rs.16.30
29. A dairyman pays Rs. 6.40 per litre of milk. He adds water and sells the mixture at
Rs 8 per litre, thereby making 37.5% profit. The proportion of water to milk received by
the customers is :
a. 1:10 b. 1:12 c. 1:15 d. 1:20
30. A shopkeeper professes to sell his goods at the cost price. But uses a weight of
800 gm instead of kilogram weight. Thus , he makes a profit of :
a. 20% b. 16% c. 25% d. None of these

31. A man buys an article for 10% less than its value and sells it for 10% more than
its value. His gain or loss percent is :
a. No profit, no loss
b. 20% profit
c. Less than 20% loss .
d. more than 20% profit

32. Samant bought a microwave oven and paid 10% less than original price. He sold
it with 30% profit on the price he had paid. What percent of profit did Samant earn on
the original price?
a. 17% b. 20% c. 27% d. 32%
33. If 5% more gained by selling an article for Rs. 350 than by selling it for Rs 340, the
cost of the article is :
a. Rs50 b. Rs160 c. Rs200 d. Rs225
34. A dealer sold an article at a loss of 2 %. Had he sold it for Rs 100 more, he would
have gained 7 %. To gain 12 % , he should sell it for :
a. Rs.850 b. Rs.925 c. Rs1080 d. Rs1125
35. Garima purchased a briefcase with an additional 10% discount on the reduced
price after deducted 20% on the labeled price. If the labeled price was Rs 1400, at what
price did she purchase the briefcase?
a. Rs980 b. Rs1008 c. Rs1056 d. Rs1120
36. A fan is listed at Rs 1500 and a discount of 20% is offered on the list price. What
additional discount must be offered to the customer to bring the net price to Rs 1104?
a. 8% b. 10% c. 12% d. 15%

45
37. The difference between a discount of 35% and two successive discounts of 20%
on a certain bill was Rs 22. Find the amount of the bill.
a. Rs200 b. Rs1100 c. Rs2200 d. Not
38. A trader marked the selling price of an article at 10% above the cost price . At the
time of selling, he allows certain discount and suffers a loss of 1%. He allowed a
discount of :
a. 9% b. 10% c. 10.5 d. 11%
39. A product when sold with 10% rebate on the listed price gave a profit of Rs 70.
What was its cost price?
a. Rs200 b. Rs350 c. Rs700 d. Cannot be Determined
40. The labeled price of a cupboard is Rs 6500. The shopkeeper sold it by giving
5%discount on the labeled price and a profit of Rs 15%. What approximately is the cost
price of the cupboard?
a. Rs5000 b. Rs5350 c. Rs5600 d. Rs5800
41. A shopkeeper sold an article offering a discount of 5% and earned a profit of
23.5%. What would have been the percentage of profit earned if no discount was
offered?
a. 24.5 b. 28.5 c. 30 d. Not
42. Peter bought an item at 20% discount on its original price. He sold it with 40%
increase on the price he bought it. The new sale price is by what percent more than the
original price?

46
 CHAPTER- 4 (RATIO & PROPORTION)
In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or
consequent.

E.g. The ratio 5 : 9 represents with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9

Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero
number does not affect the ratio.

Proportion:

The equality of two ratios is called proportion.

If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion. Then,

𝑎/𝑏=𝑐/𝑑

Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.

Product of means = Product of extremes.

Thus, a : b :: c : d (b x c) = (a x d)

Direct and Inverse Proportion:

If X is directly proportional to Y, it means when X increases Y increases and vice versa.

If X is inversely proportional to Y, it means when X increases Y decreases and vice
versa.

Example: I= Q/t where Q is the charge, I is the current and t is the time.

Here, I is directly proportional to Q when time is constant, and I is inversely

proportional to t when charge Q is constant.

Fourth Proportional:

If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.

Third Proportional:

a : b = b : c, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.

Mean Proportional:

Mean proportional between a and b is (ab)^1/2.

47
Duplicate Ratios:

Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2).

Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/2 : b1/2).

Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3).

Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/3 : b1/3).

Compound Ratio:

 If the ratios are-- 4:3, 9:13, 26:5, 2:15

Then Ratio compounded = (4*9*26*2)/(3*13*5*15) = 16:25;

Combined Ratio:

 If the ratios are- A:B= 1:2, B:C= 3:4, C:D= 6:9, and D:E= 12:16

Then A:B:C:D:E = 3:6:8:12:16

 Speed ratio – A:B:C:D then Time ratio- (1/A): (1/B) : (1/C) : (1/D)

48
 PARTNERSHIP
Important Concepts
 Ratio of Divisions of Gains:
Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business, then at the
end of the year:
(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit) = x : y.

 Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months then,
(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit)= xp : yq

49
 EXERCISE-01

Q1: If A : B = 3 : 4, B : C = 8 : 9 and C : D = 15 : 16 then A : D = ?

A. 5:8
B. 8:9
C. 8:5
D. 9:8

Q2: If A : B = 3 : 4 and A+B = 2100 then A = ?

A. 700
B. 800
C. 900
D. 1200

Q3: If A : B = 12 : 11 and A-B = 300 then A = ?

A. 3000
B. 3200
C. 3300
D. 3600

Q 4 : If 2A = 3B = 4C then A : B : C = ?
A. 3:4:6
B. 6:4:3
C. 4:3:6
D. 4:6:3
Q 5: Three numbers are in 1:2:3 and the sum of their square is 504. Numbers are
A. 5, 10, 15
B. 6, 12, 18
C. 4, 8, 12
D. 7, 14, 21

Q 6: The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio b/w 1st and 2nd number is 2:3 and the
ratio b/w 2nd and 3rd number is 5:8. The middle number is:
A. 15
B. 30
C. 45
D. 60

50
Q7 : A bag contains 1 ₹, 50 paisa, 25 paisa and 10 paisa coins in 1:3:5:7. If total amount is
₹ 22.25. How many 50 paisa coins are there?
A. 5
B. 15
C. 25
D. 35

Q8 : A man divide his property in such a way that the share of son to his wife and wife
to daughter both are 3:1. If daughter got ₹ 10 lakh less than son, what was the total
property?
A. 22.5 lakh
B. 16.25 lakh
C. 26.25 lakh
D. 40 lakh

Q 9: A man divide his property among three son A, B and C in 2:3:5. B sold 1/3rd to A
and 1/3rd to C. C sold 1/4th of his entire property to A. Now property of A is 18 lakh.
what was the total property?
A. 40 lakh
B. 45 lakh
C. 90 lakh
D. 50 lakh

Q 10: The ratio of income of A and B is 5:4 and their expenditure is 3:2. At the end of
month each save ₹ 800. what is the annual income of A ?
A. 2000 ₹
B. 10000 ₹
C. 12000 ₹
D. 24000 ₹

Q11 : The ratio of income of A and B is 9:4 and their expenditure is 7:3. If each save ₹
2000. what is the income of A ?
A. 72000 ₹
B. 64000 ₹
C. 36000 ₹
D. 32000 ₹
Q12 : On dividing ₹ 671 in three part we get the parts in 1:2:3 if the share is increased by
₹ 3, 7 and 9 resp. Find least part.
A. 112 ₹
B. 115 ₹
C. 220 ₹
D. 223 ₹

51
Q 13: Divide ₹ 1162 into three parts such that 4 times the first may be equal to 5 times
the second or 7 times the third. Find the value of smallest part.
A. 140 ₹
B. 280 ₹
C. 392 ₹
D. 560 ₹

Q14 : If Deepti invests 11% of her monthly salary which is 5236 ₹ in fixed deposit.
Later she invests 19% on LIC and 7% on mutual funds. Find total annual amount
invested by her.
A. 1937.32 ₹
B. 193732 ₹
C. 17612 ₹
D. 211344 ₹

Q15 : 60 L mixture consist Milk and water in 2:1. Find the amount of water to be further
added to make ratio reverse.
A. 120 L
B. 60 L
C. 30 L
D. 20 L

Q16 : An employer reduces the number of employee in 4:3 and increases the wages in
5:7. By how much % his total bill will increase or decrease?
A. 5% increase
B. 5% decrease
C. 20% increase
D. 20% decrease

Q17 : An One year ago, the salary‘s ratio of Laxman and Gopal was 3:4. The individual
ratio between last and this year salary are 4:5 and 2:3 resp. If present total salary of both
is 416000 ₹, then what is the salary of Laxman ?
A. 256000 ₹
B. 160000 ₹
C. 300000 ₹
D. 288000 ₹

52
ANSWERS:

1. A
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. A
13. B
14. D
15. B
16. A
17. B

53
 PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. A sum of money is to be divided amonst P, Q and R in the respective ratio 3:4:5

and another sum of money is to be divided between S and T equally. If N got Rs.
1050 less than P, how much amount did Q receive?
a) Rs. 750 b) Rs. 2000 c) Rs. 1500 d) cannot be determined.

2. What should be subtracted from 15, 28, 20 and 38 so that the remaining numbers
may be proportional?
a) 6 b) 4 c) 2 d) none of these

3. One test tube contains some syrup and another test tube contains an equal
quantity of salt to prepare a solution, 20g of the syrup is poured into the second test
tube. Then, two-thirds of the so-formed solution is poured from the second tube into
the first. If the fluid in the first test tube is four times that in the second, what
quantity of salt was taken initially?
a) 80g b) 60g c) 40g d) none of these

4. Ganga and Yamuna enter into a partership, Ganga contributes Rs. 5000 while
Yamuna contributes Rs. 4000. After 1 month, Yamuna withdraws 1/4th part of her
contribution and after 3 months from the starting, Ganga puts Rs. 2000 more. When
Jamuna withdraws her money Jamuna also joins them with Rs. 7000. If at the end of
1yr, there is profit of Rs. 1218, what will be the share of Jamuna in the profit?
a) Rs. 844.37 b) Rs. 488.47 c) Rs. 588.47 d) None of these

5. In a mixture of 60 L, the ratio of Beer and water is 2:1. If this ratio is to be 1:2, then
the quantity of water to be further added is
a) 30 L b) 20 L c) 40 L d) 60 L

6. The ratio between the number of passengers travelling by I and II classes between
the two bus stations is 1:50, whereas the ratio of I and II classes fares between the
same stations is 3:1. If on a particular day, Rs. 1325 were collected from the
passengers, then what was the amount collected from the II class passengers?
a) Rs. 750 b) Rs. 1000 c) Rs. 850 d) Rs. 1250

7. Izhar saving and expenditure are in the ratio 2:3. His income increases by 10%. His
expenditure also increases by 12%. By how much percent do his savings increase?
a) 7% b) 9% c) 10% d) 13%

8. A bottle contains of soda and the rest water. What amount of the mixture must
be taken away and replaced by an equal quantity of water so that the mixture has
half soda and half water?
a) 25% b) 33 % c) 45% d) 50%

54
9. A mixture of 45 L of spirit and water contains 20% of water in it. How much water
must be added to it make the water 25% in the new mixture?
a) 5 L b) 3 L c) 4 L d) 6 L

10. Divide Rs. 671 among Anil, Binit and Chinu such that if their shares be increased
by Rs. 3, Rs. 7 and Rs. 9 respectively, the remainder shall be in the ratio 1:2:3.
a) Rs. 110, Rs. 220, Rs. 336 b) Rs. 112, Rs. 223, Rs. 336
c) Rs. 105, Rs. 223, Rs. 330 d) None of the above

11. Three partners invested capital in the ratio 2:7:9. The time period for which each
of them invested was in the ratio of the reciprocals of the amount invested. Find the
share of the partner who brought in the maximum capital, if gain is Rs. 1080.
a) Rs. 120 b) Rs. 360 c) Rs. 540 d) Rs. 420

12. The ratio of the ages of the father and the son at present is 7:1. After 4 yr, the ratio
will become 4:1. What is the sum of the present ages of the father and the son?
a) 20 yr b) 35 yr c) 32 yr d) None of these

13. M and N enter into a partnership with Rs. 50000 and Rs. 60000 respectively. O
joins them after x months contributing Rs. 70000 and N leaves x months before the
year‘s end. The ratio of their profit is 20: 18: 21, and then the value of x is
a) 3 b) 9 c) 6 d) 8

14. Two friends Anil and Binit jointly lent out Rs. 81600 at 4% per annum compound
interest. After 2 yr, Anil gets the same amount as Binit gets after 3 yr. The investment
made by Binit was
a) Rs. 40000 b) Rs. 30000 c) Rs. 45000 d) Rs. 38000

15. A man is standing on the 8 m long shadow of 6 m long pole. If the length of the
shadow of man is 2.4m, then the height of the man is
a) 1.4m b) 1.8m c) 1.6m d) 2.0m

16. A vessel contains liquid P and Q in the ratio 5:3. If 16 L of the mixture are
removed and the same quantity of liquid Q is added, the ratio becomes 3:5. What
quantity does the vessel hold?
a) 35 L b) 45 L c) 40 L d) 50 L

17. A flask is full of savlon. One-third of it is taken out and then an equal amount of
spirit is poured into the flask to fill it. This operation is done four times. Find the
final ratio of savlon and spirit in the flask.
a) 13:55 b) 20:74 c) 16: 65 d) 10:48

18. A person has a chemical of Rs. 25 per liter. In what ratio should water mixed in
that chemical, so that after selling the mixture at Rs. 20 per liter he may get a profit of
25%?
a) 13:16 b) 12:15 c) 16:9 d) 19:22

55
19. Ritu, Reshu, Rohin and Neha rented a house and agreed to share the rent as
follows
Ritu: Reshu = 8:15
Reshu: Rohin = 5:8 and Rohin: Neha = 4:5. The part of rent paid by Rohin will be
a) 24/77 b) 13/66 c) 12/55 d) 13/77

20. In a proportion the multiplication of first and last terms is 40 and that of second
and third terms is 2.5x, then the value of x is
a) 16 b) 36 c) 75 d) 90

21. At Gujarat Rival (GR) demonstration, supporters of Mr. Modi outnumbered the
police by 9:1. The police arrested 135 GR supporters averaging 5 for every 3
policemen. How many supporters of GR were there in the demonstration?
a) 1215 b) 665 c) 405 d) None of these

22. How many kg of sugar costing Rs. 5.75 p0er kg should be mixed with 75 kg of
cheaper super costing Rs. 4.50 per kg so that the mixture is worth Rs. 5.50 per kg?
a) 350 kg b) 300 kg c) 250 kg d) 325 kg

23. Plane fares of 3rd, 2nd and 1st classes between two cities were in the ratio of
3:6:8. The fares of 2nd and 1st class were subsequently reduced by 1/12 and 1/6,
respectively. If during a year, the ratio between the passengers of 3rd, 2nd and 1st
classes was 26:12:9 and total amount collected by the sale of tickets was Rs. 1088,
then find the collection from the passengers of 1st class.
a) Rs. 260 b) Rs. 280 c) Rs. 300 d) Rs. 320

24. Divide Rs. 1586 in three parts. Their amounts at the end of 2, 3 and 4 yr
respectively, at 5% per annum simple interest be equal
a) Rs. 552, Rs, 528, Rs. 506 b) Rs. 560, Rs. 520, Rs. 506
c) Rs. 556, Rs. 524, Rs. 506 d) Rs. 548, Rs. 528, Rs. 510

25. 5 L of soda is added to a certain quantity of pure spirit costing Rs. 3/L. By selling
the mixture on same price as before, a gain of 20% is made, and then what is the
amount of pure spirit in the mixture?
a) 20 L b) 30 L c) 25 L d) 35

26. A sink contains exactly 12 L of water. If water is drained from the sink until it
holds exactly 6 L of water than the quantity drained away, how many liters of water
were drained away?
a) 2 L b) 6 L c) 3 L d) 9 L

27.A chemist has 10 L of solution that is 10% citric acid by volume. He wants to
dilute the solution to 4% strength by adding milk. How many liters of milk must he
add?
a) 15 b) 20 c) 18 d) 25

56
28. Three tub G, H and I are having mixtures of juice and water in the ratio 1:5, 3:5
and 5:7 respectively. If the capacities of the tub are in the ratio 5:4:5 then find the
ratio of the juice to the water if the mixtures of the entire three tubs are mixed
together.
a) 51:115 b) 52:115 c) 53:115 d) 54:115

29. Salaries of Anu, Banu and Chamu were in the ratio 3:5:7 respectively. If their
salary were increased by 50%, 60% and 50% respectively, what will be the new ratio
of their respective salaries?
a) 4:5:7 b) 3:6:7 c) 4:15:18 d) 9:16:21

30. The ratio of the rate of flow of water in tunnels varies inversely as the square of
the radius of the tunnels. What is the ratio of the rates of flow in 2 tunnels of
diameter 2 cm and 4 cm?
a) 1:2 b) 2:1 c) 1:8 d) 4:1

31. If y/(x-z) = (y+x)/z = x/y, then find x: y: z.

a) 1:2:3 b) 3:2:1 c) 4:2:3 d) 2:4:7

32. Half the women and one-third of the men of a college reside in the Paying Guest.
What fractional part of the student body are PG dwellers if the total number of
women in the college is 100 and is 1/4 of the total strength?
a) 2/5 b) 5/12 c) 1/5 d) None of these

33. Given that 24 carat gold is pure gold, 18 carat gold is 3/4 gold and 20 carat gold
is 5/6 gold, tha ratio of pure gold in 18 carat gold to the pure gold in 20 carat gold is
a) 5:8 b) 9:10 c) 15:24 d) 8:5

34. The ratio of coins in a bag contains Rs. 216 in the form of one rupee, 50 paisa and
25 paisa coins are 2:3:4. The number of 50 paisa coins is
a) 96 b) 144 c) 114 d) 141

35. The ratio of monthly income of two workers is 4:5and their monthly expenditures
are 7:9. If each saves Rs. 50 a month, then what is their monthly income?
a) Rs. 100, Rs. 125 b) Rs. 200, Rs. 250 c) Rs. 300, Rs. 375 d) Rs. 400, Rs. 500

36. In a mixture of 60 l, the ratio of Juice and soda is 2:1. If the ratio of the juice and
soda is to be 1 : 2, then the amount of soda to be further added must be

a) 40 L b) 30 L c) 20 L d) 60 L

57
37. A woman left one half of the property for his husband. One third to his son and
the remainder to his daughter and the share were worth Rs. 45,000. How much
money did the woman leave

a)Rs.2,45,000 b) Rs.2,60,000 c) Rs.2,70,000 d) Rs.2,75,000

38. Ratio of Jacob age to Joy age is 4:3. Ashok will be 26 yr old after 6 yr. how old is
Joy now?

a) 18 yr b) 21 yr c) 15 yr d) 24 yr

39. The incomes of Chandni and Kiran are in the ratio 9:4 and their expenditures are
in the ratio 7:3. If each saves Rs.2, 000, then Chandni expenditure is

a) Rs.60, 000 b) Rs.80,000 c) Rs.70,000 d) None of these

40. N and M entered into partnership with Rs.600 and Rs.700 respectively. After 6
months, M withdraws 28.56% of his stock but after 3 months, he puts back 60% of
what he had withdrawn. The gain at the end of the year is Rs. 726. How much of this
should M receive?

a)Rs.336 b)Rs.366 c)Rs.633 d)Rs.663

41. At the start of a Project the ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls was
3:1. During the tea break, 16 boys left and 6 more girls registered. The ratio of the
boys to the girls became 2:1. The total number of boys and girls at the start of the
seminar was

a) 112 b) 48 c) 54 d) 72

42. The number that must be added to each of the numbers 8, 21, 13 and 31 to make
the ratio of last two numbers equal to the ratio of first two numbers is

a) 7 b) 5 c) 9 d) None of these

43. The least number which when subtracted from the ratio 6 : 7 to give a ratio less
than 16 : 21, is
a)3 b)4 c)5 d)6
44. The sum of 3 numbers is 98. If the ratio of the 1st to 2nd is 2:3 and that of 2nd to 3rd
is 5:8, then the 2nd number is
a)10 b)17 c)25 d)30
45. Salaries of Ravan and Savant are in the ratio 2:3. If the salary of each is increased
by Rs 4000, the new ratio becomes 40:57. What is Savant present salary?
a)32000 b)34000 c)38000 d)40000

58
46. Amit and Sumit together have Rs. 1210. If 4/15 of Amit's amount is equal to 2/5
of Sumit's amount. How much amount Sumit has?
a)Rs 484 b)Rs. 480 c)Rs 478 d)Rs 470

47. If 40% of a number is equal to two-third of another number, what is the ratio of
1st number to the 2nd number?
a)2:5 b)2:7 c) 5:7 d)5:3

59
 CHAPTER- 05 (AVERAGE)

Important Formulae:
Numbers Sum Average
(Sum/n)

First n numbers n(n+1)/2 (n+1)/2

First n odd numbers n^2 N

First n even numbers n(n+1) (n+1)

First n square numbers n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 (n+1)(2n+1)/6

Consecutive numbers n(first term + last term)/2 (first term + last term)/2

Example. The average of 20 numbers is zero. Of them, at the most, how many may
be greater than zero?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 10
D) 19
Example. The average of 7 consecutive numbers is 20. The largest of these numbers
is :
A)27
B)26
C)24
D)23

60
DEVIATION METHOD:

Example: Find the average of 20, 23, 28, 24, 25

Assume any number as the average, say 25.
Find the deviation for all the given values.
Numbers - 20 23 28 24 25
Deviation - -5 -2 +3 -1 0
Total deviation - -5
Average deviation - -5/5
(Total/n) = -1
Final average = assumed average + average deviation
= 25 + (-1)
= 24
Note: It is better to assume the average between the highest value and the lowest value
because it will always be between them.

EQUAL DISTRIBUTION METHOD:

Example: Average of 5 students‘ marks is 30. If one student having 90 marks is
added to the team then what will be the new average?
General equation
Avg5 = 30
No of students = 5
Sum5 = 30x5
= 150
Sum6 = 150+90
= 240
Avg6 = 240/6
= 40

All the problems in this concept are solved by assuming all the values as average
itself.

Step1: Assume all the values to be 30.

30 30 30 30 30
If the new mark is also 30 then the average will remain the same.
30 30 30 30 30 30
Step2: Finding the extra values-
But the actual new mark is 90, which means extra 60 is added to the values.
30 30 30 30 30 30 +60

90
Step3: Distributing the extra values equally-
The extra 60 should be divided equally among 6 values as 10 each.
30 30 30 30 30 30
+10 +10 +10 +10 +10 +10
40 40 40 40 40 40
∴ the new average is 40

61
 EXERCISE- 01

Q.1: What is the Average of first 20 natural numbers?

A. 10
B. 10.5
C. 11
D. 11.5

Q.2: What is the Average of first 30 whole numbers?

A. 13
B. 13.5
C. 14
D. 14.5

Q.3: The Average contribution of 8 members is ₹ 12 each but 9th person contributes 8
₹ more than the average of 9 members. Find contribution of 9th member.
A. 13
B. 17
C. 21
D. 24

Q.4: In a class of 20 students, the average weight is 47 kg. One boy whose weight
was 31 kg left the class and replaced by other one as a result the average weight of
class is increased by 800gm. Find the weight of new boy.
A. 43
B. 47
C. 51
D. 54

Q.5: The average of A, B, C and D is 31. The average of D, E, F and G is 36. The
average of A, B, C, D, E, F and G is 32. Find the value of D
A. 43
B. 44
C. 45
D. 57

Q.6: The average of first six innings is 55 and the average of last six innings is
65. The avg of 11 innings is 56. Find run scored in 6th inning.
A. 102
B. 104
C. 108
D. 112

62
Q.7: On 17th inning, Virat scored 97 runs as a result his average increased by 2. Find
the average of 17th inning.
A. 61
B. 63
C. 65
D. 67

Q.8: The average weight of A, B, C and D is 67kg. If E is added in the group, average
is increased by 2kg. If A is replaced by F, average becomes 64kg. Find weight of A, if
weight of F is 4 kg more than weight of E.
A. 81
B. 83
C. 91
D. 93

Q.9: The average of 20 observations is 56 but while adding 57 is used in place of 77.
Find correct average.
A. 56
B. 57
C. 58
D. 55

Q.10: The average age of a cricket team of 11 players is the same as it was 3 years
back because three of the players whose current average age is 33 years was replaced
by three youngsters. The average age of newcomer is.
A. 20
B. 21
C. 22
D. 23

Q.11: Eight consecutive numbers are given. If the average of the two numbers that
appear in the middle is 6, then the sum of the eight given numbers is:
A. 54
B. 64
C. 36
D. 48

Q.12: In a 20 over the match, the required run rate to win is 7.2. If the run rate is 6 at
the end of the 15th over, the required run rate to win the match is:
A. 1.2
B. 13.2
C. 10.8
D. 12

63
Q.13: The average pocket money of 3 friends A, B, C is Rs. 80 in a particular month.
If B spends double and C spends triple of what A spends during that month and if
the average of their unspent pocket money is Rs. 60, then A spends (in Rs.)
A. Rs. 10
B. Rs. 20
C. Rs. 30
D. Rs. 40

Q.14: Six tables and twelve chairs were bought for Rs. 7,800. If the average price of a
table is Rs. 750, then the average price of a chair would be :
A. Rs. 250
B. Rs. 275
C. Rs. 150
D. Rs. 175

Q.15: A shop of electronic goods remains closed on Monday. The average sale per
day for remaining six days of a week is Rs. 15640 and the average sale of Tuesday to
Saturday is Rs. 14124. The sale on Sunday is:
A. Rs. 23220
B. Rs. 201888
C. Data inadequate
D. 21704

Q.16: Nine persons went to a hotel for taking their meals. Eight of them spent Rs. 12
each of their meals and the ninth spent Rs. 8 more than the average expending of all
the nine. Total money spent by them was?
A. 104
B. 105
C. 116
D. 117

Q.17: The average monthly salary of all the employees in an industry is Rs. 12000.
The average salary of male employees is Rs. 15000 and that of female employees is
Rs. 8000. What is the ratio of male employees to female employees?
A. 5:2
B. 3:4
C. 4:3
D. 2:5

64
Q.18: The average monthly salary of the workers in a workshop is Rs. 8500. If the
average monthly salary of 7 technicians is Rs. 10000 and average monthly salary of
the rest is Rs. 7800, the total number of workers in the workshop is?
A. 18
B. 20
C. 22
D. 24

Q.19: The average temperature of the town in the first four days of a month was 58
degrees. The average for the second, third fourth and fifth days was 60 degrees. If
the temperatures of the first the fifth days were in the ratio 7:8, then what is the
temperature on the fifth day?
A. 240 degrees
B. 232 degrees
C. 64 degrees
D. None of these

Q.20: There were 35 students in a hostel. If the number of students increases by 7, the
expenses of mess increase by Rs. 42 per day while the average expenditure per head
diminishes by Re. 1. Find the original expenditure of the mess?
A. Rs. 320
B. Rs. 420
C. Rs. 160
D. Rs. 158

65
ANSWERS:
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. C
11. D
12. C
13. A
14. B
15. A
16. D
17. C
18. C
19. C
20. B

66
 PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Some students planned for a party. The budget for food was ₹ 5000. But 5 of them
failed to go and thus the cost of food for each member increased by ₹ 50. How many
students attended the party?

(a) 15 (b) 25 (c) 20 (d) 30

2. The average run of boys in a match in a school is 71 and that of the girls is 73. The
average run of the school is 71.8. The ratio of the number of boys to that of the girls
that played in the match is

(a) 1:2 (b) 3:2 (c) 2:3 (d) 4:2

3. The mean monthly salary paid to 75 workers in a factory is ₹ 5680. The mean
salary of 25 of them is ₹ 5400 and that of 30 others is ₹ 5700. The mean salary of the
remaining workers is

(a) Rs 5000 (b) Rs 7000 (c) Rs 6000 (d) Rs 8000

4. The average monthly expenditure of a family was ₹ 2200 during the first 3 months;
₹ 2250 during the next 4 months and ₹ 3120 during the last 5 months of a year. If the
total savings during the year was ₹ 1260, then the average monthly income was

(a) ₹ 2605 (b) ₹ 2805 (c) ₹ 2705 (d) ₹ 2905

5. A number of friends decided to go on a picnic and planned to spend ₹ 96 on

eatables. Four of them, did not turn up. As a consequence, the remaining ones had to
contribute ₹ 4 each extra. The number of those who attended the picnic was

(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 12 (d) 24

6. The average salary of all the workers in a company is ₹ 8000. The average salary of
7 Labor is ₹ 12000 and the average salary of the rest is ₹ 6000. The total number of
workers in the company is

(a) 21 (b) 20 (c) 23 (d) 22

7. The average rain of the first four days of a week is 40.2 mm and that of the last
four days is 41.3 mm. If the average rain for the whole week is 40.6 mm, then the rain
on the fourth day is

(a) 40.8 mm (b) 38.5 mm (c) 41.3 mm (d) 41.8 mm

67
8. The average of 10 numbers is 40.2. Later it is found that two numbers have been
wrongly added. The first is 18 greater than the actual number and second number
added is 13 instead of 31. Find the correct average.

(a) 40.2 (b) 40.4 (c) 40.6 (d) 40.8

9. The average of 11 numbers is 10.9. If the average of the first six numbers is 10.5
and that of last six numbers is 11.4, then the middle number is

(a) 11.5 (b) 11.4 (c) 11.3 (d) 11.0

10. The mean of 1, 7, 5, 3, 4 and 10 is m. The mean of 10, 12, 3, 5, 1, 7 and p is m+1
and their median is q. Then, q is equal to

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 12

11. In a class, the average score of girls in an examination is 73 and that of boys is 71.
The average score for the whole class is 71.8. The percentage of the girls in the class
is

(a) 60% (b) 40% (c) 1.8% (d) 18%

12. In the first 10 over of an IPL cricket game, the run rate was only 3.2. What should
be the run rate in the remaining 40 over‘s to reach the target of 282 runs?

(a) 6.25 (b) 6.50 (c) 6.75 (d) 7

13. The average (arithmetic mean) of x and y is 40. If z=10, then what is the average
of x, y and z?

(a) 16 (b) 30 (c) 25 (d) 17

14. There are 30 students in a class. The average age of the first 10 students is 12.5 yr.
The average age of the next 20 students is 13.1 yr. The average age of the whole class
is

(a) 12.5 yr (b) 12.7 yr (c) 12.8 yr (d) 12.9 yr

15. The weights in kilograms of 10 students are 52, 45, 31, 35, 40, 55, 60, 38, 44, 36. If
44 is replaced by 46 and 40 is replaced by 35, then the new median will be

(a) 42 (b) 40.5 (c) 40 (d) 41.5

16. The average of three numbers is 135. The largest number is 180 and the difference
between the others is 25. The smallest number is

(a) 130 (b) 125 (c) 120 (d) 100

68
17. Of the three numbers, the first is twice the second and the second is twice the
third. The average of these numbers is 21. Find the largest number out of these.

(a) 36 (b) 38 (c) 47 (d) 48

18. A demographic survey of 100 families in which two parents were present
revealed that the average age A, of the oldest child IS 20 yrs less than ½ the sum of
the ages of the two parents. If F represents the age of one parents and M the age of
the other parent, then which of the following is equivalent to A?

(a) (b) +20 (c) -20 (d) F+M-10

19. In three numbers, the first is twice the second and thrice the third. If the average
of these three numbers is 44, then the first number is

(a) 72 (b) 24 (c) 36 (d) 44

20. The batting average of 40 innings of a cricket player is 50 runs. His highest score
exceeds his lowest score by 172 runs. If these two innings are excluded the average
of the remaining 38 innings is 48. His highest score was

(a) 172 (b) 173 (c) 174 (d) 176

21. Nine persons went to a hostel for taking their meals. Eight of them spent ₹ 12
each over their meals and ninth spent ₹ 8 more than the average expending of all the
nine. Total money spent by them was

(a) ₹ 104 (b) ₹ 105 (c) ₹ 116 (d) ₹ 117

22. A batsman makes scores of 98 runs in the 19th innings and thus increases his
average by 4. What is his average after 19th innings?

(a) 22 (b) 24 (c) 28 (d) 26

23. The average weight of 45 students in a class is 52kg. 5 of them whose average
weight is 48kg leave the class and other 5 students whose average weight is 54kg
join the class. What is the new average weight (in kg) of the class?

(a) 52.6 (b) 52 (c) 52 (d) None of these

24. The average weight of 29 students in a class is 48 kg. If the weight of the teacher
is included, the average weight rises by 500g. Find the weight of the teacher.

a) 57kg (b) 60 kg (c) 65kg (d) 63 kg

69
25. The average of marks obtained by 120 candidates was 35. If the average of the
passed candidates was 15, then the number of candidates who passed the
examination was

(a)100 (b)110 (c)120 (d)150

[Link] number of observation in group is [Link] the average of the first 10 is 4.5 and
that of the remaining 30 is 3.5 , then the average of the whole group is

a) (b) (c)8 (d)4

27. The mean of five observations is 4 and their variances 5.2. If three of these
observations are 1, 2 and 6, then the other two are

a) 2 and 9 (b) 3 and 8 (c) 4 and 7 (d) 5 and 6

28. The average of 11 results in 50. If the average of first six result is 49 and that of
last six 52, the sixth result is

a) 60 (b) 56 (c) 64 (d) 70

29. The average age of a husband, his wife and son 3 yr ago was 27 yr and that of his
wife and son 5 yr ago was 20 yr . What is the husband's present age?

a)35 yr (b)32 yr (c)37 yr (d)40 yr

30. The average temperature from Monday to Thursday is 48' and from Tuesday to
Friday is 52'. If the temperature on Monday is 42' , what was it on Friday?

a)55' (b)52' (c)58' (d)51'

31. An investor earns 3% return on 1/4th of his capital, 5% on 2/3rd and 11% on the
remainder. What is the average rate of return he earns on his total capital?

a)10% (b)5% (c)5.5% (d)10.5%

32. A batsman has a certain average of runs for 12 innings. In the 13th inning, he
scores 96 runs there by increasing his average by 5 runs. What is his average after the
13th innings?

a)64 (b)48 (c)36 (d)72

[Link] a class, there are 20 boys whose average age is decreased by 2 months, when
boy age 18 yr is replaced by a new boy. The age of the new boy is

a)14 yr 8 months (b)16 yrs 4 months (c)15 yr (d)17 yr 10 months

70
34. There was one mess for 30 boarders in a certain hostel. If the number of boarders
was increased by 10, the expenses of the mess increased by Rs 40 per month, while
the average expenditure per head diminished by Rs 2. Find the original monthly
expenses?

a)Rs 390 (b)Rs 360 (c)Rs 410 (d)Rs 480

35. The mean of 25 observations was found to be 78.4. But later on it was found that
96 was misread as 69. The correct mean is

a) 79.48 (b) 76.54 (c) 81.32 (d) 78.4

36. A monthly return railway ticket costs 25% more than a single ticket. A week's
extension can be had for the former by paying 5% of monthly ticket's cost .If the
money paid for the monthly ticket (with extension ) is Rs 84 , the price of the single
ticket is

a)Rs 64 (b)Rs 80 (c)Rs 48 (d)Rs 72

37. The average monthly salary of employees, consisting of officers and workers of
an organization is Rs 3000. The average salary of an officer is Rs 2000 per month. If
there are total of 400 employees in the organization, find the number of officers and
workers separately

a)50, 350 (b)350, 450 (c)50, 275 (d)325, 350

38. While calculating the average of a batsman as 36 in 100 matches that he played,
one of the score 90 was incorrectly noted as [Link] percentage error is

(a)0.6% (b)1.36% (c)1.34% (d)1.21%

39. The average sale of a car dealership was 15 cars per week. After a promotional
scheme, the average sale increased 21 cars per week. The percentage increase in the
sale of cars was

(a) 40% (b) 140% (c) 42 (d) 39.33%

40. The average of 5 consecutive odd numbers, A, B, C, D and E is 41. What is the
product of A and E?

(a) 1677 (b) 1517 (c) 1665 (d) 1591

41. The average age of a woman and her daughter is 42 yr. The ratio their ages is 2:1
respectively. What is the daughter age?

(a) 28 yr (b) 48 yr (c) 52 yr (d) 32 yr

71
42. The average age of three baby in a family is 20% of the average age of the father
and the eldest baby. The total age of mother and the youngest baby is 39 yrs. If the
father‘s age is 26 yrs, what is the age of the second baby?

(a) 20 yr (b) 18 (c) 15 yr (d) Cannot be determined

43. Average of 10 innings is 32, how many runs one should score to increase her
average by 4.
(a) 70 (b) 76 (c) 78 (d) 80

44. If the average salary of three factories of 55, 60 and 45 workers respectively is 50,
55, 60, then the average salary of all the three factory workers is
(a)54.48 (b)54.68 (c) 54.60 (d) 54.58

45. The average age of Rohit, Reena and their child 3 years ago was 27 years and that
of Reena and the child 5 years ago was 20 years. The present age of the Rohit is
(a)40 (b) 35 (c) 45 (d) 55

46. The average of six numbers is M and the average of three of these is N. If the
average of the remaining three is P, then
(a) M = N + P (b) 2M = N + P (c) M = 2N + P (d) M = N + 2P

46. A Biker travel 150 km from Lucknow to Delhi at an average speed of 50 km/hr
and returns at the speed of 30 km/hr. Find the average speed for the whole journey
in km/hr is
(a) 36.5 km/hr (b) 37.5 km/hr (c)35.5 km/hr (d)34.5 km/hr

47. The average age of the Father and his six children is 12 years which is reduced by
5 years if the age of the father is excluded. How old is the father
(a) 40 (b)41 (c) 42 (d) 43

48. The average weight of a group of 24 members is 35 kg. If the weight of the leader
be included, the average rises by 400 g. The weight of the leader is
(a) 45 (b) 50 (c) 55 (d) 60

72
 CHAPTER- 06 (TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE)
1. km/hr to m/s conversion:
5
a km/hr = a x m/s.
18
2. m/s to km/hr conversion:
18
a m/s = a x km/hr.
5
Formulas for finding Speed, Time and Distance
3. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a
signal post is equal to the time taken by the train to cover l metres.
4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery object of
length b metres is the time taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres.
5. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction
at u m/s and v m/s, where u > v, then their relative speed is = (u - v) m/s.
6. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions
at u m/s and v m/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s.
7. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions
at u m/s and v m/s, then:
(a + b)
The time taken by the trains to cross each other = sec.
(u + v)
8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction
at u m/s and v m/s, then:
(a + b)
The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = sec.
(u - v)
9. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards
each other and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively,
then:
(A's speed) : (B's speed) = (√b : √a)

73
 [EXERCISE– 01]
1. A train is moving with a speed of 90 km/h. Its speed is
A] 25 m/s B] 30 m/s C] 40 m/s D] 50 m/s

2. A train is moving with a speed of 30 m/s. Its speed is

A] 72 km/h B] 100 km/h C] 120 km/h D] 108 km/h

3. A train travels at 40 km/hr. How many meters will it travel in 18 seconds?

A] 210 m B] 200 m C] 250 m D] 350 m

4. An athlete runs 200 meters race in 24 seconds. His speed is

A] 20 km/hr B] 24 km/hr C] 28.5 km/hr D] 30 km/hr

5. A man riding his bicycle covers 150 meters in 25 seconds. What is his speed in km/hr?
A] 20 km/hr B] 21.6 km/hr C] 23 km/hr D] 25km/hr

6. In what time can Sonali cover a distance of 400 m, if she runs at a speed of 20 km/hr?
A] 1 min B] 1 min C] 2 min D] 3 min

7. A person starting from his house covers a distance at 20 km/hr and returns to the starting place
at 30 km/hr. His average speed during whole journey is
A] 25 km/hr B] 24 km/hr C] 27 km/hr D] 22 km/hr

8. A person starting from his house covers a distance at 15 km/hr and returns to the starting place
at 10 km/hr. His average speed during whole journey is
A] 11 km/hr B] 12 km/hr C] 7 km/hr D] 13 km/hr

9. 3 person A, B and C covers a distance at 10 km/hr ,12 km/hr and 15 km/hr. the average speed
is:
A] 11 km/hr B] 12 km/hr C] 7 km/hr D] 13 km/hr

10. A man completes 30 km of a journey at 6 km/hr and the remaining 40 km of the journey in 5
hours. His average speed for the whole journey is
A] 6 km/hr B] 7 km/hr C] 7 km/hr D] 8 km/hr

11. A car covers a distance of 720 km at a constant speed. If the speed of the car would have been
10 km/hr more, then it would have taken 1 hrs less to cover the same distance. What is the
original speed of the car?
A] 90 km/hr B] 80 km/hr C] 85 km/hr D] 75 km/hr

12. A car covers a distance of 715 km at a constant speed. If the speed of the car would have been
10 km/hr more, then it would have taken 2 hrs less to cover the same distance. What is the
original speed of the car?
A] 45 km/hr B] 50 km/hr C] 55 km/hr D] 65 km/hr

74
13. A man covers 1/3 of his journey at 40 km/hr and the remaining at 20 km/hr. He takes 15 hour
in total journey. The distance total journey is?
A] 300 km B] 360 km C] 240km D] 120 km

14. A man covers 1/4 of his journey at 20 km/hr and the remaining at 30 km/hr. He takes 15 hour
in total journey. The distance total journey is?
A] 400 km B] 460 km C] 440km D] 420 km

15. A student walks from his house at 10 km/hr and reaches his school late by 6 minutes. Next
day, he increases his speed by 15 km/hr and reaches 4 minutes before school time. How far is the
school from his house?
A] 12 km B] 8 km C] 5 km D] 10 km

16. If a student walks from his house to school at 5km/hr, he is late by 30 minutes. However, if he
walks at 6 km/hr, he is late by 5 minutes only. The distance of his school from his house is
A] 2.5 km B] 3.6 km C] 5.5 km D] 12.5 km

17. Walking at 7/8 of its usual speed, a train is 10 minutes too late. Find its usual time to cover the
journey.
A] 60 min B] 70 min C] 50 min D] 40 min

18. The speed of A and B are in the ratio 3:4.A takes 20 minutes more than B to reach the
destination. How much time will take A?
A] 1 hrs B] 2 hrs C] 1 hrs D] 2 hrs

19. The distance between two stations A and B is 440 km. A train starts at 4 p.m. from A and move
towards B at an average speed of 40 km/hr. Another train starts B at 5 p.m. and moves towards A
at an average speed of 60 km/hr. How far from A will the two trains meet and at what time?
A] 200, 8 p.m. B] 300, 9 p.m. C] 200, 9 p.m. D] 300, 8 p.m.

20. The distance between two stations A and B is 365 km. A train starts at 10 a.m. from A and
move towards B at an average speed of 65 km/hr. Another train starts B at 11 a.m. and moves
towards A at an average speed of 35 km/hr. How far from B will the two trains meet and at what
time?
A] 105, 2 p.m. B] 100, 4 p.m. C] 100, 2 p.m. D] 105, 5 p.m.

75
 [LEVEL – 2]

1. Excluding stoppages, the speed of a bus is 54 kmph and including stoppages, it is 45 kmph. For
how many minutes does the bus stop per hour?
A] 8 minutes B] 10 minutes C] 12 minutes D] 14 minutes

2. A train without stoppages travels at the rate of 50 km/hr and stoppages it travels at 45 km/hr.
How many minutes does train stop on an average per hour
A] 5 min B] 6 min C] 8 min D] 10 min

3. An aeroplane covers a certain distance at a speed of 240 kmph in 5 hours. To cover the same
distance in 1 hour, it must travel at a speed of:
A] 300 kmph B] 360 kmph C] 600 kmph D] 1200 kmph

4. If a person walks at 14 km/hr instead of 10 km/hr, he would have walked 20 km more. The
actual distance travelled by him is:
A] 50 km B] 56 km C] 70 km D] 80 km

5. A train can travel 50% faster than a car. Both start from point A at the same time and reach point
B 75 kms away from A at the same time. On the way, however, the train lost about 12.5 minutes
while stopping at the stations. The speed of the car is:
A] 100 kmph B] 110 kmph C] 120 kmph D] 130 kmph

6. In a flight of 600 km, an aircraft was slowed down due to bad weather. Its average speed for the
trip was reduced by 200 km/hr and the time of flight increased by 30 minutes. The duration of the
flight is:
A] 1 hour B] 2 hours C] 3 hours D] 4 hours

7. A man completes a journey in 10 hours. He travels first half of the journey at the rate of 21
km/hr and second half at the rate of 24 km/hr. Find the total journey in km.
A] 220 km B] 224 km C] 230 km D] 234 km

8. A Man travelled a distance of 61 km in 9 hours. He travelled partly on foot at 4 km/hr and

partly on bicycle at 9 km/hr. What is the distance travelled on foot?
A] 16 km B] 4 km C] 12 km D] 10 km

9. A man on tour travels first 160 km at 64 km/hr and the next 160 km at 80 km/hr. The average
speed for the first 320 km of the tour is:
A] 35.55 km/hr B] 36 km/hr C] 71.11 km/hr D] 71 km/hr

10. A car travelling with 2/3 of its actual speed covers 42 km in 1 hr 40 min 48 sec. find the actual
speed of the car.
A] 11 km/hr B] 25 km/hr C] 55 km/hr D] 37.5 km/hr

76
11. In covering a distance of 30 km, Abhay takes 2 hours more than Sameer. If Abhay doubles his
speed, then he would take 1 hour less than Sameer. Abhay's speed is:
A] 5 kmph B] 6 kmph C] 6.25 kmph D] 7.5 kmph

12. Robert is travelling on his cycle and has calculated to reach point A at 2 P.M. if he travels at 10
kmph, he will reach there at 12 noon if he travels at 15 kmph. At what speed must he travel to
reach A at 1 P.M.?
A] 8 kmph B] 11 kmph C] 12 kmph D] 14 kmph

13. It takes eight hours for a 600 km journey, if 120 km is done by train and the rest by car. It takes
20 minutes more, if 200 km is done by train and the rest by car. The ratio of the speed of the train
to that of the cars is:
A] 2: 3 B] 3: 2 C] 3: 4 D] 4: 3

14. A farmer travelled a distance of 61 km in 9 hours. He travelled partly on foot @ 4 km/hr and
partly on bicycle @ 9 km/hr. The distance travelled on foot is:
A] 14 km B] 15 km C] 16 km D] 17 km
15. A man covered a certain distance at some speed. Had he moved 3 kmph faster, he would have
taken 40 minutes less. If he had moved 2 kmph slower, he would have taken 40 minutes more. The
distance (in km) is:
A] 35 B] 36 C] 37 D] 40

16. Robert is travelling on his cycle and has calculated to reach point A at 2 P.M. if he travels at 10
kmph, he will reach there at 12 noon if he travels at 15 kmph. At what speed must he travel to
reach A at 1 P.M.?
A] 9 km/hour B] 10 km/hour C] 11 km/hour D] 12 km/hour

17. A person travels from P to Q at a speed of 40 km/hr and returns by increasing his speed by
50%. What is his average speed for both the trips?
A] 44 km/hour B] 46 km/hour C] 48 km/hour D] 50 km/hour

18. The distance between two cities A and B is 330 Km. A train starts from A at 8 a.m. and travel
towards B at 60 km/hr. Another train starts from B at 9 a.m and travels towards A at 75 Km/hr.
At what time do they meet?
A] 10 am B] 11 am C] 12 pm D] 1pm

19. A man in a train notices that he can count 41 telephone posts in one minute. If they are known
to be 50 meters apart, then at what speed is the train travelling?
A] 60 km/hr B] 100 km/hr C] 110 km/hr D] 120 km/hr

20. A train traveled at an average speed of 100 km/hr, stopping for 3 minutes after every 75 km.
How long did it take to reach its destination 600 km from the starting point?
A] 6 hours 24 mins B] 6 hours 21 mins C] 6 hours 18 mins D] 6 hours 15 mins

77
 [LEVEL –3]

1. I had to catch a bus which was 225 m ahead of me. The bus also started at the same time. If the
speed of the bus was 2.5m/s and my speed was 36 kmph, In how much time can I catch the bus?
A] 20 sec B] 25 sec C] 30 sec D] 40 sec

2. The distance of my house to my friend‘s house is 12 km. I walked at the speed of 4 kmph and
after every km took rest of 10 minutes. How much time did it take for me to reach my friend‘s
house?
A] 3 hrs B] 4 hr 50 min C] 5 hrs D] none

3. A train travelling at 72kmph starts overtaking a bike travelling at 36 kmph at 4 P.M and
overtakes him in 20 sec. Then the train travels for 30 minutes and then starts crossing another bike
in opposite direction with speed of 36kmph. When will the second bike meet the first bike?
A] 4:45 p.m. B] 5:00 p.m. C] 5:15 p.m. D] none

4. Bus B left town P for town Q at 6 a.m.@ 36kmph. While another bus C left town Q for town P at
7: 30 a.m. @24kmph. At what would they be 12 km apart of distance between P and Q is 72km?
A] 7:32 a.m. B] 7:36 a.m. C] 7:40 a.m. D] 7:48 a.m.

5. A has covered 1/3 of total distance when his scooter failed. he parked it and cover the
remaining distance by foot walking 22 times as much time as riding. How many times his riding
speed more than his walking speed?
A] 9 B] 20 C] 19 D] 10

6. While travelling from office to home Alok‘s car gave him a trouble so he took 25% more time
than his usual time to reach home. His speed in this case is what part of usual speed?
A] 4/5 B] 5/4 C] 2/3 D] None

7. A father starts from home at 3:00 p.m. to pick his son from school at 4 pm. One day the school
got over early, at 3:00 p.m. The son starts walking home. He met his father on the way and both
returned 15 minutes early then the usual time. If speed of father is 35kmph then find speed of son
in kmph?
A] 4 B] 5 C] 6 D] 7

8. PQ is a tunnel. A dog sits at the distance of 5/ 11 of PQ from P. The train whistle coming from
any end of the tunnel would make the dog run. If a train approaches P and dog runs towards P
the train would hit the dog at P. If the dog runs towards Q instead, it would hit the dog at Q. Find
ratio of speed of train and dog?
A] 5:2 B] 16:5 C] 11:1 D] 34:3

9. A police man was travelling @ 90kmph. He crosses a thief travelling @ 60kmph in opposite
direction. He had to travel for another 6 minutes before he would U turn and chase the thief?
After they crossed each other how long in minutes police will catch the thief?
A] 30 B] 36 C] 42 D] 45

78
10. Two men A and B started walking towards each other‘s starting point simultaneously from
two points X and Y which are 12 km apart. They meet after 1 hr. After meeting A increased his
speed by 6kmph. B reduced his speed by 6 kmph. They arrived at their destinations
simultaneously. Find the initial speed of A?
A] 2 kmph B] 3 kmph C] 4 kmph D] 5 kmph

11. A constable is 114 m behind a thief. The constable runs 21 m and the thief 15 m in a minute. In
what time will the constable catch the thief?
A] 16 min B] 17 min C] 18 min D] 19 min

12. A thief is spotted by a policeman from a distance of 100 m. When the policeman starts the
chase, the thief also starts running. If the speed of the thief 8 km/hr and that of the policeman 10
km/hr, how far the thief will have run before he is overtaken?
A] 200 m B] 300 m C] 400 m D] 500 m

13. I walk a certain distance and ride back taking a total time of 30 min. I could walk both ways
in 40 min. How long would it take me to ride both ways?
A] 30 min B] 25 min C] 20 min D] 35 min

14. I walk a certain distance and ride back taking a total time of 36 min. I could ride both ways in
30 min. How long would it take me to walk both ways?
A] 40 min B] 45 min C] 42 min D] 52 min

15. A train reach a station at a certain time and at a fixed speed. If the train had been 6 km/hr
faster, it would have taken 4 hours less than the scheduled time. And, If the train were slower by 6
km/hr, then would have taken 6 hours more than the scheduled time. The length of journey is:
A] 700 B] 720 C] 740 D] 760

16. If the train had been 10 km/hr faster, it would have taken 2 hours less than the scheduled time.
And, If the train were slower by 12 km/hr, then would have taken 3 hours more than the
scheduled time. The length of journey is:
A] 2000 B] 2200 C] 2400 D] 2600

17. A train after running 100 km meet with an accident and then run at 3/5 th of its former speed
and reaches the destination late by 48 min. If the accident had happened 30 km further it will be
late by 24 min. Find speed of train.
A] 125 km/hr B] 150 km/hr C] 100 km/hr D] 50 km/hr

18. A man covers a certain distance on scooter. If he had travel 3 km/h faster, he had taken 40 min
less. If he had travel 2 km/h slower, he had taken 40 min more. Find distance.
A] 40 km B] 30 km C] 80 km D] 60 km

19. Distance between two stations A and B is 208 km. A train starts from station A at 10 AM with
30 km/h and another starts from B at 1:20 noon with 24 km/h. When the train will meet and how
far from station A?
A] 2:20 PM, 120 km B] 3:20 PM, 160 km C] 2:20 PM, 160 km D] 3:20 PM, 120 km

79
20. A train leaves Delhi at 6 AM and reaches Agra at 10 AM. Another train leaves Agra at 8 AM
and reaches Delhi at 11:30 AM. At what time the trains will cross each other?
A] 8 : 32 AM B] 8 : 48 AM C] 8 : 52 AM D] 8 : 56 AM

[LEVEL – 1]
1 A 11 B
2 D 12 C
3 B 13 B
4 D 14 A
5 B 15 C
6 A 16 D
7 B 17 B
8 B 18 A
9 B 19 C
10 B 20 A
[LEVEL 2]
1 B 11 A
2 B 12 C
3 D 13 C
4 A 14 C
5 C 15 D
6 A 16 D
7 B 17 C
8 A 18 B
9 C 19 D
10 D 20 B

[LEVEL – 3]
1 C 11 D
2 B 12 C
3 D 13 C
4 B 14 C
5 D 15 B
6 A 16 B
7 B 17 D
8 C 18 A
9 B 19 B
10 B 20 C

80
 [Problems on Trains]

1. A train running at the speed of 60 km/hr crosses a pole in 9 seconds. What is the length of the
train?
A] 120 m B] 180 m C] 324 m D] 150 m

2. The length of the bridge, which a train 130 metres long and travelling at 45 km/hr can cross in
30 seconds, is:
A] 200 m B] 225 m C] 245 m D] 250 m

3. A train 240 m long passes a pole in 24 seconds. How long will it take to pass a platform 650 m
long?
A] 65 sec B] 89 sec C] 100 sec D] 150 sec

4. A train passes a station platform in 36 seconds and a man standing on the platform in 20
seconds. If the speed of the train is 54 km/hr, then what is the length of the platform?
A] 200 m B] 240 m C] 300 m D] 864 m

5. A train 125 m long passes a man, running at 5 km/hr in the same direction in which the train is
going, in 10 seconds. The speed of the train is:
A] 45 km/hr B] 50 km/hr C] 54 km/hr D] 55 km/hr

6. A train 110 metres long is running with a speed of 60 kmph. In what time will it pass a man who
is running at 6 kmph in the direction opposite to that in which the train is going?
A] 5 sec B] 6 sec C] 7 sec D] 10 sec

7. A 300-meter-long train crosses a platform in 39 seconds while it crosses a signal pole in 18

seconds. What is the length of the platform?
A] 150 m B] 200 m C] 350 m D] 400 m

8. The length of a train and that of a platform are equal. If with a speed of 90 k/hr, the train
crosses the platform in one minute, then the length of the train (in meters) is:
A] 850 B] 525 C] 550 D] 750

9. A train crosses a platform of 120 m in 15 sec; same train crosses another platform of length 180
m in 18 sec. then find the length of the train?
A] 175 m B] 180 m C] 185 m D] 170 m

10. The two trains of lengths 400 m, 600 m respectively, running at same directions. The faster
train can cross the slower train in 180 sec, the speed of the slower train is 48 km. then find the
speed of the faster train?
A] 58 Kmph B] 68 Kmph C] 78 Kmph D] 55 Kmph

81
11. Two trains, each 100 m long, moving in opposite directions, cross each other in 8 seconds. If
one is moving twice as fast the other, then the speed of the faster train is:
A] 30 Kmph B] 45 Kmph C] 60 Kmph D] 75 Kmph

12. Two trains are running in opposite directions with the same speed. If the length of each train is
120 metres and they cross each other in 12 seconds, then the speed of each train (in km/hr) is:
A] 10 Kmph B] 18 Kmph C] 36 Kmph D] 72 Kmph

13. A jogger running at 9 kmph alongside a railway track in 240 metres ahead of the engine of a
120 metres long train running at 45 kmph in the same direction. In how much time will the train
pass the jogger?
A] 3.6 sec B] 18 sec C] 36 sec D] 72 sec

14. Two trains running in opposite directions cross a man standing on the platform in 27 seconds
and 17 seconds respectively and they cross each other in 23 seconds. The ratio of their speeds is:
A] 1 : 3 B] 3 : 2 C] 3 : 4 D] None of these

15. Two trains travel in the same direction at 56 kmph and 29 kmph respectively. The faster train
passes a man in the slower train in 16 seconds. Find the length of the faster train. (all in meter)
A] 432 B] 80 C] 150 D] 120

16. The length of two trains is 250m and 300m respectively. Their speeds are 70 kmph and 79
kmph and both are running in same direction then find the time in which faster moving train can
cross a person who is sitting in slow moving train.
A] 120 sec B] 90 sec C] 110 sec D] None of these

17. A train can cross 162m long platform in 18 sec and 120m long platform in 15 sec then find the
length of train.
A] 100m B] 90m C] 120m D] None of these

18. A train overtakes two persons who are walking in the same direction in which the train is
going, at the rate of 2 kmph and 4 kmph and passes them completely in 9 and 10 seconds
respectively. The length of the train is:
A] 45m B] 50m C] 54m D] 72m

19. A train travelling with 54kmph takes 20 sec to cross the bridge. Another train 70 metre shorter
crosses the same bridge at 36kmph. Find the time taken by the second train to cross the bridge.
A] 23 sec B] 24 sec C] 25 sec D] 26 sec

20. Two trains are moving in opposite direction having speed in the ratio 5:7. First train crosses a
pole in 12 sec and the second train crosses the same pole in 15 sec. Find the in which they can cross
each other completely.
A] 55/4 sec B] 53/4 sec C] 57/4 sec D] 59/4 sec

82
21. A 270m long train running at the speed of 120 kmph crosses another train running in opposite
direction at the speed of 80 kmph in 9 second. What is the length of other train?
A] 180m B] 230m C] 245m D] 235m

22. Two, trains, one from Howrah to Patna and the other from Patna to Howrah, start
simultaneously. After they meet, the trains reach their destinations after 9 hours and 16 hours
respectively. The ratio of their speeds is:
A] 2: 3 B] 4: 3 C] 6: 7 D] 9: 16

23. A train running at 45 kmph takes 36 sec to pass a platform. Next, the train takes 12 sec to pass a
man walking at the speed of 15 kmph in the same direction. Find the length of platform.
A] 250m B] 300m C] 350m D] 400m

24. Two trains of length 100m and 125m are travelling at a speed of 45kmph and 65kmph
respectively in same direction. In what time they will completely cross each other.
A] 52 sec B] 54 sec C] 56 sec D] 58 sec

25. Two stations A and B are 110 km apart on a straight line. One train starts from A at 7 a.m. and
travels towards B at 20 kmph. Another train starts from B at 8 a.m. and travels towards A at a
speed of 25 kmph. At what time will they meet?
A] 9 a.m. B] 10 a.m. C] 10.30 a.m. D] 11 a.m.

26. A train has 20 compartments and an engine. Length of each compartment is 10m and length of
engine is 15m. The gap between engine and compartment is 1m; the speed of train is 60 kmph and
can cross a platform in 90 sec. find the length of platform.
A] 1265m B] 1250m C] 1320m D] None of these

27. A train can cross a person who is running with a speed of 6 kmph in the same direction. The
person can see the train for 2 minutes and after that the train becomes out of sight and at that
moment the distance between train and that person is 1.2 km then find the speed of train.
A] 52 kmph B] 40 kmph C] 42 kmph D] None of these

28. Two stations P and Q are 400 km apart from each other. One train starts from P at a speed of 60
kmph towards Q and after 2 hr another train starts from Q towards P at 45 kmph. At what
distance from P the train will meet.
A] 220 km B] 240 km C] 260 km D] 280 km

29. Two trains A and B start from Howrah and Patna towards Patna and Howrah respectively at
the same time. After passing each other they take 4 h 48 min and 3 h 20 min to reach Patna and
Howrah respectively. If the train from Howrah is moving at 45 km/h, then the speed of the other
train is
A] 60 km/h B] 45 km/h C] 35 km/h D] 54 km/h

30. A train passes two persons walking in the same direction at a speed of 3 km/hr and 5 km/hr
respectively in 10 seconds and 11 seconds respectively. The speed of the train is
A] 28 kmph B] 27 kmph C] 25 kmph D] 24 kmph

83
 [Boats and Streams]

1. In one hour, a boat goes 11 km/hr along the stream and 5 km/hr against the stream. The speed
of the boat in still water (in km/hr) is:
A] 3 kmph B] 5 kmph C] 8 kmph D] 9 kmph

2. A boat running downstream covers a distance of 16 km in 2 hours while for covering the same
distance upstream, it takes 4 hours. What is the speed of the boat in still water?
A] 4 kmph B] 6 kmph C] 8 kmph D] Data inadequate

3. A motor boat takes 12 hours to go downstream and it takes 24 hours to return the same
distance. what is the time taken by boat in still water?
A] 15 hr B] 16 hr C] 8 hr D] 20 hr

4. The current of a stream at 1 kmph. A motor boat goes 35 km upstream and back to the starting
point in 12 hours. The speed of the motor boat in still water is?
A] 8 kmph B] 6 kmph C] 7.5 kmph D] 5.5 kmph

5. A man goes down stream with a boat to some destination and returns upstream to his original
place in 5 hours. If the speed of the boat in still water and the stream are 10km/hr and 14km/hr
respectively, the distance of the destination from the string place is
A] 16 km B] 18 km C] 21 km D] 25 km

6. A man swims downstream 72 km and upstream 45 km taking 9 hours each time; what is the
speed of the current?
A] 1 kmph B] 3.2 kmph C] 1.5 kmph D] 2 kmph

7. A man's speed with the current is 15 km/hr and the speed of the current is 2.5 km/hr. The
man's speed against the current is:
A] 8.5 kmph B] 9 kmph C] 10 kmph D] 12.5 kmph

8. A man takes twice as long to row a distance against the stream as to row the same distance in
favour of the stream. The ratio of the speed of the boat (in still water) and the stream is:
A] 2 : 1 B] 3 : 1 C] 3 : 2 D] 4 : 3

9. A motorboat, whose speed in 15 km/hr in still water goes 30 km downstream and comes back
in a total of 4 hours 30 minutes. The speed of the stream (in km/hr) is:
A] 4 B] 5 C] 6 D] 10

10. A motorboat takes half time to cover a certain distance downstream than upstream. What is
the ratio between rate of current and rate of boat in still water?
A] 1 : 3 B] 3 : 2 C] 2 : 3 D] 3 : 1

11. Find the speed of stream if a boat covers 36 km in downstream in 6 hours which is 3 hours less
in covering the same distance in upstream?
A] 1.5 kmph B] 1 kmph C] 0.75 kmph D] 0.5 kmph

84
12. A man rows to a place 48 km distant and come back in 14 hours. He finds that he can row 4 km
with the stream in the same time as 3 km against the stream. The rate of the stream is:

A] 1 kmph B] 1.5 kmph C] 2 kmph D] 2.5 kmph

13. Choose the most appropriate answer: A boat travels upstream from B to A and downstream
from A to B in 3 hours. If the speed of the boat in still water is 9 Km/h and the speed of the
current is 3 Km/h, the distance between A and B is
A] 9 km B] 10 km C] 11 km D] 12 km

14. A boat running upstream takes 8 hours 48 minutes to cover a certain distance, while it takes 4
hours to cover the same distance running downstream. What is the ratio between the speed of the
boat and speed of the water current respectively?
A] 2 : 1 B] 3 : 2 C] 8 : 3 D] Cannot be determined

15. A river runs at 4 km/hr. if the time taken by a man to row is boat upstream is thrice as the time
taken by him to row it downstream then find the speed of the boat in still water.
A] 16 kmph B] 8 kmph C] 6 kmph D] 12 kmph

16. A man can row downstream at 12 Kmph and upstream at 8 Kmph. Find the ratio of the speed
of the current to the speed of the man in still water?
A] 1 : 5 B] 5 : 24 C] 25: 16 D] 16 : 25

17. A man can row 40 km upstream and 55 km downstream in 13 hours. Also, he can row 30 km
upstream and 44 km downstream in 10 hours. Find the speed of the man in still water?
A] 3 kmph B] 8 kmph C] 5 kmph D] 11 kmph

18. A boat can cover 48 km upstream and 72 km downstream in 12 hours. Also, boat can row 72
km upstream and 48 km downstream in 13 hours. Find the speed of current?
A] 3 kmph B] 8 kmph C] 2 kmph D] 12 kmph

19. A boat took 8 hr less to travel a distance downstream than to travel the same distance
upstream. If the speed of a boat in steel water is 9 km/hr and speed of stream is 3 km/hr. In total
how much distance travelled by boat?
A] 96 km B] 144 km C] 164 km D] 192 km

20. A boat can travel 15 km downstream in 18 min. The ratio of speed boat in steel water to the
speed of stream is 4:1. How much time will the boat take to cover 10 km upstream?
A] 22 min B] 25 min C] 20 min D] 33 min

85
Answer Key [Problems on Trains]
1 D 11 C 21 B
2 C 12 C 22 B
3 D 13 C 23 C
4 B 14 B 24 B
5 B 15 D 25 B
6 B 16 A 26 A
7 C 17 B 27 C
8 D 18 B 28 D
9 B 19 A 29 D
10 B 20 A 30 C

Answer Key [Boats and Streams]

1 C 11 B
2 B 12 A
3 B 13 D
4 B 14 C
5 C 15 B
6 C 16 A
7 C 17 B
8 B 18 C
9 B 19 D
10 A 20 C

86
 PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. A Bike goes from Mumbai to Pune, a distance of 192 km at an average speed of 32 km/hr. A
motor cycle starts from Mumbai by car, 2 hr after the first and reaches Pune half an hour earlier.
What is the ratio of the speeds of the Bike and the Motorcycle?

(a)10:27 (b)1:3 (C) 1:2 (d) 5:4

2. Two cyclists start on a circular track from a given point but in opposite directions with speeds of
7 cm/sec and 8 cm/sec respectively. If the circumference of the circle is 300 cm, after what time
will they at the starting point?

(a)20 sec (b)100 sec (c) 300 sec (d)200 sec

3. A car travels a distance of 45 km at the speed of 15 km/hr. It covers the next 50 km of its journey
at the speed of 25 km/hr and the last 25 km/hr of its journey at the speed of 8 km/hr. What is the
average speed of the car?

(a)40 km/hr (b)24 km/hr (c)15 km/hr (d)18 km/hr

4. A car travel a distance of 170km in 2 hr partly at a speed of 100 km /hr and partly at 50 km/hr.
The distance travelled at a speed of 50 km/hr is

(a) 50 km (b)40 km (c) 30 km (d)60 km

5. A bike is scheduled to cover the distance between two points 46 km apart in one hour. If it
travel 25km with a speed of 40 km/hr ,Find the speed for the remaining journey.

(a) 66 km/hr (b) 56 km/hr (c) 46 km/hr (d) 36 km/hr

6.A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 100m completes one revolution in 2 min. What is
the approximate speed of the cyclist?

(a) 200 m/min (b)314 m/min (c)300 m/min (d)900 m/min

7. The speeds of three cars are in the ratio 2:3:4. The ratio between the times taken by a car to finish
the journey, 12 car will finish the journey in

(a) 4:3:2 (b) 2:3:4 (c) 4:3:6 (d) 6:4:3

8. Alok walks to a viewpoint and return back by his car and thus takes a total time of 6 45 min. He
would have taken for him to walk both ways?

(a) 7 hr 45 min (b) 8 hr 45 min (c) 5 hr 30 min (d) None the these

9. Two round wheels of which one has 16 parts and the other 27, work into each other. If the later
turns 80 times in three quarters of a minute, how often does the other turn in 8sec?

(a) 18 (b)30 (c) 24 (d)36

87
10. An Bullockcart travels distances 2500m. 1200m and 500m at the rate of 500 m/hr, 400 m/hr
and 250 m/hr respectively. The average speed is

(a )420 km/hr (b)405 km/hr (c)410 km/hr (d)575 km/hr

11. Anil and Binit run 5 km race on a round circle of 400 m. If ratio of their speeds be 5:4, how
often does the winner pass the other?

(a )4 times (b)2 times (c) 3 times (d) 2 times

12. A racer starts running with the initial speed of 40 km/min, with its speed increasing every min
by 5 km/min. How many hours will it take to cover a distance of 385 km?

(a)9 min (b)9 min (c)8 min (d)7 min

13. A pole is 61.25 m high . A rigid body is dropped from its top and at the same instant another
body is thrown upwards from the bottom of the pole with such a velocity that they meet in the
middle of the pole. The velocity of the second body is

(a) 20 m/s (b)25 m/s (c) 24.5 m/s (d)None of these

14. A fighter plane is rising vertically with a velocity of 10m/s. It has reached a certain height
when the pilot drops a stone, which takes 4 s to hit the ground. Assuming that there is no
resistance to the motion of the stone, the height of the fighter plane and the velocity of the stone
on impact with the ground are

(a) 38.4 m , 29.2 m (b)38.4 m , 28.7 m (c) 26.5 m , 13.5 m (d)none of the above

15.A train starts from Delhi at 6:00 am and reaches Ambala Cantt at 10 am. The other train starts
from Ambala Cantt at 8 am and reaches Delhi at 11:30 am . If the distance between Delhi and
Ambala Cantt is 200 km , then at what time did the two trains meet each other?

(a) 8:56 am (b)8:46 am (c) 7:56 am (d)8:30 am

16. Ramesh travels 760 km to his home , partly by bike and partly by car. He takes 8 h , if he
travels 160 km by bike and the rest by car. He takes 12 min more, if he travels 240 km by bike and
the rest by car. What are the speeds of the bike and the car?

(a)speed of car=25 km/h , speed of bike = 40 km/h respectively

(b)speed of car=100 km/h , speed of bike = 80 km/h respectively

(c)speed of car=80 km/h , speed of bike = 90 km/h respectively

(d)speed of car=100 km/h , speed of bike = 90 km/h respectively

88
17. A Bus covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the bus had been 6 km/h faster, it
would have taken 4h less than the scheduled time. and, if the bus were slower by 6 km/h, the bus
would have taken 6 h more than the scheduled time. The length of the bus journey is

(a) 700 km (b)740 km (c) 720 km (d)760 km

18. Wheels of diameter of 7 cm and 14 cm start rolling simultaneously from X and Y, which are
1980 cm , apart , towards each other in opposite directions. Both of them make same number of
revolutions per second. If both of them meet after 10 s, the speed of the smaller wheel is

(a) 44 cm/s (b)22 cm/s (c) 66 cm/s (d)132 cm/s

19. Cloth market Inc. has p workers , each of which can produce q m of cloth on a average in r
min. If the workers are made to run with no interruption, then how many hours will it take for
20000 m of cloth to be produced?

(a) 20000(pq)/r (b)20000(rq)/p

(c) 20000(pr)/pq (d)20000r/60(pq)

20. A jet plane first flew with a speed of 440 km/h and covered a certain a certain distance. It still
had to cover 770 km less than what it had already covered but it flew with a speed of 660 km/h.
The average speed for the entire journey was 550 km/h. Find the total distance covered.

(a) 3250 km (b)2750 km (c) 4400 km (d)1375 km

21. 5 persons working eight hours daily can complete a wall in 10 days. when they have worked
for 51/2 days, 5 more persons are brought to work. The wall can now be completed in

(a) one more day (b)two more days (c) three more days (d)four more days

22. Two cyclists start on a circular track from a given point but in opposite directions with speed
of 7 m/s and 8 m/s respectively. If the circumference of the circle is 300 m after what time will
they meet at the starting point?

(a) 20 s (b)100s (c) 300s (d)200 s

23. A clock gains 15 min per day. It is set right at 12 night . What time will the clock show at 4:00
pm in the next day?

(a) 4 :10 pm (b)4 :15 pm (c) 4 :30 pm (d)5 :00 pm

24. During a travelling of 80 km in a bus covers first 60 km with a speed of 40 km/h and completes
the remaining distance with a speed of 20 km/h. what is the average speed of the bus during the
whole travelling?

(a) 30 km/h (b)32 km/h (c) 36 km/h (d)40 km/h

89
25. If a man travels at 30 km/h , he reaches his destination late by 10 min but if he travels at 42
km/h, then he reaches 10 min earlier. therefore , the distance travelled by him is

(a) 36 km (b)35 km (c) 40 km (d)45 km

26. A student rides on a motorcycle at 8 km/h and reaches his college 2.5 min late. The next day he
increases his speed to 10 km/h and reaches the college 5 min early . How far is the college from
his house?

(a) 1.25 km (b)8 km (c) 5 km (d)10 km

27. A jet plane can travel at 320 m/h. The wind is blowing at a constant speed of 40 m/h. The total
time for a journey against the wind is 135 min. what will be the time in minutes for the return
journey with the flow of wind?

(a) 94.5 (b)105 (c) 108.125 (d)120

28. The jogging track in the sport complex is 726 m in circumference. Mahesh and his father start
from the same point and walk in opposite direction at 4.5 Km/h and 3.75 Km/h respectively.
They meet first time in

a) 5.5 min b) 6.0 min c) 5.28 min d) 4.9 min

29. There are 20 poles with the constant distance between each pole. A car takes 24 s to reach the
12th pole. How much more time will it take to reach the last pole?

a) 25.25 s b) 17.45 s c) 35.74 s d) 41.45 s

30. A Bus driver travels from the plains to the hill station, which is 200 km apart at an average
speed of 40 Km/h. In the return way he covers the same distance at an average speed of 20 Km/h.
The average speed of the Bus over the entire distance of 400 Km is

a) 16.56 km/h b) 17.89 Km/h c) 26.67 Km/h d) 35 km/h

31. A man in a bus notices that he can count 21 electric posts in one minute. If they are known to
be 50 m apart, then at what speed is the bus ?

a) 57 Km/h b) 60 Km/h c) 63 Km/h d) 55 Km/h

32. A round running path is 726 m in circumference. Two women start from the same point and
walk in opposite direction at the rate of 3.75 Km/h and 4.5 Km/h respectively. When will they
meet first time on the track?

a) 5.5 min b) 6.0 min c) 5.28 min c) 4.9 min

33. A gun is fired at a distance of 3.32 Km from Badar. He hears the sound 10 s later. Find the
speed of the sound.

a) 301 m/s b) 302 m/s c) 332 m/s d) 340 m/s

90
34. X and Y start from the same point and run around a circular stadium, whose circumference is
4200 m, at the rate of 500 m/min by X and 700 m/min by Y in the opposite direction. They will
meet each other in

a) 3.5 min b) 6.0 min c) 8.4 min d) 21 min

35. It takes eight hours for a 600 Km journey, if 120 Km is done by train and the rest by car. It takes
20 min more, If 200 Km done by train and the rest by car. The ration of the speed of the train to
that of the speed of the car is

a) 4 : 3 b) 3 : 4 c) 3 : 2 d) 2 : 3

36. Points R and S are 70 Km apart on a highway. One man starts from R and the another one from
S at the same time. If they travel in the same direction, they meet in 7 h. But if they travel towards
each other, they meet in one hour. The speeds of the two man are

a) 45 and 25 Km/h b) 70 and 10 Km/h c) 40 and 30 Km/h d) 60 and 40 Km/h

37. Dinesh travel 760 Km to his home by train and by bus. He takes 8 h if he travels 160 Km by the
train and the rest by the bus. He takes 12 min more if he travels 240 Km by train and the rest by
the bus. The speed of the train and the bus respectively are

a) 80 Km/h,100 Km/h b) 100 Km/h,80 Km/h

c) 120 Km/h,100 Km/h d) 100 Km/h,120 Km/h

38. In a flight of 3000 Km an airplane full by passenger was slow down by bad weather. If average
speed of the journey was reduce by 100 Km/h and the time increased by one hour, find the
original duration of journey in airplane?

a) 5 h b) 6 h c) 4 h d) None of these

39. The diameter of a cycle wheel is 70 cm. A cyclist takes 30 h to reach a destination at the speed
of 22 Km/h. How many revolutions will the wheel make during this journey?

a) 3 lakh b) 3 lakh c) 4 lakh d) None of these

40. Two rockets approach each other, one at 41000 mile/h and the other at 18000 mile/h. they start
3256 miles apart. How far are they a part (in miles) 1 min before impact?

a) 1628 b) 1000 c) 826 d) 1200

91
 CHAPTER-7 (S.I. & C.I.)
Principal:
The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or the sum.
Interest:
Extra money paid for using other's money is called interest.
Simple Interest:
If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is called simple
interest.

Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.)

and Time = T years. Then
Simple Interest =(P x R x T)/100

Compound Interest
Compound interest is the interest earned not only on the original principal, but also on all
interests earned previously
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum, Time = n years.
When interest is compounded Annually:
Amount=p(1+R/100)^n
2. When interest is compounded Half-yearly:
Amount=p[1+(R/2)/100]^2n
[Link] interest is compounded Quarterly:
Amount=p[1+(R/4)/100]^4n
[Link] between SI and CI for 2 years is P(R/100)^2
Difference between SI and CI for 3 years is 3P(R/100)^2 + P(R/100)^3

92
 EXERCISE

1. If Rs.1000 be invested at interest rate of 5% and the interest be added to the principal after
10 yr, then the number of years in which it will amount to Rs.2000 is
a) 16 yr b) 16 yr c) 16 yr d) 11 yr
2. A woman borrows Rs.4000 from a bank at 7.50% compound interest. At the end of every
year, he pays Rs.1500 as part repayment of loan and interest. How much does she still owe to the
bank after three such installments?
a) Rs.123.25 b) Rs.125 c) Rs.400 d) Rs.469.18
3. Anand borrowed a certain sum of money for 2 yr at 8% per annum on simple interest and
immediately lent it to Ravish but at compound interest and gained by Rs.16. What amount did
Anand borrow?
a) Rs.1600 b) Rs.2500 c) Rs.2400 d) Rs.1800
4. The effective annual rate of interest corresponding to a nominal rate of 8% per annum
payable half yearly is
a) 8% b) 8.01% c) 8.13% d) 8.16%
5. A money lender lent out Rs.25000 in two parts, one at 8% and the other at 8.5%. if the total
annual income on the amount is Rs.2031.25, the money lent at 8% is
a) Rs.12500 b) Rs.6250 c) Rs.10000 d) Rs.18750
6. The simple interest and the true discount on a certain sum of at a given rate are Rs.25 and
Rs.20 respectively. Then the sum is
a) 500 b) 200 c) 250 d) 100
7. A man wants to sell his scooter. There are two offers one at Rs.12000 cash and the other at a
credit limit of Rs.12880 which is to be paid after 8 months, money being 18% per annum. Which
one is the best offer ?
a) Rs.12000 in cash b) Rs.12880 at credit c) Both are equal d) None of these
8. A Washing machine is sold at a profit of 10%. if it had been sold for Rs.40 less, then there
would have been a loss of 10%. What was the cost price?
a) Rs.175 b) Rs.200 c) Rs.225 d) None of these
9. Asmita invests an amount of Rs.9535 at the rate of 4% per annum, for how many years did
she invest the amount to obtain the double her sum?
a) 10 yr b) 25 yr c) 5 yr d) 4 yr

10. The difference between the CI and SI on a certain sum of money for 2yr at 15% per annum is
Rs45. Find the sum.

(a) Rs 7000 (b) Rs 2750 (c) Rs 2000 (d) Rs 2250

11. Raghvender takes a loan of Rs10000 and pays back Rs 13310 after 3yr. What is the rate of
compound interest .

(a) 8% (b) 9% (c) 10% (d) 11%

93
12. The ratio of the amount for two years under Compound Interest annually and for one year
under Simple Interest is 6 : 5. When will be the ratio of interest is same, then find the value of the
rate of interest.

(a) 12.5% (b) 18% (c) 20% (d) 16.66%

13. At the rate of 12% the difference between the simple interest and the compound interest
compounded annually on Rs 5000 for two years will be

(a) Rs 17.50 (b) Rs 36 (c) Rs 45 (d) Rs 72

14. In 3 years the difference between the simple and the compound interest on same principal
amount by the rate 20% is Rs48, then the principal amount must be

(a) Rs 650 (b) Rs300 (c) Rs 375 (d) Rs 400

15. I drive an annual income of Rs 688.25 from Rs 10000 invested partly at the rate 8% per annum
and partly by 5% per annum at the simple interest. How much of my money is invested by 5%?

(a) Rs 3725 (b) Rs 4225 (c) Rs 4800 (d) Rs 5000

16. A sum of money becomes eight times in 3 yr, if the rate is compounded annually. In how much
time the same amount at the same compound interest rate will become sixteen times?

(a) 6 yr (b) 4 yr (c) 8 yr (d) 5 yr

17. The interest in the first two successive years was Rs. 400 and Rs. 420 when sum is invested at
compound interest. Find the sum .

(a) 8000 (b) 7500 (c) 8500 (d) 8200

18. Anand takes a certain sum from Manisha at a certain rate of simple interest for 2 years. He lent
this sum to Sunita at the same rate of interest but compounded annually for the same period ie:
two year. At the end of two years, he received Rs. 2400 as compound interest but paid Rs. 2000 as
simple interest. What is the rate of interest.

(a) 40% (b) 30% (c) 20% (d) 10%

19. If a sum on compound interest becomes three times in 4 years, then with the same interest rate,
the sum will become 81 times in:

(a) 12 yr (b) 18 yr (c) 16 yr (d) 14 yr

20. Divide Rs. 3364 between M and N, so that M's Share at the end of 5 years is equal to N's share
at the end of 7 years, the rate of compound interest is 5%..

(a) Rs. 1764 & Rs. 1600 (b) Rs. 1756 & Rs. 1608 (c) Rs. 1722 & Rs. 1642 (d) None of these

94
21. A sum is invested for 3 years compounded at 5%, 10% and 20 % respectively. In three years, if
the sum amounts to Rs. 1386, then find the sum.

(a) 1500 (b) 1400 (c) 1200 (d) 1100

22. The difference on a certain sum of money at the rate of 10% per annum for 2 years by simple
interest and compound interest which is compounded every 6 months is Rs. 124.05. What is the
principal sum?

(a) 10000 (b) 12000 (c) 6000 (d) 8000

23. A sum of Rs. 6600 was taken as a loan. This is to be repaid in two annual installments. The rate
of interest is 20% which compounded annually, then the value of each installment is

(a) 4320 (b) 2220 (c) 4400 (d) 4420

24. If in a certain time period Rs. 10000 amount to Rs. 160000 at compound interest, What is the
amount in half that time on Rs. 10000.

(a) 50000 (b) 40000 (c) 80000 (d) 60000

25. What will be the amount if a sum of Rs. 10000 is placed at compound interest for 3 years while
rate of interest for the first, second and third years is 10, 5 and 2 percent, respectively?

(a) 11781 (b) 11244 (c) 11231 (d) 11658

26. Simple interest on a certain sum at 5% per annum for 2 years is Rs. 60. What is the compound
interest on the same sum for the same period of time.

(a) 62.4 (b) 61.5 (c) 62 (d) 60.5

95
 CHAPTER-8(TIME & WORK, PIPE & CISTERN, WORK & WAGES)

Q 1 : A & B working together can do a piece of work in 12 days. B & C working together can do a
piece of work in 15 days. C & A working together can do a piece of work in 20 days. In how many
days A can do the same work?
A. 20
B. 30
C. 40
D. 60

Q 2 : A & B working together can do a piece of work in 8 days. B & C working together can do a
piece of work in 12 days. A, B and C all working together can do a piece of work in 6 days. In how
many days A & C working together can do?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8

Q 3 : A can do a piece of work in 12 days. B can do same piece of work in 15 days. After A had
worked for 3 days B also join A to finish the remaining work. In how many days work will be
finished?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 6
D. 8

Q 4 : A can do a piece of work in 9 days. B can do same piece of work in 10 days. C can do same
piece of work in 15 days. B and C start working and left after 2 days. In how many days remaining
work will be finished by A?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 8
D. 10

Q 5 : A can do a piece of work in 8 hours. B can do same piece of work in 12 hours. A starts
working at 9AM and they worked on alternative hours. At which time work will be finished?
A. 3:30 pm
B. 6:30 pm
C. 3:30 am
D. 6:30 am

Q 6 : A, B and C can do a piece of work in 11, 20 and 55 days respectively. In how many days work
will be finished if A is assisted by B and C on alternative day?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 8
D. 16

96
Q 7 : A, B and C can do a piece of work in 20, 30 and 60 days respectively. In how many days work
will be finished by A, if he is assisted by B and C on every third day?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20

Q 8 : A can do a work in same time in which B & C can do it working together. A & B working
together can do it in 10 days. C can do same in 50 days. In how many days B can do the work
individually?
A. 2
B. 5
C. 15
D. 25

Q 9 : A and B can do a piece of work in 20 and 30 days respectively. Both starts working on same
time but B left the work 5 days before the completion of work. In how many days work will
complete ?
A. 12
B. 14
C. 16
D. 20

Q 10 : A, B and C can do a piece of work in 24, 32 and 64 days respectively. They starts working, A
left the work after 6 days while B left the work before 6 days from the completion of work. In how
many days work will be finished?
A. 20
B. 18
C. 15
D. None of these

Q 11 : A & B working together can do a job in 30 days. They worked only for 20 days and the rest
job is done by A in next 20 days. In how many days A can do the complete job individually?
A. 30
B. 40
C. 60
D. 120

Q 12 : A & B working together can do a piece of work in 12 days. B & C working together can do
same work in 16 days. A worked for 5 days, B for 7 days and rest work is finished by C in 13 days.
In how many days working alone C can do the same work ?
A. 48
B. 24
C. 18
D. 12

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Q 13 : A is twice as good as B and together they can finish the work in 18 days. In how many days
A will finish the same work?
A. 9
B. 24
C. 54
D. 27

Q 14 : Monica can do a job in 20 days. Tanya is 25% more efficient than Monica. In how many days
Tanya will finish the same work?
A. 14
B. 15
C. 16
D. 18

Q 15 : A is 50% more efficient than B. C does half of the work done by A & B together. If C alone
do the work in 40 days. In how many days All will finish the same work together?
A. 10/3
B. 20/3
C. 30
D. 40/3

Q 16 : A is thrice as good as B and he is able to finish the work 60 days less than B. In how many
days they will finish the same work together?
A. 90/4
B. 45/4
C. 30/4
D. 22/4

Q 17 : 40 men can do a job in 40 days. They starts together but after every 10 days 5 men left the
job. In how many days work will be finished ?
A. 56 days
B. 57 days
C. 56 and 1/3 days
D. 56 and 2/3 days

Q 18 : 12 men or 18 women can do a job in 14 days. In how many days work will be finished by 8
men and 16 women ?
A. 8 days
B. 9 days
C. 12 days
D. 4 and half days
Q 19 : A builder decided to form a house in 45 days. He employed 150 workers in the beginning
and 120 more workers after 30 days and finished the contract in time. If he had not employed the
extra workers, how many days behind the schedule work has been finished?
A. 57 days
B. 23 days
C. 18 days
D. 12 days
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Q 20 : 12 men or 15 women can do a job in 4 days. 6 men starts working and left after 2 days. How
many women were put on the job to complete the remaining work in next 3 days ?
A. 12
B. 15
C. 18
D. 21

Q 21 : A contractor undertake a contract of 12 km long tunnel in 350 days with 45 workers. After
200 days he found that only 4.5 km tunnel has been finished. Find number of extra workers he
must employee to finish the tunnel in time.
A. 100
B. 55
C. 45
D. 145

Q 22 : A can do a job in 10 days and B in 15 days. They are working together and charged ₹ 5000.
what will be the share of A?
A. 1000 ₹
B. 2000 ₹
C. 3000 ₹
D. 4000 ₹

Q 23 : A can do a job in 10 days and B in 15 days. They charged ₹ 5000 together for same job and A
worked only for 4 days. Rest work is done by B. what will be the share of B?
A. 1000 ₹
B. 2000 ₹
C. 3000 ₹
D. 4000 ₹

Q 24 : A can do a job in 10 days and B in 15 days. They are working on a project of ₹ 1500. If A and
B worked for 5 days and rest work is finished by C in 2 days. What will be the daily wages of C ?
A. 100 ₹
B. 125 ₹
C. 225 ₹
D. 250 ₹

Q 25 : Ram and Shyam are working on an Assignment. Ram takes 6 hours to type 32 pages on a
computer, while Shyam takes 5 hours to type 40 pages. How much time will they take working
together on two different computers to type an assignment of 110 pages?
A. 7 hrs. 30 min
B. 8 hrs.
C. 8 hrs. 15 min.
D. 8 hrs. 25 min

99
Q 26 : A takes three times as long as B and C together to do a job. B takes four times as long as A
and C together to do the work. If all the three, working together can complete the job in 24 days,
then the number of days, A alone will take to finish the job is:
A. 100
B. 96
C. 95
D. 90

Q 27 : Jyothi can do 3/4 of a job in 12 days. Mala is twice as efficient as Jyothi. In how many days
will Mala finish the job?
A. 6 days
B. 8 days
C. 12 days
D. 16 days

Q 28 : Some carpenters promised to do a job in 9 days but 5 of them were absent and remaining
men did the job in 12 days. The original number of carpenters was
A. 24
B. 20
C. 16
D. 18

Q 29 : A alone can do a piece of work in 6 days and B alone in 8 days. A and B undertook to do it
for Rs. 3200. With the help of C, they completed the work in 3 days. How much is to be paid to C?
A. Rs. 375
B. Rs. 400
C. Rs. 600
D. Rs. 800

Q 30 : A machine P can print one lakh books in 8 hours, machine Q can print the same number of
books in 10 hours while machine R can print them in 12 hours. All the machines are started at 9
A.M. while machine P is closed at 11 A.M. and the remaining two machines complete work.
Approximately at what time will the work (to print one lakh books) be finished?
A. 11:30 am
B. 12:00 noon
C. 12:30 pm
D. 1:00 pm

100
ANSWERS:

1 B 11 C 21 B
2 D 12 B 22 C
3 D 13 D 23 C
4 B 14 C 24 B
5 B 15 D 25 B
6 C 16 A 26 C
7 C 17 D 27 B
8 D 18 B 28 B
9 B 19 D 29 B
10 A 20 B 30 D

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 Time and work-2
Remaining work
1. A and B can do a piece of work in 45 days and 40 days respectively. They began to do the work
together but A leaves after some days and B completed the remaining work in 23 days. The
number of days after which A left the work was
A. 12 B. 11 C. 10 D. 9

2. A work is done by three persons A, B and C. A alone takes 10 hours to complete a single
product but B and C working together takes 4 hours, for the completion of the same product.
If all of them worked together and completed 14 products, then how many hours have they
worked?
A. 20 hrs B. 28 hrs C. 40 hrs D. 54 hrs

3. When Abhinav and Bipul work alone, they can complete a piece of work in 25 days and 30 days
respectively. On day 1, Bipul started the work and Abhinav joined B from day 3 on-wards. After
how many days will the work be completed?
A. 13 B. 11 C. 15 D. 16

4. A can build up a structure in 8 days and B can break it is 3 days. A has worked for 4 days and
then B joined to work with A for another 2 days only. In how many days will A alone build up the
remaining part of the structure?
A. 7 B. 9 C. 12 D. None

5. Two workers A and B manufactured a batch of identical parts. A worked for 2 hours and B
worked for 5 hours and they completed half the job. Then they worked together for another 3
hours and they had to do of ⁄ the job. How many hours time does B take to complete the
job, if he worked alone?
A. 24 B. 12 C. 15 D. 30

6. A, B and C can complete a piece of work individually in 15, 30 and 40 days respectively. They
started the work together and the A and B left 2 days and 4 days before the completion of the
work respectively. In how many days was the work completed?

A. B. 12 C. 15 D.

7. Aditya, Vedus and Yuvraj alone can do a job for 6 weeks, 9 weeks and 12 weeks respectively.
They work together for 2 weeks. Then, Aditya leaves the job. Vedus leaves the job a week earlier
to the completion of the work.
The job would be completed in:
A. 4 weeks B. 5 weeks C. 7 weeks D. None of these

8. A can complete a project in 20 days and B can complete the same project in 30 days. If A and B
start working on the project together and A quits 10 days before the project is completed, in how
many days will the project be completed?
A. 18 B. 27 C. 26.67 D. 16

102
9. A, B and C can do a work in 5 days, 10 days and 15 days respectively. They started together to
do the work but after 2 days A and B left. C did the remaining work (in days)
A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 4

10. Jay and Anup can do a job, each working alone in 30 and 15 days respectively. Jay started the
work and after a few days, Anup joined him. They completed the work in 18 days from the start.
After how many days, did Anup join A
A. 6 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14

Pipe and cisterns

11. Two pipes can fill a tank in 20 and 24 minutes respectively and a waste pipe can empty 3
gallons per minute. All the three pipes working together can fill the tank in 15 minutes. The
capacity of the tank in gallons is
A. 100 B. 110 C. 120 D. 140

12. Water flows into a reservoir which is 200 m long and 150 m wide, through a pipe of cross-
section (0.3m x 0.2m) at 20 km/h. In what time will the water level be 8?
A. 100 hrs B. 150 hrs C. 175 hrs D. 200 hrs

13. There are 12 pipes attached to a tank. Some of them are fill pipes and some are drain pipes.
Each of the fill pipes can fill the tank in 12 hours, while each of the drain pipes will take 24 hours
to drain a full tank completely. If all the pipes are kept open when the tank was empty, it takes 2
hours for the tank to overflow. How many of these pipes are drain pipes?

A. 6 B. 11 C. 4 D. 7

14. In Nuts And Bolts factory, one machine produces only nuts at the rate of 100 nuts per minute
and needs to be cleaned for 5 minutes after production of every 1000 nuts.
Another machine produces only bolts at the rate of 75 bolts per minute and needs to cleaned for10
minutes after production of every 1500 bolts.
If both the machines start production at the same time, what is the minimum duration required for
producing 9000 pairs of nuts and bolts?
A. 130 minutes B. 135 minutes C. 170 minutes D. 180 minutes

15. Pipes A and B can fill a tank in 12 min and 16 min respectively. Both are kept open for 'n' min
and then B is closed and A fills the rest of the tank in 5 min. The time 'n' after which B was closed
is:
A. 3 min B. 2 min C. 5 min D. 4 min

16. Two taps can fill a tank in 12 min and 18 min respectively. Both the taps are kept open for 2
min and then the tap that fills the tank in 12 min is turned off. In how many more minutes will the
tank be filled?
A. 9 B. 12 C. 13 D. 10

103
17. Pipe A usually fills a tank in 2 hours. On account of a leak at the bottom of the tank, it takes
pipe A 30 more minutes to fill the tank. How long will the leak take to empty a full tank if pipe A
is shut?
A. 2 hours 30 minutes B. 5 hours C. 4 hours D. 10 hours

18. A bath can be filled by the cold water pipe in 10 min and by hot water pipe in 15 min
(independently each). A person leaves the bathroom after turning on both pipes simultaneously
and returns at the moments when the bath should be full.
Finding, however, that the waste pipe has been open he now closes it. In 4 min more, bath is full.
In what time would be the waste pipe empty it?
A. 9 min B. 12 min C. 15 min D. 14 min

Common Information [19-20]

Working together, A and B can do a job in 6 days. B and C can do the same job in 10 days, while
C and A can do it in 7.5 days.
19. How many days will it take if all A, B and C work together to complete the job?
A. 8 B. 5 C. 3 D. 7

20. How many days will it take for A alone to complete the job?
A. 8 B. 6 C. 10 D. 20

Answer Key

1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.A 8.A 9.D 10.C
11.C 12.D 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.C 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.C

104
 PRACTICE EXERCISE

[Link] A produce bolts at a uniform rate of 120 every 40 and machine B produces bolts at a
uniform rate of 100 every 20s .If the two machines run simultaneously, then how many seconds
will it take them to produce a total of 200 bolts?

(a) 28 (b) 25 (c) 22 (d) 32

2. A team of employees was look to finish 360 pairs of an article in a certain number of days.
Making four more pairs per day that was planned; they could complete the job a day ahead of the
schedule. How many days did they take to complete the job?

(a)8 days (b)10 days (c) 9 days (d)12 days

3. The work done by a woman in 8 hr is equal to the work done b a man in 6 hr and by a boy in
12 hr. If working 6hr per day 9 men can complete a work in 6 days, then in how many days can 12
men, 12 women and 12 boys together finish the same working 8 hr per day?

(a)2 days (b)1 days (c) 3 days (d) none of the above

4. A sum of Rs.25 was paid for a work which J can do in 32 days , K in 20 days, K and L in 12 days
and M in 24 days. How much did L receive if all the four together?

(a) (b) (c) (d)1

5. A job can be done by 3 skilled women in 20 days or by 5 boys in 30 days. How many days will
they take if they work together?

(a) 11 days (b) 10 days (c) 8 days (d) 12 days

6. A ,B and C working together completed a job in 10 days. The ratio of their efficiency is
2:3:[Link] many days would be required by the fastest worker to complete the entire work?

(a) 15 days (b) 20 days (c) 30 days (d) 40 days

7. 8 women and 12 men complete a certain piece of work in [Link] each women takes twice the
time taken by a man to finish the work, 12 men will finish the same work in

(a)12 days (b)15 days (c) 14 days (d)8 days

8. If 15 men or 24 women or 36 boys can do piece of work in 12 days, working 8 hr a day, how
many men must be associated with 12 women and 6 boys to do mother piece of work 2 times as
in 30 days working 6 hr a day?

(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 10

105
9. 4 Boys and 10 Girls are put on a work . They completed 1/3 of the work in 4 days . After this 2
Boys and 2 girls were increased. They completed 2/9 more of the work in 2 days. If the remaining
work is to be completed in 3 days , then how many more girls must be increased?

(a) 32 (b)8 (c) 50 (d)55

10. R is twice as P. Q takes thrice as many days as R. P takes 12 days to finish the work done alone.
If they work in pairs (i.e, PQ, QR, RA) starting with PQ on the first day , QR on the second day
and PR on the third day and so on, then how many days are required to finish the work?

(a) 6 days (b)4 days (c) 5 days (d)8 days

11. Anil can build up a wall in 8 days while Birju can break it in 3 days. Anil has worked for 4 days
and then Birju joined to work with Anil for another 2 days only. In how many days will Anil alone
build up the remaining part of my wall?

(a) 13 days (b) 6 days (c) 7 days (d) 7 days

12. Ajju can do a piece of work in 10 days, while Bijju alone can do it in 15 days. They work
together for 5 days and the rest of the work is done by Cajju in 2 days. If they get Rs 450 for the
whole work, how should they divide the money?

(a) Rs 225, Rs 150, Rs 75 (b)Rs 250, Rs 100, Rs 100 (c) Rs 200, Rs 150, Rs 100 (d)Rs 175, Rs 175, Rs
100

13. Annu and Bannu can finish a job in 10 days while Bannu and Cannu can do it in 18 days. Annu
started the job worked for 5 days, then Bannu worked for 10 days and the remaining job was
finished by Cannu in 15 days. In how many days could Cannu alone have finished the whole job?

(a) 30 days (b) 15 days (c) 45 days (d) 24 days

14. In climbing a 21m long round pole, a gorilla climbs 6 m in the first minute and slips 3 m in the
next minute. What time (in minute) the gorilla would take to reach the top of the pole?

(a) 11 (b)14 (c) 14 (d)9

15. Running at the same constant rate, 6 identical Machines can produce a total of 270 Toys per
min. At this rate, how many Toys could 10 such Machine produce in 4 min?

a) 648 b) 1800 ( c) 2700 (d) 10800

16. A worker makes a basket in2/3of an hour. If he works for 7 ½ h, then how many baskets he
will make?

a) 10 b) 11 c) 12 d) 13

106
17. If 5 men take an hour to dig a ditch, the how long should 12 men take to dig a ditch of the same
type?

a) 25 min b) 30 min c) 28 min d) 20 min

18. Two women and 7 children complete a certain piece of work in 4 days while 4 women and 4
children complete the same work in only 3 days. The number of days required by 1 woman to
complete the work is

a) 60 days b) 15 days c) 6 days d) 51 days

19. Mr. Ramnarayan is on a picnik and he has Rs 360 for his expenditure. If he exceeds his picnik
by 4 days he must reduce daily expenses by Rs 3. The number of days of Mr Ramnarayan‘s tour
program is

a) 20 days b) 24 days c) 40 days d) 42 day

20. M and N weave a Mat in 10 days and 15 days respectively. They begin to work together but N
leaves after 2 days. In how much time will M complete the remaining work?

a) 6 days b) 6 days c) 7 days d) 8 days

21. P can do a work in 18 days, Q in 9 days and R in 6 days. P and Q start work together and after
2 days R joins them. What is the total number of days taken to finish the work?

a) 4.33 b) 4.0 c) 4.66 d) 5.33

22. In a house, there are six 40 W bulbs which are ON for 5 h a day and three 80 W fans which are
ON for 10 h a day. If electricity costs Rs 2 per Kilowatt hours what is the monthly electricity bill?

a) Rs 216 b) Rs 280 c) Rs 316 d) Rs 400

23. An employee is paid Rs 56 for 35 h week. Up to 40 h, he is paid at the normal rate and on
overtime, 1.5 times the normal. How many hours did he work to get Rs 88?

a) 48 b) 50 c) 58 d) 55

24. A certain job was assigned to a group of women to did it in 20 days. But 12 women did not
turn up for the job and the remaining women did the job in 32 days. The original number of
women in the group was

a) 32 b) 34 c) 36 d) 40

25. A father and a son working together can complete a work in 4 days. But if the father works
alone he can complete the work in 6 days. Both of them worked for one day and then the father
had to leave. How long will the son take to complete the remaining work?

a) 7 days b) 8 days c) 9 days d) 10 days

107
26. Ram is twice as good workman as Suresh and finished a piece of work in 3 h less than Suresh.
In how many hours they together could finish that piece of work?

a) 2 b) 2 c) 1 d) None of these

27. Machine P can print one lakh books in 8 hours. Machine Q can print the same number of books
in 10 hours while machine R can print the same in 12 hours. All the machines started printing at 9
A.M. Machine P is stopped at 11 A.M. and the remaining two machines complete work.
Approximately at what time will the printing of one lakh books be completed?

a) 3pm b) 2 pm c) 1:00 pm d) 11 am

28. P can finish a work in 18 days. Q can finish the same work in 15 days. Q worked for 10 days
and left the job. How many days does P alone need to finish the remaining work?

a) 8 b) 5 c) 4 d) 6

29. 3 men and 7 women can complete a work in 10 days. But 4 men and 6 women need 8 days to
complete the same work. In how many days will 10 women complete the same work?

a) 50 b) 40 d) 30 d) 20

30. A and B can finish a work 30 days if they work together. They worked together for 20 days and
then B left. A finished the remaining works in another 20 days. In how many days A alone can
finish the work?

a) 60 b) 50 c) 40 d) 30

31. A can complete a work in 12 days with a working of 8 hours per day. B can complete the same
work in 8 days when working 10 hours a day. If A and B work together, working 8 hours a day,
the work can be completed in --- days.

a) 5 b) 4 c) 6 d) 6

32. P is 30% more efficient than Q. P can complete a work in 23 days. If P and Q work together,
how much time will it take to complete the same work?

a)9 b)11 c) 13 d) 15

33. P, Q and R can complete a work in 24, 6 and 12 days respectively. The work will be completed
in --- days if all of them are working together.

a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5

34. 10 men can complete a work in 7 days. But 10 women need 14 days to complete the same work.
How many days will 5 men and 10 women need to complete the work?

a)5 b) 6 c)7 d)8

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35. Kamal will complete work in 20 days. If Suresh is 25% more efficient than Kamal, he can
complete the work in days.

a) 14 b) 16 c) 18 d) 20

36. Anil and Suresh are working on a special assignment. Anil needs 6 hours to type 32 pages on a
computer and Suresh needs 5 hours to type 40 pages. If both of them work together on two
different computers, how much time is needed to type an assignment of 110 pages?

a) 7hr 15 min b) 7 hr 30 min c) 8 hr 15 min d) 8 hr 30 min

37. P and Q can complete a work in 20 days and 12 days respectively. P alone started the work and
Q joined him after 4 days till the completion of the work. How long did the work last?

a) 5 days b) 10 days c) 14 days d) 22 days

38. P takes twice as much time as Q or thrice as much time as R to finish a piece of work. They can
finish the work in 2 days if work together. How much time will Q take to do the work alone?

a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7

39. P and Q can do a work in 30 days. Q and R can do the same work in 24 days and R and P in 20
days. They started the work together, but Q and R left after 10 days. How many days more will P
take to finish the work?

a) 10 b) 15 c) 18 d) 22

40. P works twice as fast as Q. If Q alone can complete a work in 12 days, P and Q can finish the
work in days

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

41. A work can be finished in 16 days by twenty women. The same work can be finished in fifteen
days by sixteen men. The ratio between the capacity of a man and a woman is

a) 1:3 b) 4:3 c) 2:3 d) 2:1

42. P and Q need 8 days to complete a work. Q and R need 12 days to complete the same work.
But P, Q and R together can finish it in 6 days. How many days will be needed if P and R together
do it?

a) 3 b) 8 c) 12 d) 4

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 PIPE & CISTERN PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. Pipe M is 3 times faster than second pipe N and takes 32 min less than the pipe N. When will
the cistern be full if both pipes are opened together?

(a) 12min (b) 24min

(c) 30min (d) Data inadequate

2. A cistern can be filled by two pipes fill separately in 12 and 16 sec respectively. Both pipes are
opened together for a certain time but being clogged only 87.5% of full quantity water flows
through the former and only 83.33 % through the latter pipe .The obstructions, however being
suddenly remove cistern is filled in 3 m in from that moment. How long was it before the full flow
began?

(a) 4.5 sec (b) 2.5 sec

(c) 3.5 sec (d) 5.5 sec

3. A cistern has a leak which would empty it in 8hr. A tap is turned on which admits 6L in a
minute into the cistern and now empty in12 hr. The Holding capacity of cistern is

(a) 7860 L (b) 6840 L

(c )8640 L (d) None of these

4. A tub can be filled by two pipes separately in 12 and 16 sec respectively. Both pipes are opened
together for a certain time but being clogged, only 87.5% of the full quantity of water flows
through the former and only 83.33% through the later pipe. The obstructions, however, being
suddenly removed, the tub is filled in 3 min from that moment. How long was it before the full
flow began?

(a) 2.5 sec (b) 4.5 sec (c) 3.5 sec (d)5.5 sec

5. First pipe can fill tank in 15 min and second in 10 min. third pipe can empty the tank in 5 min.
The first two pipes are kept open for 4 min in the started and then the third pipe also opened. In
what time the tank will empty?

(a) 35 min (b) 15 min (c) 20 min (d) cannot be determined

6. Pipes P and R can fill a tank in 5 and 6 h respectively. Pipe S can empty it in 12 h. The tank is
half full .All the three pipes are in operation simultaneously. After how much time the tank will
be full?

(a) 3 h (b) 11 h (c) 2 h (d) 1 h

110
 7. A pipe can fill a tank in 16 min and another empty it in 8 min. If the tank is already ½ full and
both the pipe are open together, will the tank be filled or emptied? How long will it take before
the tank is either filled or emptied completely as the case may be?

a) Emptied, 16 min b) Filled, 8 min c) Emptied, 8min d) Filled, 12 min

8. 1/3rd if the portion of the container evaporated on the 1st day. of the remaining evaporated
on the second day. What part of the portion of the container is left at the end of the second day?

a) b) c) d)

9. A tank is filled in 10 hours by three pipes M, n and O. The pipe O is twice as fast as N and N is
twice as fast as M. How much time will pipe M alone take to fill the tank?

a) 70 hrs b) 30 hrs c) 35 hrs d) 50 hrs

10. One pipe can fill a tank 4 times as fast as another pipe. If together they fill the tank in 36
minutes, then the slower pipe alone will fill the tank in:

a) 180 min b) 144 min c) 126 min d) 144 min

11. A pipe can fill a tub in 4 hours. After half the tub is filled, three more similar pipes are opened.
What is the total time taken to fill the tub completely?

a) 3 hrs b) 1hr 30 min c) 2 hr 30 min d) 2 hr

12. A pipe can fill a tank in 4 hours. After half the tub is filled, two more similar pipes are opened.
What is the total time taken to fill the tub completely?

a) 1 hr 20 min b) 4 hr c) hr d) 2hr 40 min

13. Three pipes M, N and O can fill a tank in 6 hours. After working at it together for 2 hours, O is
closed and M and N can fill the remaining part in 7 hours. The number of hours taken by O alone
to fill the tank is:

a) 10 b) 12 c) 14 d) 16

14. A large tanker can be filled by two taps X and Y in 60 minutes and 40 minutes respectively.
How many minutes will it take to fill the tanker from empty state if Y is used for half the time and
X and Y fill it together for the other half?

a) 15 min b) 20 min c) 27.5 min d) 30 min

15. Three pipes X, Y and Z can fill a tank in 12, 15 and 20 hours respectively. If X is open all the
time and Y and Z are open for one hour each alternately, the tank will be full in:

a) 623 hrs b) 6 hrs c) 712 hrs d) 7hrs

111
16. A leak in the bottom of a tank can empty the full tank in 6 hours. An inlet pipe fills water at the
rate of 4 litres a minute. When the tank is full, the inlet is opened and due to the leak, the tank is
empty in 24 hours. How many litres does the cistern hold?

a) 4010 L b) 2220 L c) 1920 L d) 2020 L

17. A cistern can be filled by a tap in 3 hours while it can be emptied by another tap in 8 hours. If
both the taps are opened simultaneously, then after how much time will the cistern get filled?

a) 4.8 hr b) 2.4 hr c) 3.6 hr d) 1.8 hr

18. Two taps A and B can fill a tank in 5 hours and 20 hours respectively. If both the taps are open
then due to a leakage, it took 40 minutes more to fill the tank. If the tank is full, how long will it
take for the leakage alone to empty the tank?

a) 28 hr b) 16 hr c) 22 hr d) 32 hr

19. Bucket P has thrice the capacity as bucket Q. It takes 80 turns for bucket P to fill the empty
drum. How many turns it will take for both the buckets P and Q, having each turn together to fill
the empty drum?

a) 30 b) 45 c) 60 hr d) 80 hr

20. A booster pump can be used for filling as well as for emptying a tank. The capacity of the tank
is 2400 m3. The emptying of the tank is 10 m3 per minute higher than its filling capacity and the
pump needs 8 minutes lesser to empty the tank than it needs to fill it. What is the filling capacity
of the pump?

a) 20 m3/min b) 40 m3/min c) 50 m3/min d) 60 m3/min

21. Two pipes A and B can separately fill a cistern in 40 minutes and 30 minutes respectively.
There is a third pipe in the bottom of the cistern to empty it. If all the three pipes are
simultaneously opened, then the cistern is full in 20 minutes. In how much time, the third pipe
alone can empty the cistern?

a) 120 min b) 100 min c) 140 min d) 80 min

22. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 9 hours and 3 hours respectively. If they are opened on
alternate hours and if pipe A is opened first, how many hours, the tank shall be full?

a) 4 hr b) 5 hr c) 2 hr d) 6 hr

23. 13 buckets of water fill a tank when the capacity of each bucket is 51 litres. How many buckets
will be needed to fill the same tank, if the capacity of each bucket is 17 litres?

a) 33 b) 29 c) 39 d) 42

112
 CHAPTER-9(GEOMETRY & MENSURATION)

GEOMETRY

Types of Angles:

(1) Acute Angle-An Angle whose measure is less than 90 degrees.

(2) Right Angle- An angle whose measure is 90 degrees.
(3) Obtuse Angle- An angle whose measure is bigger than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees.
(4) Straight Angle- Is an angle whose measure is 180 degrees.
(5) Reflex angle- An angle whose measure is more than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees.

(6) Adjacent Angles- Angles with a common vertex and one common side.
∠a and ∠b are adjacent angles.
(7) Complementary Angles- Two angles whose measures add to 90 degrees.
(8) Supplementary Angles- Two angles whose measures add up to 180 degrees.
(9) Vertical Angles- Angles that have a common vertex and whose sides are formed by same

lines.
(∠x and ∠y) are vertical angles.
STRAIGHT LINES:
Parallel Lines: Two straight lines are parallel if they lie on the same plane and do not intersect
however far produced.
Transversal: It is a straight line that intersects two parallel lines. When a transversal intersects two
parallel lines then
1. Corresponding angles are equal, (that is: For the following figure)
1 = 5; 2 = 6; 4 = 8; 3 = 7
2. Alternate interior angles are equal, that is (Refer following figure)
4 = 6; 5 = 3
3. Alternate exterior angles are equal, that is
2 = 8; 1 = 7
4. Interior angles on the same side of transversal add up to 180°, that is
4 + 5 = 3 + 6 = 180°

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POLYGONS:
Polygons are plane figures formed by a closed series of rectilinear (straight) segments. Example:
Triangle, Rectangle, Pentagon, Hexagon, Heptagon, Octagon, Nonagon(9 sided),………..
Polygons can broadly be divided into two types:
(a) Regular polygons: Polygons with all the sides and angles equal.
(b) Irregular polygons: Polygons in which all the sides or angles are not of the same measure.
Polygon can also be divided as concave or convex polygons.
Convex polygons are the polygons in which all the diagonals lie inside the figure otherwise it‘s a
concave Polygon.
Properties
1. Sum of all the angles of a polygon with n sides = (2n – 4)Ω/2 or (n – 2) Ω Radians = (n – 2) 180°
2. Sum of all exterior angles = 360°
3. No. of sides = 360°/exterior angle. (True only for regular polygon)
4. Area = (ns2/4) × cot (180/n); where s = length of side, n = no. of sides. (True only for regular
polygon)
5. Perimeter = n × s. (True only for regular polygon)
TRIANGLES: A triangle is a polygon having three sides. Sum of all the angles of a triangle = 180°.
1. Acute angle triangle: Triangles with all three angles acute (less than 90°).
2. Obtuse angle triangle: Triangles with one of the angles obtuse (more than 90°).
(Note: we cannot have more than one obtuse angle in a triangle.)
3. Right angle triangle: Triangle with one of the angles equal to 90°.
4. Equilateral triangle: Triangle with all sides equal. All the angles in such a triangle measure 60°.
5. Isosceles triangle: Triangle with two of its sides equal and consequently the angles opposite
theequal sides are also equal.
6. Scalene Triangle: Triangle with none of the sides equal to any other side.
Properties (General)
• Sum of the length of any two sides of a triangle has to be always greater than the third side.
• Difference between the lengths of any two sides of a triangle has to be always lesser than the
third side.
• Side opposite to the greatest angle will be the greatest and the side opposite to the smallest angle
the smallest.
• The sine rule: a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C = 2R (where R = circum radius.)
• The cosine rule: a = b + c – 2bc cos A
2 2 2

Area
1. Area = 1/2 base × height or 1/2 bh.

Height = Perpendicular distance between the base and vertex opposite to it

114
2. Area =√s (s-a)(s-b)(s-c) (Hero‘s formula) where S = a+b+c/2
3. Area = rs (where r is in radius)
4. Area = 1/2 × product of two sides × sine of the included angle

= 1/2 ac sin B

= 1/2 ab sin C

= 1/2 bc sin A
5. Area = abc/4R where R = circum radius
Congruency of Triangles: Two triangles are congruent if all the sides of one are equal to the
corresponding sides of another. It follows that all the angles of one are equal to the corresponding
angles of another. Conditions for Congruency
1. SAS congruency: If two sides and an included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides
and an included angle of another, the two triangles are congruent.
Here, AB = PQ BC = QR and ∠B = ∠Q So ∆ ABC≌ ∆PQR
2. ASA congruency: If two angles and the included side of one triangle is equal to two angles
and the included side of another, the triangles are congruent.
Here, ∠A = ∠P ∠B = ∠Q and AB = PQ So ∆ ABC≌ ∆PQR
3. AAS congruency: If two angles and side opposite to one of the angles is equal to the
corresponding angles and the side of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
∠A = ∠P ∠B = ∠Q and AC = PR So ∆ ABC≌ ∆PQR
4. SSS congruency: If three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of another triangle, the
two triangles are congruent. In the figure below:
AB = PQ BC = QR AC = PR So ∆ ABC≌ ∆PQR
5. SSA congruency: If two sides and the angle opposite the greater side of one triangle are
equal to the two sides and the angle opposite to the greater side of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent. The congruency doesn‘t hold if the equal angles lie opposite the shorter
side.
AB = PQ AC = PR ∠B = ∠Q Then the triangles are congruent. ∆ ABC≌ ∆PQR

Similarity of triangles Similarity of triangles is a special case where if either of the conditions of
similarity of polygons holds, the other will hold automatically.

Types of Similarity

1. AAA similarity: If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, that is, the two triangles are
equiangular then the triangles are similar.
Corollary (AA similarity): If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of
another triangle then the two triangles are similar. The reason being, the third angle becomes
equal automatically.
2. SSS similarity: If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional then they are similar.

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For ∆ABC to be similar to ∆PQR, AB/PQ = BC/QR = AC/PR, must hold true

3. SAS similarity: If in two triangles, one pair of corresponding sides are proportional and the
included angles are equal then the two triangles are similar.

∆ ABC ~∆PQR If AB/BC = PQ/QR and ∠B = ∠Q

Note: (1) In similar triangles; the following identity holds:
Ratio of medians = Ratio of heights = Ratio of circumradii = Ratio of inradii = Ratio of angle
bisectors
Equilateral Triangles (of side a):
1. h = a√3/2
2. Area = 1/2 (base) × (height) =1/2 × a × a√3/2 = √3/4 a2
3. R (circum radius) = 2h/3=a/√3
4. r (in radius) =h/3 = a/2√3
Properties
1. The incentre and circumcentre lies at a point that divides the height in the ratio 2 : 1.
2. The circum radius is always twice the in radius. [R = 2r.]
3. Among all the triangles that can be formed with a given perimeter, the equilateral triangle will
have the maximum area.
4. An equilateral triangle in a circle will have the maximum area compared to other triangles
inside the same circle.
Isosceles Triangle
Area = b/4 √4a2-b2 In an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite to the equal sides are equal.
Right-Angled Triangle
Pythagoras Theorem In the case of a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other two sides. In the figure below, for triangle ABC, a2 = b2 + c2
Area = 1/2 (product of perpendicular sides)
R(circumradius) = (hypotenuse)/2
Area = rs (where r = in radius and s = (a + b + c)/2 where a, b and c are sides of the triangle)
1/2 bc = r(a + b + c)/2
r = (bc)/(a + b + c)

In the triangle ABC,

∆ABC ~ ∆DBA ~ ∆DAC (Note: A lot of questions are based on this figure.)Further, we find the
following identities:
1. ∆ABC ~ ∆DBA AB/BC = DB/BA AB2 = DB × BC c2 = pa
2. ∆ABC ~ ∆DAC AC/BC = DC/AC AC2 = DC × BC b2 = qa

3. ∆DBA ~ ∆DAC DA/DB = DC/DA DA2 = DB × DC AD2 = pq

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Basic Pythagorean Triplets

3, 4, 5 : 5, 12, 13 : 7, 24, 25 :8, 15, 17: 9, 40, 41 : 11, 60, 61 : 12, 35, 37 : 16, 63, 65 : 20, 21, 29 : 28, 45, 53.
These triplets are very important since a lot of questions are based on them. Any triplet formed by
either multiplying or dividing one of the basic triplets by any positive real number will be another
Pythagorean triplet. Thus, since 3, 4, 5 form a triplet so also will 6, 8 and 10 as also 3.3, 4.4 and 5.5.

Similarity of right triangles Two right triangles are similar if the hypotenuse and side of one is
proportional to hypotenuse and side of another. (RHS–similarity–Right angle hypotenuse side).

Important Terms with Respect to a Triangle

1. Median A line joining the mid-point of a side of a triangle to the opposite vertex is called a
median. In the figure the three medians are PG, QF and RE where G, E and F are mid-points of
their respective sides.
• A median divides a triangle into two parts of equal area.
• The point where the three medians of a triangle meet is called the centroid of the triangle.
• The centroid of a triangle divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1. i.e. PC : CG = 2 : 1 = QC : CF =
RC : CE
Important formula with respect to a median
2 × (median)2 + 2 × (1/2 the third side)2 = Sum of the squares of other two sides
2(PG)2 + 2 ×(QR/2)2 = (PQ)2 + (PR)2

2. Altitude/Height- A perpendicular drawn from any vertex to the opposite side is called the
altitude. (In the figure, AD, BF and CE are the altitudes of the triangles).
• All the altitudes of a triangle meet at a point called the orthocentre of the triangle.
• The angle made by any side at the orthocentre and the vertical angle make a supplementary pair
(i.e. they both add up to 180°). In the figure below:
∠A + ∠BOC = 180° = ∠C + ∠AOB

3. Perpendicular Bisectors A line that is a perpendicular to a side and bisects it is the

perpendicular bisector of the side.
• The point at which the perpendicular bisectors of the sides meet is called the circumcentre of the
triangle
• The circumcentre is the centre of the circle that circumscribes the triangle. There can be only one
such circle.
• Angle formed by any side at the circumcentre is two times the vertical angle opposite to the
[Link] is the property of the circle whereby angles formed by an arc at the centre are twice that
of the angle formed by the same arc in the opposite arc. Here we can view this as:

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∠QCR = 2 ∠QPR (when we consider arc QR and it‘s opposite arc QPR)

4. Incenter
• The lines bisecting the interior angles of a triangle are the angle bisectors of that triangle.
• The angle bisectors meet at a point called the incentre of the triangle.
• The incentre is equidistant from all the sides of the triangle.
• From the incentre with a perpendicular drawn to any of the sides as the radius, a circle can be
drawn touching all the three sides. This is called the incircle of the triangle. The radius of the
incircle is known as inradius.
• The angle formed by any side at the incentre is always a right angle more than half the angle
opposite to the side. This can be illustrated as ∠QXR = 90 + 1/2 ∠P
• If QY and RY be the angle bisectors of exterior angles at Q and R then, ∠QYR = 90 – 1/2
∠P. QUADRILATERALS
Area (A) Area = 1/2 (product of diagonals) × (sine of the angle between, them)

If ⍬1 and ⍬2 are the two angles made between themselves by the two diagonals, we have by
theproperty of intersecting lines : ⍬1 + ⍬2 = 180°Then, the area of the quadrilateral = 1/2 d1 d2 sin
⍬1 =1/2 d1 d2 sin ⍬2.
(B) Area = 1/2 × diagonal × sum of the perpendiculars to it from opposite vertices = d(h1+h2)/2

(C) Area of a circumscribed quadrilateral A =√(S-a)(S-b)(S-c)(S-d)

Where S =a+b+c+d/2 (where a, b, c and d are the lengths of the sides.)
Properties
1. In a convex quadrilateral inscribed in a circle, the product of the diagonals is equal to the
sum of the products of the opposite sides. For example, in the figure below: (a × c) + (b × d) = AC
× BD
2. Sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral = 360°.

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TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS
1. Parallelogram (|| gm) :A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel

(A) Area = Base (b) × Height (h)= bh

(B) Area = product of any two adjacent sides × sine of the included angle.= ab sin Q

(C) Perimeter = 2 (a + b) where a and b are any two adjacent sides.

Properties

(a) Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

(b) Bisectors of the angles of a parallelogram form a rectangle.(Diagonals in a rhombus intersect at

right angles) (since sin 90° = 1)

(c) A parallelogram inscribed in a circle is a rectangle.

(d) A parallelogram circumscribed about a circle is a rhombus.

(e) The opposite angles in a parallelogram are equal.

(f) The sum of the squares of the diagonals is equal to the sum of the squares of the four sides in
the figure:

AC2 + BD2 = AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + AD2= 2(AB2 + BC2)

2. Rectangles :A rectangle is a parallelogram with all angles 90°

(A) Area = Base × Height = b × h Note: Base and height are also referred to as the length and the
breadth in a rectangle.

(B) Diagonal (d) =√b2+h2 (by Pythagoras theorem.)

Properties of a Rectangle

(a) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other.

(b) Bisectors of the angles of a rectangle (a parallelogram) form another rectangle.

(c) All rectangles are parallelograms but the reverse is not true.

119
3. Rhombus: A parallelogram having all the sides equal is a rhombus.

(A) Area = 1/2 × product of diagonals × sine of the angle between them.

= 1/2 × d1 × d2 sin 90°

= 1/2 × d1 d2

(B) Area = product of adjacent sides × sine of the angle between them.

Properties

(a) Diagonals bisect each other at right angles.

(b) All rhombuses are parallelograms but the reverse is not true.

(c) A rhombus may or may not be a square but all squares are rhombuses.

4. Square: A square is a rectangle with adjacent sides equal or a rhombus with each angle 90°

(a) Area = base × height = a2

(b) Area = 1/2 (diagonal)2 = 1/2 d2 (square is a rhombus too).

(c) Perimeter = 4a (a = side of the square)

(d) Diagonal = a√2

(E) In radius = a/2

Properties

(a) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right angles.

(b) Side is the diameter of the inscribed circle.

(c) Diagonal is the diameter of the circumscribing circle.

Diameter = a√2 . Circumradius =a/√2

5. Trapezium: A trapezium is a quadrilateral with only two sides parallel to each other.

(a) Area = 1/2 × sum of parallel sides × height = 1/2 (AB + DC) × h—For the figure below.

(b) Median = 1/2 × sum of the parallel sides (median is the line equidistant from the parallel sides)

For any line EF parallel to AB

EF = {[PX(AB)]+[QX(DC)]}/AD

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Properties

(A) If the non-parallel sides are equal then diagonals will be equal too.

6. REGULAR HEXAGON
(a) Area = [(3√3 )/2] (side)2

(b) A regular hexagon is actually a combination of 6 equilateral triangles all of side ‗a‘.

Hence, the area is also given by: 6 × side of equilateral triangles = 6 ×√3/4 a2

(c) If you look at the figure closely it will not be difficult to realise that circumradius (R) = a; i.e the

side of the hexagon is equal to the circumradius of the same.

7. CIRCLES
(a) Area = Ωr2

(b) Circumference = 2 Ωr = (r = radius)

(c) Area = 1/2 × circumference × r

Arc: It is a part of the circumference of the circle. The bigger one is called the major arc and the

Smaller one the minor arc.

(d) Length (Arc XY) =⍬/360 × 2Ωr

(e) Sector of a circle is a part of the area of a circle between two radii.

Area of a sector =⍬/360 × Ωr2 (where ⍬ is the angle between two radii)

(g) Segment: A sector minus the triangle formed by the two radii is called the segment of the
circle.

Area = Area of the sector – Area ∆OAB =⍬/360 × Ωr2 – 1/2× r2 sin q
Perimeter of segment = length of the arc + length of segment AB

(j) Congruency: Two circles can be congruent if and only if they have equal radii.

Properties

(a) The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord. The converse is also
true.

(b) The perpendicular bisectors of two chords of a circle intersect at its centre.

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(c) There can be one and only one circle passing through three or more non-collinear points.

(d) If two circles intersect in two points then the line through the centres is the perpendicular
bisector of the common chord.

(e) If two chords of a circle are equal, then the centre of the circle lies on the angle bisector of the

two chords.

(f) Equal chords of a circle or congruent circles are equidistant from the centre.

(g) Equidistant chords from the centre of a circle are equal to each other in terms of their length.

(h) The degree measure of an arc of a circle is twice the angle subtended by it at any point on the

alternate segment of the circle. This can be clearly seen in the following figure:

With respect to the arc AB, ∠AOB = 2 ∠ACB.

(i) Any two angles in the same segment are equal. Thus, ∠ACB = ∠ADB.

(j) The angle subtended by a semi-circle is a right angle. Conversely, the arc of a circle subtending
a

right angle at any point of the circle in its alternate segment is a semi-circle.

(k) Any angle subtended by a minor arc in the alternate segment is acute, and any angle
subtended by a major arc in the alternate segment is obtuse. In the figure below ∠ABC is acute
and ∠ADC = obtuse

Also ⍬1= 2 ∠B

And ⍬2 = 2 ∠D ⍬1+ ⍬2 = 2(∠B + ∠D)= 360° = 2(∠B + ∠D) or ∠B + ∠D = 180°

or sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.

(l) If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the same

side of the line, the four points are concyclic. Thus, in the following figure: If ⍬1 = ⍬2

Then ABCD are concyclic, that is, they lie on the same circle.
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(m) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) subtend equal angles at the centre (at the

corresponding centres.) The converse is also true.

(n) If the sum of the opposite angles of a quadrilateral is 180°, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.

Secant: A line that intersects a circle at two points.

Tangent: A line that touches a circle at exactly one point.

(o) If a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral then the sum of the two opposite sides is

equal to the sum of other two AB + DC = AD + BC

(p) In two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle that is tangent to the smaller circle is

bisected at the point of contact.

Tangents

• Length of direct common tangents is =√(distance between their centres)2 –(r1-r2)2

where r1 and r2 are the radii of the circles =√(oo‘)2 –(r1-r2)2


Length of transverse common tangents is= √(distance between their centres)2 –(r1+r2)2
=√(oo‘)2 –(r1+r2)2

The following formulae hold true in the area of mensuration:

1. Cuboid

A cuboid is a three dimensional box. It is defined by the virtue of it‘s length l, breadth b and
height h. It can be visualised as a room which has its length, breadth and height different from
each other.

Total surface area of a cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + lh)

Volume of the cuboid = lbh

2. Cube of side s
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A cube is a cuboid which has all its edges equal i.e. length = breadth = height = s.

Total surface area of a cube = 6s2.

Volume of the cube = s3.

3. Prism

A prism is a solid which can have any polygon at both its ends. It‘s dimensions are defined by the

dimensions of the polygon at it‘s ends and its height.

1. Lateral surface area of a right prism = Perimeter of base * height

2. Volume of a right prism = area of base* height

3. Whole surface of a right prism = Lateral surface of the prism + the area of the two plane ends.

4. Cylinder

A cylinder is a solid which has both its ends in the form of a circle. Its dimensions are defined in
the form of the radius of the base (r) and the height h. A gas cylinder is a close approximation of a
cylinder.

1. Curved surface of a right cylinder = 2Ωrh where r is the radius of the base and h the height.

2. Whole surface of a right circular cylinder = 2Ωrh + 2Ωr2

3. Volume of a right circular cylinder = Ωr2h

5. Pyramid

A pyramid is a solid which can have any polygon as its base and its edges converge to a single
apex. Its dimensions are defined by the dimensions of the polygon at its base and the length of its
lateral edges which lead to the apex. The Egyptian pyramids are examples of pyramids.

1. Slant surface of a pyramid = 1/2 * Perimeter of the base* slant height

2. Whole surface of a pyramid = Slant surface + area of the base

3. Volume of a pyramid = area of base /3 x height

6. Cone

A cone is a solid which has a circle at its base and a slanting lateral surface that converges at the
apex. Its dimensions are defined by the radius of the base (r), the height (h) and the slant height (l).
A structuresimilar to a cone is used in ice cream cones.

1. Curved surface of a cone = Ωrl where l is the slant height

2. Whole surface of a cone = Ωrl + Ωr2

3. Volume of a cone =Ωr2h/3

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7. Sphere

A sphere is a solid in the form of a ball with radius r.

1. Surface Area of a sphere = 4Ωr2

2. Volume of a sphere =4/3 Ωr3

8. Frustum of a pyramid

When a pyramid is cut the left over part is called the frustum of the pyramid.

1. Slant surface of the frustum of a pyramid = 1/2 * sum of perimeters of end * slant height.

2. Volume of the frustum of a pyramid =k/3 [E1 + (E1xE2)1/2 + E2] where k is the thickness and E1,
E2 the areas of the ends.

9. Frustum of a cone

When a cone is cut the left over part is called the frustum of the cone.

1. Slant surface of the frustum of a cone = Ω(r1 + r2)l where l is the slant height.

2. Volume of the frustum of a cone =Ω/3 X k(r12 + r1r2 + r22)

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 EXERCISE-01

1. An old man wants to cut three parts from a single piece of board of length [Link] second
part is to be 3 cm longer than the shortest and the third part is to be double as long as the shortest
board, if the third part is to be at least 5cm longer than the second?
(a)5≤x≤24 (b)8≤x≤24
(c)6≤x≤24 (d)none of these

2. The volume of a cuboid is 1120 cm3 and its height is 5cm while the length and the breadth of the
cuboid are in the ratio 8:[Link] length of this cylinder exceeds the breadth by

(a) 2 cm (b) 4cm

(c)7 cm (d)5cm

3. 1 m3 piece of aluminum is melted and recast into a square cross section bar 36 m long. An exact
cube is cut off from this bar. if 1m3 of aluminum cost Rs108 then the cost of the bar is

(a) 50 paisa (b)25 paisa

(c)75 paisa (d) Rs 1

4. The volume of a rectangular block of stone is 103868 dm2, its dimensions are in the ratio of
3:2:[Link] its entire surface is polished at 2 paise per dm2, then what is the total cost?

(a)₨ 31.68 (b)₨ 31 .58

(c)Rs 63 (d)₨ 63.36

5. A circular ring of radius 3 cm is suspended horizontally from a point 4 cm vertically above the
centre by 4 strings attached at equal intervals to its circumference. If the angle two consecutive
strings by , then cos is

(a) 4/25 (b)4/25

(c)16/25 (d)1/5

6. A school room is to be built to accommodate 70 children , so as to allow 2.2 m2 of floor and 11

m3 of space for each child . if the room be 14 m long ,what must be its breadth and height?

(a)12 and 5.5 m (b) 13 and 6 m

(c)11 and 5 m (d)11 and 4m

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7. A pool is in the shape of a frustum of a right circular cone .it is 8cm across at the top and 4 m
across the bottom. it is 6 m deep .find the area of its curve surface

(a) 118.4 (b) 162.3 m2

(c) 452 m2 (d) 181.6 m2

8. Two cans have the same height equal to 21 cm. One can is cylindrical; the diameter of whose
base is 10 cm. The other can has square base of side 10 cm. what is the difference in their
capacities?

(a) 350 cm^3. (b) 250 cm ^3

(c) 450 cm ^3. (d) 300 cm^3

9. What is the total surface area of a triangular prism whose height and s 30 m and the sides of
whose base are 21 m 20 m and 13 m, respectively?

(a) 1872 sq m. (b) 1725 sq m

(c) 1652 sq m. (d) 1542 sq m

10. A Cistern of dimensions 2.4mX 2m x 1. 5 m takes 2 h 30 min to get filled with water. The rate at
which rate at which water flows into the cistern to is

(a) 0.48000 cu m/h. (b) 800 cu m /min

(c) 800 cu m/ s. (d) 80 cu m/ min

11. It is required to design a circular pipe such that spirit flowing through it at a speed of 7m /
min fills a pool of capacity 440 cu m in 10 min. The inner radius of the pipe should be

(a) 2m. (b) 2 m

(c) 1/2 m. (d) 1/ 2 m

12. Twenty nine times the area of a square is one square meter less than six times the area of the
second square and nine time the sides of it exceeds the perimeter of other square by one meter.
The difference in sides of this square is

(a) 5m. (b) 54/11m

(c) 11m. (d) 6m

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13. Milk has been poured into an empty rectangular container at the rate of 8 cu ft/min for. 2.5
min. the length of the container is 3 ft and the width is one half of the length. How deep is the milk
in the container?

(a) 4ft. (b) 3.86ft.

(c) 3.23ft. (d) 4.44ft

14. A sector of a circle of radius 15 cm has the angle [Link] is rolled up so that two bounding radii
are joined together to form a cone. The volume of the cone is

(a) 250 π cm3. (b) [ ( 500 ) π/3] cm3

(c)[(250 2 ) π cm3]. (d)[(1000 2) π/3] cm3

15. A roller 150 cm long has diameter 70 cm. To level a playground, it takes 750 complete
revolutions. The cost of leveling the playground at the rate of Rs 2 per m2 is

(a)Rs 5000 (b) Rs 2950

(c) 4500 (d) 4950

16. A circular swimming pool with a diameter of 28 ft has a deck of uniform width built around it.
If the area of the deck is 60 pi sq ft, find. Its width

(a) 3ft. (b) 2.8ft

(c) 2ft. (d) [Link]

17. A house is in the shape of a hemisphere surmounted by a cone. if radius of base of the cone is 3
cm and its height is 4 cm, the total surface area of the toy is

(a) 33 π m2. (b) 42π cm2

(c) 66 π cm2. (d)56 π cm2

18. A cylindrical tank of height 14 m and base diameter 12 m contains oil. This spirit is to be
transferred to one cylindrical can, one conical can and a spherical can. The base radius of all the
tank is same. The height of the conical can is [Link] pouring some spirit is dropped and hence
only 3/4th of cylindrical can could be filled. How much spirit is dropped?

(a) 54 π m3. (b) 36π m3

(c)46 π m3 (d)50π m3

128
19. The length of rectangle is increased to 3/2 times of its length and breadth is reduced to 1/3rd
of its breadth. What is the change in area?

(a)1/3 (b) 1/4

(c) 1/2 (d) no change

20. The ratio of the volume of cube to that of a sphere which can fit inside the cube is

(a) 3:4 (b) 21:11

(c) 11:22 (d) 4:3

21. A hollow cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base and the upper is removed. If the curved
surface area of the remainder is 8/9th of the curved of the whole cone. The ratio of the line
segments into which the cone altitude is divided by the plane is given by

(a) 2:3 (b) 1:3

(c) 1:2 (d)1:4

22. In measuring the sides of a rectangular land part, one side is taken 5%in deficit. The error per
cent in area calculated of the land part is

(a)1% (b) 1.3%

(c) 1.5% (d) 3%

23. Length of a rectangular chessboard is 8m more than that of its breadth. If its length is increased
by 7 m and it's breadth is decreased by 4m, its area remains unchanged. The length and breadth of
the rectangular chessboard is

(a) 24m ,16m (b) 20m,24m

(c) 28m, 20m (d) 28m,16m

24. A cylindrical flask of radius 12 cm contains water up to a depth of 20 cm. A spherical ball of
Iron is dropped into the flask and thus the level of water is the raised by 6.75 cm. The radius of the
ball of iron is

(a)7.25 cm (b) 6 cm

(c)4.5 cm (d) 9 cm

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25. A spherical ball of zinc, 3cm in diameter is melted and recast into three is 1.5 cm and 2cm
respectively. The diameter of the third ball is

(a) 3 cm (b) 2.66 cm

(c) 2.5 cm (d) 3.5 cm

26. A hemispherical bowl is 176 cm round the brim. Supposing it to be half full, how many
members may be served from it in hemispherical cups 4 cm in diameter at the top?

(a) 1372 (b) 1272

(c) 1172 (d) 1472

27. A rectangular farm has to be fenced on one long side, one short side and the diagonal. If the
cost of fencing is Rs 100 per m, the area of the farm is 1200 m2 and the short side is 30m long. How
much would the job cost?

(a) ₨ 14000 (b)₨12000

(c) ₨7000 (d) ₨15000

28. A lawn is in the form of an isosceles triangle. The cost of turfing it came to 1200 at ₨ 4 per m2.
If the base be 40m long, find the length of equal side.

(a) 25m (b) 24 m

(c) 26 m (d) none of these

29. A landowner increased the length and breadth of a rectangular plot of land by 10% and 20%
respectively. Find the percentage change in the cost of the plot of land?

(a) 35% (b) 33%

(c) 22.22% (d) none of these

30. In a swimming pond measuring 90m by 40m. 150men take a dip. If the average displacement
of water by a woman is 8 cu m, what will be the rise in water level?

(a) 33.33% (b) 30 cm

(c) 20 cm (d) 25 cm

31. A 4cm cube is cut into 1cm cubes. Find the percentage increase in surface area.

(a) 200% (b) 100%

(c) 400 % (d) 300%

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32. The radius of the base of a conical tent is 5m. If the tent is 12m high, then the area of a canvas
required in making tent is

(a) 300 π m2 (b) 60 π m2

(c) 90 π m2 (d) none of these

33. A wooden Bed box of dimensions 8m × 7m × 6m is to carry rectangular boxes of dimensions

8cm × 7cm × 6cm. The maximum number of boxes that can be carried in the wooden bed box is

(a) 9800000 (b) 1000000

(c) 7500000 (d) 1200000

34. The length of a rectangular field is double its width. Inside the field, there is a square-shaped
pool 8m long. If the area of the pool is 1/8 of area of the field, what is the length of the field?

(a) 32m (b) 16 m

(c) 64 m (d) 20 m

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 EXERCISE-02
Q.1 If 2a+3, 3a+2 are complementary, then a=?
A. 17° B. 20° C. 23° D. 26°
Q.2 If 5x+17° and x+13° are supplementary, then x=?
A. 20° B. 25° C. 30° D. 35°
Q.3 Ratio between the numbers of sides of two regular polygons is 2:3 and the ratio between their
interior angles is 3:4. The number of sides of these polygons respectively are:
A. 4,6 B.6,9 C.8,12 D. None of These
Q.4 Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 11, 60, 61.
A. 210 B. 330 C. 315 D. 275
Q.5 In ∆ABC, the internal bisectors of ∠ABC meet at X and ∠BAC=30°. The measure of ∠BXC is:
A. 95° B. 105° C. 125° D.130°
Q.6 If one diagonal of a rhombus is equal to its side, then the diagonals of the rhombus are in
ratio:
A. √3:1 B.3:1 C.2:1 D. None of These
Q.7 Two equal circles of radius 6cm intersect each other such that each passes through the Centre
of the other. The length of the common chord is:
A. 2√3 B.6√3 C. 2√2 D.8
Q.8 If two equal circles whose centers are O and O‘ intersect each other at the points A and B.
OO‘=6cm and AB=8cm, then the radius of the circles is
A. 5cm B.8cm C.12cm D.14cm
Q.9 The ratio of radii of a cylinder to that of a cone is 1:2. If their heights are equal, find the ratio of
their volumes?
A. 1:3 B. 2:3 C. 3:4 D. 3:1
Q.10 Find the number of bricks, each measuring 25 cmX12.5cmX7.5cm , required to construct a
wall 12m long, 5 m high and 0.25 m thick , while the sand and cement mixture occupies 5% of the
total volume of the wall.
A. 6080 B. 3040 C. 1520 D. 12160
Q.11 A cylinder, a hemisphere and a cone stand on the same base and have the same heights. The
ratio of the areas of their curved surface is:
A. 2:2:1 B. √2: √2:1 C. 2: √2:1 D. None of these
Q.12 A cone, a hemisphere and a cylinder stand on equal bases and have the same height. What is
the ratio of their volumes?
A. 2:1:3 B. 2.5:1:3 C.1:2:3 D. 1.5:2:3
Q.13 The whole surface of a rectangular block is 8788 square cm. If length, breadth and height are
in the ratio 4:3:2, find length.
A.26cm B.52 cm C. 104cm D.13cm

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 CHAPTER-10(PROGRESSIONS, SEQUENCE & SERIES)

Important Concepts and Formulas - Sequence and Series Arithmetic Progression (AP)
Arithmetic progression(AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers in which each term
after the first is obtained by adding a constant, d to the preceding term. The constant d is called
common difference.
An arithmetic progression is given by a, (a + d), (a + 2d), (a + 3d), ...
where a = the first term , d = the common difference
If a, b, c are in AP, 2b = a + c
nth term of an arithmetic progression
tn = a + (n – 1)d
where tn = nth term, a= the first term , d= common difference
Sum of first n terms in an arithmetic progression
Sn=n/2[ 2a+(n−1)d ] =n/2(a+L)
where a = the first term, d= common difference, L = tn = nth term = a + (n-1)d
Additional Notes on AP
 To solve most of the problems related to AP, the terms can be conveniently taken as
 3 terms: (a – d), a, (a +d)
 4 terms: (a – 3d), (a – d), (a + d), (a +3d)
 5 terms: (a – 2d), (a – d), a, (a + d), (a +2d)
 Tn = Sn - Sn-1
 If each term of an AP is increased, decreased , multiplied or divided by the same non-zero
constant, the resulting sequence also will be in AP.
 In an AP, sum of terms equidistant from beginning and end will be constant.
Harmonic Progression(HP)
Non-zero numbers a1, a2, a3, ⋯ an are in Harmonic Progression(HP) if 1/a1, 1/a2, 1/a3, ⋯1/an are
in AP. Harmonic Progression is also known as harmonic sequence.
 If a, (a+d), (a+2d), . . . are in AP, nth term of the AP = a + (n - 1)d
Hence, if 1/a,1/a+d,1/a+2d,⋯ are in HP, nth term of the HP = 1/a+(n−1)d
 If a, b, c are in HP, b is the Harmonic Mean(HM) between a and c
In this case, b=2ac/a+c
 The Harmonic Mean(HM) between two numbers a and b = 2ab/a+b
 If a, a1, a2 ... an, b are in HP we can say that a1, a2 ... an are the n Harmonic Means between a
and b.
 If a, b, c are in HP, 2/b=1/a+1/c
Geometric progression(GP)
 Geometric Progression(GP) or Geometric Sequence is sequence of non-zero numbers in
which the ratio of any term and its preceding term is always constant.
 A geometric progression(GP) is given by a, ar, ar2, ar3, ...
where a = the first term , r = the common ratio
 If a, b, c are in GP, b2 = ac
 nth term of a geometric progression(GP) tn=arn−1
where tn = nth term, a= the first term , r = common ratio, n = number of terms
 Sum of first n terms in a geometric progression(GP)
Sn= a (rn−1)/r−1 (if r>1)

133
 a (1−rn)/1−r (if r<1)where a= the first term,r = common ratio,n = number of terms

 Sum of an infinite geometric progression(GP)

S∞=a/1−r (if -1 < r < 1) where a= the first term , r = common ratio
Geometric Mean
 If three non-zero numbers a, b, c are in GP, b is the Geometric Mean(GM) between a and c.
In this case, b=√ac
 The Geometric Mean(GM) between two numbers a and b = √ab
 (Note that if a and b are of opposite sign, their GM is not defined.)
Additional Notes on GP
To solve most of the problems related to GP, the terms of the GP can be conveniently taken as 3
terms: a/r, a, ar 5 terms: a/r2, a/r, a, ar, ar2
If a, b, c are in GP, a−b/b−c=a/b
In a GP, product of terms equidistant from beginning and end will be constant.
Relationship Between Arithmetic Mean, Harmonic Mean, and Geometric Mean of Two Number
itseIf GM, AM and HM are the Geometric Mean, Arithmetic Mean and Harmonic Mean of two
positive numbers respectively, then
GM2 = AM × HM
Some Interesting Properties to Note
 Three numbers a, b and c are in AP if b=a+c/2
 Three non-zero numbers a, b and c are in HP if b=2ac/a+c
 Three non-zero numbers a, b and c are in HP if a−b/b−c=a/c
 Let A, G and H be the AM, GM and HM between two distinct positive numbers. Then
(1) A > G > H (2) A, G and H are in GP
 If a series is both an AP and GP, all terms of the series will be equal. In other words, it will
be a constant sequence.
 Power Series: Important formulas
 1+1+1+⋯ n terms=∑1=n
 1+2+3+⋯+n=∑n=n(n+1)/2
 12+22+32+⋯+n2=∑n2=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
 13+23+33+⋯+n3=∑n3=n2(n+1)2/4=[n(n+1)/2]2

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 EXERCISE

Q1) Find the sum of all the terms, If the first 3 terms among 4 positive integers are in A.P and the
last 3 terms are in G.P. Moreover the difference between the first and last term is 40.

A.108 B.172 C.124 D.196

Q2) Find the sum of the series .4 + .44 + .444……. to n terms

A.5.69 B.14.44 C.4/81[9n−1+1/10n] D.4/81[n+1]

Q3) The salaries earned by two friends Anil and Jeetu in different years are in A.P. If the ratio of
the amount earned by them in ‗p‘ number of years are (4p+1) : (2p+17). Then find the ratio of
amount earned by them in the 7th year.

A.(2p+1) : (4p+6) B.53 : 43 C.4 : 7 D.15p : 36p

Q4) Ram invests a total sum of 2000 rupees on government bonds in 4 years. If these investments
are in A.P and the sum of squares of the investments is 1200000. Find the investment made by ram
in each year respectively. It is also known that he always invest more than the previous year.

A.200,400,600,800 B.875,625,375,125 C.125,375,625,875 D.50,350,650,950

Q5) Find sum : 22+2∗32+3∗42+4∗52.....10∗112

A.6530 B.3600 C. 2850 D.3850

Q6) Sum of infinite terms of a GP is 12. If the first term is 8, what is the 4th term of this GP?

A.8/27 B.4/27 C.8/20 D.1/3

Q7) Second term in an AP is 8 and the 8th term is 2 more than thrice the second term. Find the
sum up to 8 terms of this AP.

A.124 B.108 C.96 D.110

Q8) Sum of first 12 terms of a GP is equal to the sum of the first 14 terms in the same GP. Sum of
the first 17 terms is 92, what is the third term in the GP?

A.92 B.-92 C.46 D.23

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 CHAPTER-11(PERMUTATION & COMBINATION)

1. Introduction:

Permutations and Combinations is one of the most logical phenomenon of mathematics

wherein there are no formulae to mug up. Rather, it tests your ability to understand the problem
and interpret the situation logically. It is more of application of common sense. That is why you
will see that most questions can be solved without actually knowing the techniques of
permutations and combinations.

Great news, isn‘t it?

Before proceeding further, let us quickly define Factorial!!!

Factorial of a number or n! is the product of n consecutive natural numbers starting from 1

to n. Factorial word is represented by ‗!‘ or ‗L‘. Hence, 4! is 1x2x3x4 = 24.

Note: Factorial of zero or 0!=1

2. Fundamental Principle of Counting

2.1 Product Rule

If one operation can be done in x ways and corresponding to each way of performing the
first operation, a second operation can be performed in y ways, then the two operations together
can be performed in xy ways.

If after two operations are performed in any one of the xy ways, a third operation can be
done in z ways, then the three operations together can be performed in xyz ways.

• Let us take an example.

A, B, C and D are four places and a traveller has to go from A to D via B and C.

He can go from A to B in 4 ways and corresponding to each way he can take any one of the
2 ways to reach C. Hence A to C can be reached in 4×2=8 ways.

136
 Corresponding to each of these 8 ways of reaching C from A, there are 3 ways to reach D
and the traveller can choose any one of them.

Hence, A to D can be reached in 4x2x3=24 ways!

Here the different operations are mutually inclusive. It implies that all the operations are
being done in succession. In this case we use the word „and‟ to complete all stages of operation
and the meaning of „and‟ is multiplication.

Example:

 A tricolor flag is to be formed having three horizontal strips of three different colors. 5
colors are available. How many differently designed flags can be prepared?

Solution:

First strip can be coloured in 5 ways, second strip can be coloured in any of the remaining 4
colors, and the third strip can be coloured in any of the remaining 3 colors.

Hence, we can get 5x4x3 = 60 differently designed flags.

2.2 Addition Rule

If there are two operations such that they can be performed independently in x and y ways
respectively, then either of the two jobs can be done in (x + y) ways.

Let us take the example of four places A, B, C and D taken above.

Example:There are 4 different roads from B to A and 2 different roads from B to C. In how many
ways can a person go to A or C from B? The answer is 4+2=6 ways.

Here, the different operations are mutually exclusive. It implies either of the operations is
chosen. in this case we use the word „or‟ between various operations and the meaning of „or‟ is
addition.

The product rule and the addition rule signify the cases of „and‟ & „or‟.

3. Permutations Introduced

The arrangements of a given number of things taking some or all of them at a time are
called permutations.

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For example, the permutations of three alphabets x, y, z taken two at a time are xy, xz, yx, yz, zx,
zy.

A point to be noted is that arrangement or order is very important in permutations. Hence

xy is distinctly different from yx.

If r things are taken at a time out of a total of n things, then the total number of
permutations is denoted by nPr.
n Pr =n!/(n-r)!

Now you will ask why is this so. Let’s clear this.
First object can be selected in ‗n‘ ways. Second object can be selected in (n-1) ways. Third
object can be selected in (n-2) ways. Similarly the rth object can be selected in (n-(r-1)) = (n-r+1)
ways.

Therefore the total number of ways of arranging these ‗r‘ objects

= n x (n-1) x (n-2) x (n-3) x ……x (n-r+1)

={n x (n-1) x (n-2) x ……(n-r+1) x (n-r) x (n-r-1) x….3 x 2 x 1} / {(n-r) x (n-r-1)
x…..x 1}

= n! / (n-r)!

Hence, nPr = n! / (n-r)!

Example 1:

There are 4 boxes. Find the total number of arrangements if we can arrange only 2 boxes at a time.

Solution:

Out of 4 boxes, we are arranging 2 at a time.

So total number of arrangements possible is

4P2= 4! / (4-2)! = 4! / 2! = 4x3x2x1 / 2×1 = 12

Let us verify. Let us name the boxes A, B, C, D.
Total number of arrangements possible are AB, BC, CD, BA, BC, BD, CA, CB, CD, DA, DB, DC.

Permutations of n different things taken r at a time

= nPr = n! / (n-r)!

Example 2:

In the above example, what if all the 4 boxes are selected at a time? How many arrangements are
possible then?

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Solution:

Total no. of arrangements possible

= 4P4 = 4! / (4-4)! = 4! / 0! = 4! = 4x3x2x1 = 24.

Permutations of n different things taken all at a time = nPn = n!

Example 3:

If out of the 4 boxes, one particular box should always be selected; then how many
arrangements are possible if 3 boxes are selected at a time?

Solution:

Since one box should always be selected we have to select 3-1 boxes out of 4-1 boxes.

This can be done in 3P2 = 3! / (3-2)! = 3! / 1! = 3x2x1 / 1 = 6 arrangements.

With each of these 6 arrangements our preselected box can be arranged in 3×6 = 18 ways.

Wondering how?

Let us name these boxes A, B, C and D and D has to be always present.

So now A, B and C can be arranged as AB, AC, BA, BC, CA, CB.
With AB, D can be arranged as DAB, ADB, ABD i.e. 3 ways.
D can be arranged with the remaining 5 arrangements similarly.

Hence in total there can be 18 arrangements.

Permutations of n different things taken r at a time, when one particular thing always occurs =
r.(n-1)P(r-1)

Example 4:

How many arrangements are possible if out of the 4 boxes – A, B, C and D one particular box D is
never selected, taken 2 at a time?

Solution:

Since D is never to be selected, we have to take into account A, B and C.

We can arrange A, B and C taken 2 at a time in 3P2 = 3! / (3-2)! = 3! / 1! = 3x2x1 / 1 = 6 ways. i.e.
AB, AC, BA, BC, CA, CB.

So when one particular item is never chosen, we just ignore it and treat the problem as if that
particular item is not present in the total number of items.

Permutations of n different things taken r at a time when a particular thing never occurs = (n-

1)Pr.

Shortcut Tip:

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We know that nPr = n! / (n-r)!

Let us say we have to find out 12P3.

12P3= 12! / (12-3)! = 12! / 9!

= 12x11x10x…..x1⁄ 9x8x7x…1 = 12x11x10 =1320

 Instead of writing out so much, the moment you see 12P3 you should know that you have to
multiply 3 numbers.

 Starting from 12, we take in 3 numbers in the descending order and multiply them out.

 Learn to get into the habit of writing 12P3 =12x11x10 straightaway.

 This helps in faster calculation.

4. Special Cases of Permutations:

Reap to Remember:

 With respect to fundamental principle of counting, ‗and‘ stands for multiplication & ‗or‘
stands for addition

 nPr= n!/ (n-r)!

 Permutations of n different things taken r at a time = nPr = n! / (n-r)

 Permutations of n different things taken all at a time = nPn = n!

 Permutations of n different things taken r at a time, when one particular thing always
occurs = r.(n-1)P(r-1)

 Permutations of n different things taken r at a time when a particular thing never occurs
= (n-1)Pr

Example: 5

In in how many ways can the letters of the word WATER be arranged so that we have a new
pattern every time?‘

Solution:

 This is permutation of n different things taken all at a time which is equal to n!

Hence, total number of different arrangements possible is 5! =120.

 Another way to look at it is we have 5 places to be occupied by 5 different letters.

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 The 1st place can be filled by any of the 5 letters, hence 5 ways. The 2nd place can be filled
by any one of the remaining 4 letters as one letter has already been fixed at the first place, hence 4
ways. Similarly, the 3rd place can be filled in 3 ways and the 2nd in 2 ways. The 5th place can be
filled in only one way as there is no choice but to fill it by the remaining 1 letter.

 So going by the product rule, this can be done in 5x4x3x2x1 = 120 ways.

Permutation of n things when some are identical or Permutation of n things not all different:

What happens when we have to find out the number of permutations when certain items are
identical?

• If 2 exactly similar red chairs(R1 & R2) and 1 black chair(B) are to be arranged, then please
note that one cannot distinguish between the 2 red chairs. This is to say that there is no difference
between R1 B R2 and R2 B R1 because they will both look the same as I cannot differentiate
between R1 and R2 as they are exactly same.

• So the total no. of arrangements possible will be 3! / 2! = 3. They will be BRR RBR RRB.

• We have divided by 2! to take care of the ‗two‘ items that are same.

If out of n things, p are exactly alike of one kind, q exactly alike of second kind and r exactly alike
of third kind and the rest are all different, then the number of permutations of n things taken all
at a time = n! / (p!q!r!)

Example 6:

In how many ways can the letters of the word COMMITTEE can be arranged

i. using all the letters

ii. if all the vowels are together

Solution:

i. Total letters = 9 and identical letters are 2M 2T and 2E.

So total no. of arrangements = 9! / 2!2!2!

ii. Since all vowels must appear together we consider them as one unit. There are 4 vowels- O I E
E. So now we have 5 letters. Out of these we have 2M and 2T. These 5 letters can be arranged in 6!
/ 2! 2! ways.

In the group of 4 vowels, the 4 vowels can arrange themselves in 4!/2! ways.

So total no. of words formed = 6!/2! 2! X 4!/2!

Permutations where repetitions are allowed:

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 While dealing with letters and digits, you will often come across cases where repetition in
permutation is allowed or not allowed. You have to be very careful as to what is asked for because
the treatment for both the cases is absolutely different.

Example 7:

How many numbers of 5 digits can be formed with the digits 0,1,2,3,4

i. if the digits cannot repeat themselves

ii. if the digits can repeat themselves

Solution:

i. The 1st place (ten-thousandth place) can assume only non-zero digits. Hence it can be occupied
in 4 ways. The 2nd place can be occupied by any of the remaining 4 digits, i.e. 4 ways. Similarly,
the 3rd, 4th and 5th place in 3, 2 and 1 ways respectively.

Total no. of numbers formed = 4x4x3x2x1 = 96

ii. The 1st place (ten-thousandth place) can assume only non-zero digits. Hence it can be occupied
in 4 ways. Since repetition is allowed, the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th places can all be filled in 5 ways
each i.e. we have a choice of 5 digits (0,1,2,3,4) for each place.

So total no. of numbers formed = 4x5x5x5x5 = 4×54 =2500

The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time, when each may be repeated
any number of times in each arrangement is nr.

Example 8:

How many different four letter words can be formed (the words need not be meaningful) using
the letters of the word MEDITERRANEAN such that the first letter is E and the last letter is R?

Solution:

MEDITERRANEAN is 13-letter word.

We have to make 4 letter words that start with an 'E' and end with 'R'.
Therefore, we have to find two more letters from the remaining 11 letters.

• Of the 11 letters, there are 2 Ns, 2Es and 2As and one each of the remaining 5 letters.

• The second and third positions can either have two different letters or can have both as
same letters.

• Case 1: When the two letters are different

One has to choose two different letters from the 8 available different choices.
This can be done in 8 * 7 = 56 ways.

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• Case 2: When the two letters are same
There are 3 options - the two letters can be Ns or Es or As. Therefore, 3 ways.

• Total number of possibilities = 56 + 3 = 59

Finding Rank of a Given Word:

RANK OF A WORD IN DICTIONARY!!!

 Rank of a word is the position of that word, when we arrange the words formed by
alphabets of that given word in dictionary order. Lets see an example.

 If we are to find the rank of the word ―RANK‖ in the dictionary – what does that mean?

 There are 4 alphabets in the word ―RANK‖ so we can form 4! = 24 words by arranging
them.

 This means that if we form words by permutation of the alphabets of the word ―RANK‖
and form a dictionary of these words, at what position from the top will the word ―RANK‖ lies.

Now to find the rank of any given word in dictionary (Without Repeating Alphabets) –

Example – ―MOTHER‖

1. Arrange all the alphabets in alphabetical order like (E, H, M, O, R, T)

2. Now in dictionary words will appear in alphabetical order, so first words will appear
starting alphabet ―E―. When E is fixed at first position, rest 5 alphabets can be arranged in 5! = 120
ways.

3. Next starting alphabet will be ―H‖ and again there will be 5! = 120 words starting with ―H―.

4. Now starting with ―M―, and next alphabet as ―E‖ we will have 4!=24 words.

5. Similarly starting with ―M―, and next alphabet as ―H‖ we will have 4!=24 words.

6. Next will be starting with ―M―, and next alphabet as ―O‖ and next as ―E‖ we‘ll have 3!=6
words.

7. Similarly starting with ―M―, and next alphabet as ―O‖ and next as (“H” or “R”) we‘ll have
3!*2=12 words.

8. Next will be starting with ―M―, and next alphabet as ―O‖ and next as ―T‖ and next as ―E‖
we‘ll have 2!=4 words.

9. Next will be starting with ―M―, and next alphabet as ―O‖ and next as ―T‖ and next as ―H‖
will have 2! = 4 words but the first word will be M>O>T>H>E>R which is the desired word.

So the rank of word MOTHER in dictionary will be 5! + 5! + 4! +4! + 3! + 3! + 3! + 2! +1 which

equals 309.
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So the word MOTHER will be at 309th position if we form the whole words that can be created
using the letters of MOTHER arranged in dictionary order.

Example: INDIA (With repeating Alphabets)

Alphabetical order - ADIIN

Start with A,
A = 4! / 2! = 12 (Coz there are 2 I‘s)
D = 4! / 2! = 12 (Coz there are 2 I‘s)
[I]A = 3! = 6
[I]D = 3! = 6
[I]I = 3! = 6
[IN]A = 2! =2
[IND]AI = 1
[IND]IA = 1.

Summing it up gives you the rank

12 + 12 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 46.

Shortcut for finding Rank: (Without repetition)

Take the Word ―SURYA‖

A R S U Y // Alphabetical Order

1. 2*(4!) = 48// Search for S. Remove that word from the list and see how many letter before
S? 2 letter.

2. 2*(3!) = 12 // Search for U. Remove that letter and count the letters before U now. Its 2.

3. 1*(2!) = 2 // Search for R. Remove that letter and count the letters before R. Its 1.

4. 1*(1!) = 1// Search for Y. Remove that letter and count the letter before Y. Its 1.

5. Add the whole numbers. and add 1 for last letter A.

Sum: 48 + 12+ 2 + 1 + 1 = 64.

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6. Geometrical arrangements:

Circular permutation:

Sitting in a circle is not the same as sitting in a straight line. A circle does not have any
starting point or ending point. Thus in a circular permutation, one thing is kept fixed and the
others are then arranged relative to this fixed item. Then it is treated like a linear arrangement.

The number of circular permutations of n different things taken all at a time = (n-1)!

 Fix any one as reference point, the remaining other n-1 things can be arranged in (n-1)!
ways.

 What if we are taking into consideration beaded necklace or a garland wherein clockwise
and anticlockwise arrangements are the same?

 We simply divide (n-1)! by 2 to take into account the two same clockwise and anticlockwise
arrangements.

If the clockwise and anticlockwise orders are not distinguishable, then the number of
permutations = (n-1)! / 2

Arrangement around a regular polygon:

If n people are to be arranged around a p sided regular polygon, such that each side of the
polygon contains the same number of people, then the number of arrangements possible is n!/p.

For example:

15 people are to be arranged around a pentagon shaped table having 3 people on each side
of the table, number of arrangements will be 15!/5.

Please note if the polygon is not regular, then the number of arrangements will be n! Irrespective
of the sides of the polygon.

Special case of arrangement around a rectangular table:

 Rectangle is a special case because though it is not a regular polygon, it is a symmetrical

quadrilateral with opposite sides equal.

 So, if n people are to be arranged around a rectangular table, such that there are the same
number of people on each of its 4 sides, then the total number of arrangements possible is n!/2.

 Here 2 signifies the degree of symmetry of the rectangle.

6. Combinations:

Difference between Permutations and Combinations:

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 Suppose there are 3 bags (A,B and C) in my home and I want to select any 2 out of them to
take with me on my holiday. In how many ways can I make the selection?

 Clearly I select either AB or BC or AC i.e. 3 ways.

 An important point to note is that we are talking about selection and not order here.
Obviously whether I select AB or BA makes no difference.

Let us take one more example:

 Suppose from a class of 10 students I have to select 3 students for a play, it is a case of
Combinations. But, if I have to arrange 3 students in a line from a class of 10 students, it is a case
of Permutations.

 I hope I have made it clear that in permutations (rearrangement) order matters but in
combinations (selections) order does not matter.

We are now in a position to define Combinations!!!

Definition of Combinations:

Combinations is the selection of some or all of a total of n number of things.

If out of n things we have to select r things (1≤r≤n), then the number of combinations is denoted
by nCr = n!/r!(n-r)!

Combinations does not deal with the arrangements of the selected things. This explains division
by r! which denotes the arrangement of the selected r things.

Important relation between Permutations and Combinations

‗r‘ selected things can be arranged in r! ways.

So, r! x nCr = nPr

or, nCr = nPr / r!

or n Cr = n! / r! (n-r)!

Example 9: In a class there are 6 boys and 5 girls. In how many ways can a committee of 2 boys
and 2 girls be formed?

Solution:

2 boys can be selected out of 6 in 6C2 ways.

2 girls can be selected out of 5 in 5C2 ways.

So the selection can be made in 6C2 x 5C2 ways. (Product Rule: ‗and‘ stands for multiplication)
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Example 10: In a class there are 6 boys and 5 girls. A committee of 4 is to be selected such that it
contains at least 1 boy and 1 girl.

Solution:

There are 3 different possibilities now-

i. 1 boy and 3 girls

ii. 2 boys and 2 girls

iii. 3 boys and 1 girl

In the 1st possibility, total number of combinations = 6C1 x 5C3

In the 2nd possibility, total number of combinations = 6C2 x 5C2

In the 3rd possibility, total number of combinations = 6C3 x 5C1

But only one of the above possibilities will occur; 1st OR 2nd OR 3rd.

So the total number of required combinations is 6C1 x 5C3 + 6C2 x 5C2 + 6C3 x 5C1

Some Important Results on Combinations:

 nC r = nCn-r (0≤r ≤n)

 nC 0 = nC n = 1

 nC r + nCr-1 = n+1Cr

 If nCp = nCq , then p = q or p + q = n (p,q € W)

Restricted Combination:

 The number of combinations of ‗n‘ different things taken ‗r‘ at a time subject to restriction
that p particular things -

i) will never occur = n-pCr

ii) will always occur = n-pCr-p

 Number of ways of selecting one or more things from a group of n distinct things
= nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + …… + nCn = 2n – 1 .

 Number of ways of selecting zero or more things from a group of n distinct things
= nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + …… + nCn = 2n

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 7. Grouping and Distribution

This is a very important concept of permutation and combination where some higher order
fundamentals of permutation and combination is involved – the reason for reserving this topic for
the end.

What is the difference between grouping and distribution?

 To distribute something, first grouping is done. Only after you have made groups of some
objects, you might want to distribute these groups in various places.

 For example, after you made groups of some toys, you might want to distribute these
groups among some children.

 Or, after dividing some number of toffees into groups, you might want to distribute these
groups into boxes.

 Just as the objects that we group can be similar or dissimilar, so can the places that we
assign these groups to be similar or dissimilar.

 While distributing groups, we need to keep one rule in mind: We permute the groups
only if these places for distribution are dissimilar, otherwise not.

Say, we have 2 items- X and Y and I have to split them into two groups. There is only one way of
doing it – X goes in one group and Y in the other. However, if I have to distribute among 2 people
A and B, then these 2 groups can be permuted in 2! ways.

Division of dissimilar items into groups of EQUAL SIZE

 Let‘s take a very simple example. In how many ways can you divide 4 different things (say
A, B, C and D) into two groups having two things each?

 You would like to say that we select two things out of the four and two would be left
behind, i.e. 4C2 = 6 ways. But are there really 6 ways?

Take a look. We can divide four things, A, B, C and D into two groups of two in the following
ways:

• AB – CD

• AC – BD

• AD – BC

• You can keep trying but there is no fourth way to do it. So where have the remaining 3
ways calculated through 4C2 = 6 disappear?

148
• If you look carefully, there was an overlap. When we select 2 things out of 4, we can do it in
6 ways – AB, AC, AD, CD, BD and BC but when we select the first three groups, the last three get
automatically selected without having to select them separately and vice-versa.

• So when we select AB, CD is automatically selected and vice-versa.

• This overlap will manifold itself if we increase the number of items further

• So be very careful not to apply the usual combinations formula whenever we have to
divide into groups of equal size.

• However, if the groups contain unequal number of things, then our earlier method of using
combinations formula for selection will be valid as will be discussed in the next section.

 Let me now increase the objects to 5. How would you divide these 5 distinct (dissimilar)
objects into groups of 2, 2 and 1?

 The single object can be chosen in 5C1 = 5 ways. The rest of the 4 objects can be divided into
two equal groups in 3 ways as explained above. Therefore, total number of ways = 5 x 3 = 15.

The number of ways in which mn different things can be DIVIDED equally into m groups,
each group containing n things = (mn)!/(n!)m x 1/m!

The number of ways in which mn different things can be DISTRIBUTED equally into m
groups, each group containing n things = (mn)! / (n!)m

Note: In the distribution, order is important hence the divisible things can be arranged in m! ways
since things are divided into m groups.

Division of dissimilar items into groups of UNEQUAL SIZE

 Say we have k things and we have to divide them into 2 groups containing m and n things
respectively such that m+n =k, then this can be done in k!/m!.n! ways.

 This is because m things can be selected out of k things in kCm ways and when m things are
taken, n things are left to form the other group of n things which can only be done in nCn =1 way.

 Hence the required number of ways is kCm = m+nCm = (m+n)!/(m+n-n)!.n! = k!/m!.n!.

 We can extend the same concept for increased number of groups as long as the number of
items in all the groups add up to the total i.e. n.

The number of ways in which n distinct things can be DIVIDED into R unequal groups containing
a1, a2, a3, ……, aR things (different number of things in each group and the groups are not
distinct)

= nCa1 × (n-a1)Ca2 × … × (n-a1-a2-….-a(r-1))CaR

=n! / a1! a2! a3!…….aR! (here a1 + a2 + a3 + … + aR = n)

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What if there are n distinct things and we have to find out the number of ways in which they can
be distributed among r persons such that some person get a1 things, another person get a2 things,
. . . . and similarly someone gets aR things (each person gets different number of things)?

Number of ways in which n distinct things can be divided into R unequal groups containing a1,
a2, a3, ……, aR things (different number of objects in each group and the groups are distinct)

=n! / a1! a2! a3!…….aR! x R! (here a1 + a2 + a3 + … + aR = n)

Division of IDENTICAL / SIMILAR ITEMS into Groups

 Number of ways in which n identical things can be divided into r groups, if blank groups
are allowed i.e. each can receive zero or more things (here groups are numbered, i.e., distinct),
where 0≤r≤n = (n+r-1)C(r-1)

 Number of ways in which n identical things can be divided into r groups, if blank groups
are not allowed i.e. each receives at least one item (here groups are numbered, i.e., distinct), where
1≤r≤n = (n-1)C(r-1)

 Number of ways in which n identical things can be divided into r groups so that no group
contains less than m items and more than k (where m<k) is coefficient of xn in the expansion of
(xm + xm+1 +…..xk)r

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 EXERCISE

1. A family consists of a grandfather, 5 sons and daughters 8 grandchildren. They are to be seated
in a row for dinner. The grandchildren wish to occupy the 4 seats at each end and the grandfather
refuses to have a grandchild on either side of him. The number of ways in which the family can be
made to sit is

(a) 11360 (b) 11520 (c) 21530 (d) none of these

2. A father with 8 children takes 3 children at a time to the zoological garden, as often as he can
without taking the same 3 children together more than once. Then

(a) number of times he will go to the zoological garden is 56

(b) number of times each child will go to the zoological garden is 21

(c) number of times a particular child will not go the zoological garden is 35

(d) all of the above

3. There are 4 candidates for the post of a lecturer in mathematics and one is to be selected by
votes of 5 men. The number of ways in which the votes can be given is

(a) 1048 (b) 1072 (c) 1024 (d) none of these

4. The number of ways in which 6 men and 5 women can dine at a round table, if no two women
are to sit together is given by

(a) 6!×5! (b) 5!×4! (c) 30 (d) 7!×5!

5. Ten points are marked on a straight line and eleven are marked on another straight line. How
many triangles can be constructed with vertices from among the above points?

(a) 495 (b) 550 (c) 1045 (d) 2475

6. In his wardrobe, Timothy has 3 trousers. One of them is black, the second blue and third brown.
In his wardrobe, he also has 4 shirts. One of them is black and other 3 are white. He opens his
wardrobe in the dark and picks out one shirt trouser pair without examining the colour. What is
the likelihood that neither the shirt nor the trouser is black?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

7. The number of rectangles that you can find on a chessboard is

(a) 1764 (b) 1600 (c) 1825 (d) 1296

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8. I forgot the last digit of a 7-digit telephone number. If I randomly dial the final 3 digits after
correctly dialing the first four, then what is the chance of dialing the correct number?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

9. There are three prizes to be distributed among five students. If no student gets more than one
prize, then this can be done in

(a) 10 ways (b) 30 ways (c) 60 ways (d) 80 ways

10. Ten different letters of an alphabet are given words with 5 letters are formed from these given
letter. Then, the number of words which have atleast one letter repeated is

(a) 69760 (b) 30240 (c) 99748 (d) none of these

11. In how many ways can six different rings be worn on four fingers of one hand?

(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) (d) 16

12. The number of ways in which a committee of 3 ladies and 4 gentleman can be appointed out of
8 ladies and 7 gentleman, if Mrs X refuses to serve in a committee of where Mr Y is a member is

a)1540 (b)1960 (c)3240 (d)None of these

13. A student is to answer 10 out of 13 questions in an examination such that he must choose
atleast four from the first five questions. The number of choices available to him is

(a)140 (b)196 (c)280 (d)346

14. The number of ways in which a team of eleven players can be selected from 22 players
including 2 of them and excluding 4 of them is

a)16C11 (b)16C5 (c)16C9 (d)20C9

15. An examination paper contains 8 questions of which 4 have 3 possible answers each, 3 have 2
possible answers each and the remaining 1 question has 5 possible answers. The total number of
possible answers to all the question is

(a)2880 (b)78 (c)94 (d)3240

16. The number of ways in which committee of 5 can be chosen from 10 candidate so as to exclude
the youngest, if it includes the oldest is

a)178 (b)196 (c)292 (d) none of these

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17. 11 persons decided to spend an afternoon in two groups. A group of them decides to go to a
theatre and the remaining decide to play tennis. In how many ways can the group for tennis be
formed, if there must be atleast four persons in each group?

a)1682 (b)1584 (c)1884 (d)1782

18. A committee of 5 is to be informed from a group of 12 students consisting of 8 boys and 4 girls.
In how many ways can the committed be formed if it consists of exactly 3 boys and 2 girls?

a)436 (b)336 (c)548 (d)356

19. In how many ways can a student choose a programme of 5 cource, if 9 courses are available
and 2 courses are compulsory for every student?

a)45 ways (b)55 ways (c)35 ways (d)65 ways

20. Three boys and three girls are to be seated around a table in a circle. Among the boys, X does
not want to him and the girl Y does not any boy adjacent to her. How many such arrangement is
possible?

(a)8 (b)4 (c)6 (d)2

21. In a certain examination, Yamani has to be select 4 questions from each part. There are 6,7 and
8 question in part 1st` ,part 2nd`and part 3rd`respectively. What is the number of possible
combinations in which she can choose the question?

(a) 36750 (b) 37650 (c) 39650 (d) 38750

22. In a monthly test, the teacher decides that there will be three question; one each from exercise
7,8 and of the textbook. There are 12 question in exercise 7, 18 in exercise 8 and 9 in exercise [Link]
how many ways can the 3 question be selected?

(a )1944 (b)2094 (c) 1894 (d) 2194

23. If there are 12 persons in a party and each of them shakes hands with each other handshakes
happen in the party?

(a) 77 (b) 66 (c) 44 (d) 55

24. There are 6 boxes numbered 1,2………[Link] box is to be filled up either with a red or green
ball in such a way that atleast 1 box contains a green ball and the boxes containing green balls are
consecutively numbered. The total number of ways in which this can be done is

(a) 33 (b) 21 (c) 5 (d) 60

25. A man has 5 friends and his wife has 4 friends. They want to invite either of their friends, one
or more to a party. In how many ways cant they do so?

(a)9 (b)18 (c)31 (d)46

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26. There are 6 multiple choices of questions in an examination. How many sequences of answers
are possible, if the first three questions have 4 choices each and the next 3 have 5 each?

(a) 4000 (b) 5000 (c) 6000 (d) 8000

27. Ten students are participating in a race. In how many ways can the first 3 prizes be won?

(a) 820 (b) 680 (c) 920 (d) 720

28. In ho w many ways can the letters of ‗LEADING‘ be arranged such that the vowels should
always be together?

(a) None of these (b) 720 (c) 420 (d) 122

29. In how many different ways can the letters of 'DETAIL' be arranged so that the vowels in the
word must occupy only the odd positions?

(a) None of these (b) 64 (c) 120 (d) 36

30. A bag contains 2 yellow balls, 3 blue balls and 4 green balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be
drawn from the bag, if at least one blue ball is to be included in the draw?

(a) 64 (b) 128 (c) 32 (d) None of these

31. In how many different ways can the letters in the word 'JUDGE' be arranged so that the vowels
always together?

(a) None of these (b) 48 (c) 32 9d) 64

32. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'LEADER' be arranged?

(a) None of these (b) 120 (c) 360 (d) 720

33. How many words can be formed by using all letters of the word 'BIHAR'?

(a) 720 (b) 24 (c) 120 (d) 60

34. How many arrangements can be made out of the letters of the word 'ENGINEERING' ?

(a) 924000 (b) 277200 (c) None of these (d) 182000

35. How many 3 digit numbers can be formed from the digits 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9 which are divisible
by 5 and none of the digits is repeated?

(a) 20 (b) 16 (c) 8 (d) 24

36. How many words with or without meaning, can be formed by using all the letters of the word,
'DELHI' using each letter exactly once?

(a) 720 (b) 24 (c) None of these (d) 120

154
37. What is the value of 100P2 ?
(a) 9801 (b) 12000 (c) 5600 (d) 9900

38. In how many different ways can the letters of the word 'RUMOUR' be arranged?
(a) None of these (b) 128 (c) 360 (d) 180

39. There are 6 periods in each working day of a school. In how many ways can one organize 5
subjects such that each subject is allowed at least one period?
(a) 3200 (b) None of these (c) 1800 (d) 3600

40. How many 6 digit telephone numbers can be formed if each number starts with 35 and no digit
appears more than once?
(a) 720 (b) 360 (c) 1420 (d) 1680

41. An event manager has ten patterns of chairs and eight patterns of tables. In how many ways
can he make a pair of table and chair?
(a) 100 (b) 80 (c) 110 (d) 64

42. 25 buses are running between two places P and Q. In how many ways can a person go from P
to Q and return by a different bus?
(a) None of these (b) 600 (c) 576 (d) 625

43. A box contains 4 red, 3 white and 2 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random. Find out the
number of ways of selecting the balls of different colours?
(a) 62 (b) 48 (c) 12 (d) 24

44. A question paper has two parts 1st and 2nd, each containing 10 questions. If a student needs to
choose 8 from part 1st and 4 from part 2nd, in how many ways can he do that?
(a) None of these (b) 6020 (c) 1200 (d) 9450

45. In how many different ways can 5 girls and 5 boys form a circle so that girls and boys are
alternate to each other?
(a) 2880 (b) 1400 (c) 1200 (d) 3212

46. Find out the number of ways in which 6 caps of different types can be worn in 3 heads?
(a) 120 ` (b) 720 (c) 125 (d) 729

47. In how many ways can 5 woman draw water from 5 pipes if no pipe can be used more than
once?
(a) None of these (b) 720 (c) 60 (d) 120

155
 CHAPTER-12(PROBABILITY)

Probability is a measure of likelihood that an event will occur.

Example: Tossing a coin: When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes: either heads (H)
or tails (T). We say that the probability of the coin landing H is ½. And the probability of the coin
landing T is ½

Random Experiment: Experiments whose outcomes are unpredictable is known as Random

Experiments. For example: Tossing a coin

Sample Space(S): It is the collection of all possible outcome of an experiment. Example: In tossing
a coin one time S= {H, T}

Event: The outcome of an experiment is known as Event. Mathematically we can say that event is
a subset of sample space.

Probability: The probability of an event is defined as the ratio of no. of ways an event can happen
to the no. of ways sample space can happen.

Let S be the sample space and let E be the event.

PROBABILITY= n(E)/n(S)

When two events, A and B, are dependent, the probability of both occurring is:

P(A and B) = P(A) · P(B|A)

Where P(B|A) is the conditional probability of an event B in relationship to an event A is the

Probability that event B occurs given that event A has already occurred.

Example: The probability of choosing a jack on the second pick given that a queen was chosen on
the first pick (without replacement) is called a conditional probability.

Rules of Probability

1. 0 <P (E) <1

2. P(S) = 1 (Definite event)

3. P(Φ) = 0 (Impossible event)

4. If A‘ denotes (not-A), then P(A‘) = 1 - P(A).

5. For any events A and B we have :

P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)

But for mutually exclusive event P(A∩B)=0

156
For mutually exclusive events

P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B)

6. P(A∩B)= P(A). P(B/A) = P(B). P(A/B)

7. P(AUBUC)=P(A)+P(B)+P(C)-P(A∩B)-P(B∩C)-P(C∩A)+P(A∩B∩C)

Cards

1. There are four Suits in a deck of Card viz. Spade, Diamond, Heart, Club.

2. 2. Red card=26 (13 Diamonds+ 13 Hearts)

3. 3. Black Card= 26 (13 Clubs+13 Spades)

4. 4. Every suit contains 13 cards viz. Ace, 2 to 10, Jack, Queen, King

5. Face cards and Honored Card

Note: When ace is included in Face cards the combination is called Honored card.

Binomial Distribution:

If p is the probability of success of any event and q is the probability of failure of that event, then
probability of event success x times in n trials( i.e. x success and n-x failure) is given by:

157
Where X= Random variable, x= no. of success in n trials

P= probability of success, q= 1-p= probability of failure

158
 EXERCISE

1. A and B play a game where each is asked to select a number from 1 to 5. If the two numbers
match, both of them win a prize. The probability that they will not win a prize in a single trial is

(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these

2. Three groups A, B and C are contesting for a position on the Board of Directors of a company.
The probabilities of their winning are 0.5, 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. If the group A wins, then the
probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the corresponding probabilities for group B
and C are 0.6 and 0.5 respectively. The probability that the new product will be introduced is

(a) 0.52 (b) 0.74 (c) 0.63 (d) none of these

3. An article manufactured by a company consists of two parts A and B. In the process of

manufacture of part A, 9 out of 100 are likely to be defective. Similarly 5 out of 100 are likely to be
defective in the process of manufacture of part B. The probability that the assembled part will not
be defective is

(a) 0.8645 (b) 0.9645 (c) 0.6243 (d) none of these

4. An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum of four shots at an enemy plane moving away from it.
The probability of hitting the plane at the first, second, third and fourth shots are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and
0.1 respectively. What is the probability that the plane is hit when all the four shots are fired?

(a) 0.6872 (b) 0.4379 (c) 0.6976 (d) none of these

5. A and B throw a coin alternately till one of them gets head and wins the game. If A starts the
game, find the probability of winning by A.

(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) none of these

6. A brother and sister appear for an interview against two vacant posts in an office. The
probability of the brother‘s selection is 1/5 and that of the sister‘s selection is 1/3, what is the
probability that one of them is selected?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

7. A box contains 6 white balls and 7 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the
probability that both are of the same colour?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

8. The letters B, G, I, N and R are rearranged to form the word ‗BRING‘. Find its probability.

(a) (b) 1/ (c) (d) 5/5 ×

159
9. If the probability that A will live 15 yr is 7/8 and that B will live 15 yr is 9/10, then what is the
probability that both will live after 15 yr?

(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these

10. A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. 2 blue balls are to be drawn randomly. What is
the probability that the balls drawn the balls drawn contain no blue ball?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

11. The probability that a student is not a swimmer is 1/5. Then, the probability that out of the five
students, four are swimmers is

(a) ( )^2 ( ) (b) ( )^4 ( ) (c) 5𝑐 ( ) ( )^4 (d) None of these

12. There are 6 positive and 8 negative numbers. Four numbers are chosen at random and
multiplied. The probability that the product is a positive number is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

13. Two dice are tossed. The probability that the total score is a prime number is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

14. A coin is tossed 5 times. What is the probability that head appears an odd number of times?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

15. Atal can hit a target 3 times in 6 shots, Bhola can hit the target 2 times in 6 shots and Chandra
can hit the target 4 times in 4 shots. What is the probability that atleast 2 shots hit the target?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

16. A dice is thrown 6 times. If ―getting an odd number‖ is a ―success‖. The probability of 5
successes is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

17. A bag has 4 red and 5 black balls. The second bag has 3 red and 7 black balls. One ball is drawn
from the first bag and two from the second. The probability that there are two black balls and a
red ball is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

18. A box contains 5 brown and 4 white socks. A man takes out two socks. The probability that
they are of the same colour is
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(a) (b) (c) (d)

19. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly. If head appear on the first four tosses, then the probability of
appearance of tail on fifth toss is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

20. A car is parked by an owner amongst 25 cars in a row, not at either end. On his return, he
finds that exactly 15 places are still occupied. The probability that both the neighbouring parking
places are empty is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

21. A committee consists of 9 experts taken from three institutions A,B and C of which 2 are from
A,3 from B and 4 from C. If three experts resign, then the probability that they belong to different
institution is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

22. A Chartered Account applied for a job in two firm X and Y. The ability of his being selected in
firm X is 0.7 and being rejected at Y is 0.5 and the probability of atleast one of his application being
rejected is 0.6. What is the probability that he will be a selected atleast one of the firms?

(a)0.8 (b)0.2 (c)0.4 (d)0.7

[Link] probability that a contractor will get a plumbing contract is 2/3 and the probability that he
will not get an electric contract is 5/9. If the probability of getting atleasst one contract is 4/5, what
is the probability that he will get both?

a) (b) (c) (d) none of these

24. A fair coin is tossed a fixed number of times. If the probability of getting 4 heads equals the
probability of getting 4 heads equals the probability of getting 7 heads, then the probability of
getting 2 heads is

a) (b) (c) (d)none of these

25. An ordinary cube has four blank faces , one face marked 2 and another marked 3, then the
probability of obtained 12 in 5 throws is

a) (b) (c) (d)none of these

26. There are three events A, B and C , one of which must and only one can happen. The odds are
8 to 3 against a, 5 to 2 against B. Find the odds against C.

a) 43:34 (b) 43:77 (c) 34:43 (d) 77:43

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27. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. What is the probability of
getting a two of hearts or a two of diamonds?

a) (b) (c) (d)

28. An instruments manufactured by a company consists of two parts A and B in manufacturing

part A,9 out of 100 are likely to be defective and in manufacturing part B, 5 out of 100 are likely
to be defective. Calculate the probability that both the instruments will not be defective

a)0.91 (b)0.86 (c)0.95 (d)0.83

29. India plays two matches each with West Indies and Australia. In any match the probabilities of
getting points 0 , 1, 2 are 0.45, 0.05 and 0.50 respectively. Assuming that outcomes are
independent the probability of India getting at least 7 point is

a)0.8750 (b)0.06875 (c)0.0875 (d)0.0250

30. Three person works independently on a problem. If the respective probabilities that they will
solve it are 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5 , then the probability that none can solve it

a) (b) (c) (d)none of these

31. A class consists of 100 students; 25 of them are girls and 75 boys ; 20 of them are rich and the
remaining poor ; 40 of them are fair- complexioned. The probability of selecting a fair
complexioned rich girls is

a)0.05 (b)0.04 (c)0.02 (d)0.08

[Link] boys and three girls stand in queue for an interview. The probability that they will stand
in alternative positions is

a) (b) (c) (d)

33. Cards each marked with the numbers 1,2,3,……10 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly.
One card is drawn at random form the box. Find the probability of getting a prime number.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

34. Namrata wants to visit four cities A, B, C and D on an official trip. The probability that she
visit a just before B is
(a) (b) (c) (d)

35. A lot bulbs contain 4 defective [Link] bulbs drawn at random from the lot, one after the
other. The probability that all three are non defective is
(a) (b) (c) (d)none of these

162
 36. 100 students appeared for two examination.60 pass the first, 5 0 pass the second and 30
pass both. The probability that student selected at random has failed in both examination is
(a) 0.3 (b) 0.2 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.1

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 CHAPTER-13(Worksheet on Data Interpretation (DI))

Directions (1-3): Following pie chart shows the monthly expenditure of a man on different
items. His income is Rs 8,000 monthly.

1. If his salary is Rs 8,000 then how much he pays for food?

(A) Rs 1800 (B) Rs 1920
(C) Rs 2040 (D) Rs 2200

2. What is his monthly saving?

(A) Rs 1920 (B) Rs 1720
(C) Rs 1120 (D) Rs 1260

3. What is the difference between money he spent on education and medical?

(A) Rs 360 (B) Rs 260
(C) Rs 160 (D) Rs 60

Directions (4-8): The pie-chart given here shows expenditures incurred by a family on various
items and their savings, which amounts to Rs. 8,000 in a month.

4. How much expenditure is incurred on education?

(a) Rs. 3,000 (b) Rs. 5,000
(c) Rs. 4,000 (d) Rs. 7,000

5. The ratio of the expenditure on food to the savings is

(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4

164
6. What is the total expenditure of the family for the month?
(a) Rs. 40,000 (b) Rs. 48,000
(c) Rs. 45,000 (d) Rs. 50,000

7. How much more amount is spent on food than on housing?

(a) Rs. 1,000 (b) Rs. 3,000
(c) Rs. 2,000 (d) Rs. 2,500

8. How much expenditure is incurred on other?

(a) Rs. 4,500 (b) Rs. 5,000
(c) Rs. 6,000 (d) Rs. 7,500

Directions (9-13): The following line graph shows the total production of Reynold and Link
smart pens over five different years. Study the graph carefully and answer the related
questions to the graph given below:

9. What is the ratio of Water man pens sold in the years 2002 and 2004 together to Paper mate pens
sold in same two years together?
(a) 7 : 5 (b) 5 : 7
(c) 3 : 5 (d) 5 : 3

10. What is the average production of Water man pens over all the years?
(a) 165 thousand (b) 170 thousand
(c) 185 thousand (d) 155 thousand

11. The number of Paper mate pens sold in the year 2005 is approximately what percent more or
less than the number of Water man pens sold in the same year?
(a) 24% (b) 25%
(c) 22% (d) 20%

12. What is the difference between total no. of Water man pens and Paper mate pens sold over all
the years?
(a) 170 thousand (b) 172 thousand
(c) 175 thousand (d) 165 thousand

165
13. In 2007, if production of Water man pens is increased by 20% than the previous year while
production of Paper mate pens remains constant then what is difference between Water man pens
and Paper mate pens for the years 2005, 2006 and 2007 together?
(a) 60 thousand (b) 70 thousand
(c) 65 thousand (d) 50 thousand

Directions (14 - 16): Following line graph shows sugar produced by India and Cuba during the
period of 2001–2006.

14. What is the average production of Cuba from 2001 to 2004?

(A) 67 (B) 64
(C) 63 (D) 57

15. What is the ratio of the maximum production to average production for India?
(A) 73 : 57 (B) 73 : 59
(C) 73 : 62 (D) 73 : 64

16. Difference of total production of these two countries from 2001–2006?

(A) 18 (B) 20
(C) 22 (D) 24

Directions (17-19): The pie-chart given below shows the percentage of 3600 students enrolled in
different hobby classes in a school.

166
17. What is the total number of students enrolled in stitching and Drama classes together?
(a) 684 (b) 846
(c) 648 (d) 864

18. How many students are enrolled in painting?

(a) 550 (b) 540
(c) 450 (d) 520

19. Number of students enrolled in painting classes are approximately what percent of those
enrolled in singing classes?
(a) 83% (b) 92%
(c) 78% (d) 66%

Directions (20-22): The following table shows the total number of persons who qualified CTET
in six different years and the ratio of male to female in them. Study the table carefully and
answer the following questions.

20. What is the total number of female candidates who qualified the CTET exam in years 2010,
2012 and 2014 together?
(a) 24,900 (b) 26,500
(c) 25,800 (d) 23,800

21. The number of male candidates who qualified in year 2011 are approximately what percent
of total number of candidates who qualified the exam in year 2010?
(a) 88% (b) 80%
(c) 72% (d) 66%

22. What is the difference between the number of male candidates who qualified in the year 2013
and number of female candidates who qualified in the year 2015?
(a) 3,630 (b) 3,450
(c) 3,600 (d) 3,360

167
Direction (23-27): Study the following table to answer the given questions: -
Percentage of marks obtained by six students in six subjects

23. What is total marks obtained by Sonu in all subjects?

(a) 430 (b) 431
(c) 269 (d) 369

24. What is average marks obtained by these six students in History?

(a) 34.167 (b) 38.125
(c) 24.167 (d) 25

25. What is ratio of marks scored by Ramesh in English and History together to that of
Sonu in same subject together?
(a) 15 : 16 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 6 : 5 (d) 1 : 2

26. What is difference between the marks obtained by Gaurav in English, history and
economics and by Ajit in same subjects?
(a) 31 (b) 21
(c) 19 (d) 17

27. The marks obtained by Vinay in Computer is approximately how much percentage
more or less than that obtained by Arun in Science?
(a) 4.5% (b) 7.4%
(c) 5.4% (d) 7%

Directions (28-30): A cosmetic company produces 5 different products. The sales of

these five products (in lakh number of packs) during 1995 and 2000 are shown in the
following bar graph. Answer following questions based on bar graph.

168
28. The sales of lipsticks in 2000 was by what percent approximately more than the sales
of nail enamels in 2000?
(a) 24% (b) 28%
(c) 32% (d) 36%

29. The sales of conditioners in 1995 was by what percent approximately less than the
sales of shampoos in 1995?
(a) 4% (b) 28%
(c) 3% (d) 36%

30. What is the approximate ratio of the sales of nail enamels in 2000 to the sales of
Talcum powder in 1995?
(a) 5:2 (b) 3:7
(c) 7:3 (d) 9:11

169
Directions (31-35): Percentage of the candidates en-rolled in seven different schools
for the C.B.S.E 10th examination and candidates who passed the examination is given
by following pie-graph.

31. What is the ratio of candidates passed to the candidates enrolled from the school A?
(a) 6 : 11 (b) 11 : 6
(c) 6 : 7 (d) 7 : 6

32. What percentage of candidates passed to the candidates enrolled for the schools B
and C together?
(a) 60 (b) 72
(c) 76 (d) 80

33. Which school has the highest percentage of the candidates passed to the candidates
enrolled?
(a) B (b) C
(c) E (d) F

34. The number of candidates passed from the schools D and A together exceeds the
number of candidates enrolled from the schools E and C together?
(a) 299 (b) 379
(c) 399 (d) 439

35. What percentage of candidates passed in the examination from school E out of total
number of candidates enrolled from the same school?
(a) 60 (b) 75
(c) 65 (d) 80

170
Directions (36-40): Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that
follows:
Monthly income (Rs in thousands) of three different persons in five different years

36. Find the average monthly income of person B over all years
(a) 26000 (b) 31000
(c) 35000 (d) 22000

37. What is the difference between total monthly income of person A and that of person
C over all years?
(a) 8000 (b) 10000
(c) 5000 (d) 4000

38. The monthly income of person A is what percent (approx) more or less than the
monthly income of B in the year 2003?
(a) 14 % more (b) 20 % less
(c) 14 % less (d) 20 % more

39. Find the ratio of total monthly income of A in the yeas 2002 and 2004 together to the
total monthly income of C in the years 2001 and 2003 together.
(a) 13 : 6 (b) 4 : 9
(c) 7 : 11 (d) 11 : 7

171
40. In which year the person B get maximum income?
(a) 2005 (b) 2004
(c) 2002 (d) 2003

Directions (Q. 41-45): Study the following pie chart and table carefully to answer the
following questions that follow:
Percentage breaks up of employees working in various departments of an
organization and the ratio of men to women in them.
Total Number of Employees = 1800

41. What is the number of men working in the marketing department?

(A) 132 (B) 174
(C) 126 (D) 189

42. The number of women working in the IT department of the organisation forms
approximately what per cent of the total number of employees in the organisations
from all departments together?
(A) 7 (B) 5
(C) 15 (D) 10

172
43. What is the respective ratio of the number of women working in the HR department
of the organisation and the total number of employees in that department?
(A) 3:4 (B) 2:5
(C) 2:9 (D) 3:7

44. What is the respective ratio of the number of men working in the Accounts
departments to the total number of employees working in those departments?
(A) 9:2 (B) 7:6
(C) 2:9 (D) 6:7

45. The number of men working in the production department of the organisation
forms what per cent of the total number of employees working in that department?
(A) 89.76 (B) 91.67
(C) 88.56 (D) 94.29

Directions (46-50): Study the following table carefully to answer the questions that
follow–

46. If the profit earned by Company R in the year 2008 was Rs. 18.9 lakhs, what was the
income in that year?
(a) Rs. 303.7 lakhs (b) Rs. 264.5 lakhs
(c) Rs. 329.4 lakhs (d) Rs. 228.9 lakhs

47. What is the percentage rise in profit of Company T in the year 2009 from the year
2004?
(a) 40 (b) 35
(c) 26 (d) 48

48. If the profit earned by Company P in the year 2007 was Rs. 2.1 lakhs, what was the
expenditure in that year?
(a) Rs. 30 lakhs (b) Rs. 15 lakhs
(c) Rs. 23 lakhs (d) Rs. 27 lakhs

173
49. What was the average per cent profit of Company S over all the years together?
(a) 13.5 (b) 11
(c) 12 (d) 14

50. What is the difference between the per cent profit earned by Company Q in the year
2005 and the average per cent profit earned by the remaining Companies together in
that year?
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 3

ANSWERS:
1 B 11 C 21 B 31 A 41 D

2 C 12 C 22 A 32 D 42 D

3 C 13 A 23 D 33 B 43 A

4 C 14 D 24 A 34 C 44 C

5 B 15 C 25 C 35 B 45 B

6 A 16 C 26 A 36 B 46 D

7 C 17 D 27 B 37 C 47 A

8 C 18 B 28 B 38 C 48 A

9 B 19 A 29 D 39 D 49 C

10 A 20 C 30 A 40 A 50 B

174