CLASS: VII SUBJECT: SCIENCE TOPIC: NUTRITION IN PLANTS

CONCEPT MAP

 NUTRITION IN PLANTS: Plants use inorganic minerals for nutrition, whether

grown in the field or in a container. Complex interactions involving weathering
of rock minerals, decaying organic matter, animals, and microbes take place to
form inorganic minerals in soil. Roots absorb mineral nutrients as ions from the
soil water.

 MODE OF NUTRITION IN PLANTS: The chemical substances that provide

nourishment to living organisms are called nutrients. Depending on the mode of
nutrition the organisms are classified as autotrophs and heterotrophs.

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AUTOTROPHS:
 Organisms which make their own food from simple substances are called
[Link]. green plants which make their food by the process of
photosynthesis

PHOTOSYNTHESIS — FOOD MAKING

PROCESS IN PLANTS:
 Photosynthesis is a process by which green
plants, in the presence of chlorophyll and
sunlight, synthesize carbohydrates from
simple raw materials like water and carbon
dioxide. Oxygen is released in this process.
The overall equation of photosynthesis is:

WORD EQUATION: SUNLIGHT

Carbon dioxide + water Carbohydrate+ oxygen +Water
CHLOROPHYLL

The carbohydrate (C6H12O6, glucose) produced is stored in the form of starch in

plants. These food reserves provide energy as and when required by the
organism. Since autotrophic plants can produce food, they are also known as
producers.
Site of Photosynthesis: leaves and green parts of the plant.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment present in the leaves of plants. It gives green
colour to the leaves and helps to absorb the energy from sunlight.
Stomata: are pores present on the surface of the leaves. Two bean shaped cells
called guard cells form the stomata.

Function:
o Stomata help in exchange of gases. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is
taken in from the atmosphere through the stomata and oxygen is released as a
waste product.
o It also helps in transpiration.

Water and Minerals

The plants take water needed for photosynthesis from the soil. Water present
in the soil is absorbed by roots of a plant and then transported to the leaves through
pipe like vessels /xylem, which run like interconnected pipes throughout the roots,
stem, branches and leaves.
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HETEROTROPHS:
 Organisms which cannot make their own food and depend on others for their
food are called heterotrophs. The word Heterotroph is the combination of two
words i.e. Hetero + Trophos. Hetero means ‘others’ and ‘trophos’ means
nourishment. If organisms depend on others for their food, their mode of
nutrition is called heterotrophic nutrition.

Heterotrophic nutrition in plants:

1) Parasitic Plants:
 Most plants make their food by the process of photosynthesis, but some species
of plants are parasites. They absorb food from other plants, known as host plants.
 Parasitic plants have special suckers that may invade
the host plant’s food channels and draw off sugars and
minerals. Many parasitic plants are totally dependent
on their host for food and do not need green leaves.
 While others still have green leaves and make some of
their own food through photosynthesis.
 These parasites maintain physical contacts with the
host plant through haustoria (parasitic roots). These haustoria penetrate into host
tissue and make connections with the conducting elements of host and draw
nourishment.
 Example: Parasites like Cuscuta is never green and consequently do not prepare
their food. They get all their food supply from the host plants.
2) Saprotrophic Nutrition:
 The taking of nutrients by organism from dead and decaying matter in the form
of solution is called the saprotrophic nutrition.
 Saprophytes or saprotrophs are organisms which obtain their food from dead
and decaying plant and animal bodies. Example-Fungi (Mushroom).
Mushrooms cannot make their food by the process of photosynthesis; hence
they do not need light. However, mushrooms do not necessarily need a dark
environment to grow. They contain vitamin D and are the only fruit or
vegetable source of this critical vitamin. Like humans, mushrooms produce
vitamin D when in sunlight. Mushrooms are useful not only as food and
medicine; some are also being used in bioremediation, to absorb and digest
dangerous substances like oil, pesticides and industrial waste, in places
where they threaten the environment.

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 Differences between a parasite and a saprotroph:

PARASITE SAPROTROPH
1. An organism that depends on other 1. An organism that obtains its
organisms for its food and nourishment from dead and decaying.
nourishment
2. It develops special organs like 2. It is capable of secreting some
suckers, hooks or haustoria to obtain enzymes which can digest complex
nourishment from the host molecules into simpler forms.
e.g. Cuscuta, Nephenthes etc. e.g. Fungi, Bacteria

3) Insectivorous plants:
 They are partly
autotrophic and partly
heterotrophic.
 They supplement their
nutritional requirements
PITCHER PLANT VENUS FLY TRAP RAFFLESIA
by trapping and digesting
insects and other small animals.
 The trapped insects are killed, and their proteins are digested and utilized by the
plants.
 Photosynthesis fulfills the need of energy, but nitrogen is supplied through the
bodies of the insects.
 Example: Pitcher plants, Drosera, Utricularia and Dionea.

Pitcher plants (or pitfall traps) are carnivorous plants whose prey-trapping
mechanism features a deep cavity filled with liquid known as a pitfall trap.

4) Symbionts:
 In a symbiotic association, two organisms live in close physical contact with each
other and are of mutual benefit to one another. Examples:
o Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants are symbionts exhibiting
symbiosis. Plants cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen directly. Hence,
leguminous plants establish a symbiotic relationship with bacteria like
Rhizobium. Both the organisms of symbiotic relationship are mutually
benefited. Leguminous plant provides shelter and nourishment for the
bacteria and in turn bacteria fixes atmospheric nitrogen for the plants.
o Digestion in ruminants is a good example of symbiosis. A large sac-like
structure called the caecum lies between the small and large intestines. The
symbiotic bacteria present in the caecum help in complete digestion of
cellulose (Cellulose is a long chain of linked sugar molecules that gives
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 wood its remarkable strength). Microorganisms present in the stomach of
ruminants help in digesting cellulose and in turn obtain shelter and
nourishment form the animal. A symbiotic relationship exists between
microorganisms and the ruminants.
o Lichens form a very good example of symbiotic relationship. Lichens are
formed by the symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi sharing a
single colony. Fungus provides water, nutrients and shelter in the form of
network formed by mycelium. Algae synthesize the food for entire colony by
the process of photosynthesis.
SYNTHESIS OF PLANT FOOD OTHER THAN CARBOHYDRATES:
 Plants need proteins and fats besides the carbohydrate.
 Proteins are nitrogenous substances which contain nitrogen. Although nitrogen
is present in abundance in atmosphere, but plant cannot absorb atmospheric
nitrogen. Plant gets nitrogen from soil.
 Bacteria like Rhizobium which are present in the soil convert gaseous nitrogen
into usable form and release it into the soil. Plants absorb these soluble forms of
nitrogen along with water and other minerals through their roots.
 Sometimes farmers add nitrogenous fertilizer to their field to fulfill the need of
nitrogen.
 In this way plants gets fulfillment of nitrogen along with other nutrients. After
the fulfillment of all nutrients plants synthesize proteins and fats.
HOW NUTRIENTS ARE REPLENISHED IN
THE SOIL
 There are a number of ways the soil can be
leached of their nutrients and move
downward in the soils profile or
groundwater.
 The soil replenishes its nutrients that help
the plants to grow by any of the important
methods mentioned below:
I. The decaying plants tend to slowly
break down into the basic soil
nutrients over a period of
time. Nutrients are replenished by certain microorganism that are found in
the soil or by the death of certain plants.
II. Organic material: Organic materials like compost and other decaying matter
adds structure to the soil, improves drainage and also it helps for stave off the
disease and pests from the plants.

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 LAB ACTIVITY
AIM – To demonstrate the presence of starch in leaves.
MATERIALS REQUIRED – leaf, alcohol, test tube, beaker, spirit lamp, test tube
holder, wire gauge, tripod stand, petri dish.
PROCEDURE –
 Place the leaf in a test tube containing alcohol.
 Heat the test tube using a water bath.
 Remove the leaf from alcohol when it loses its green colour and the alcohol
appears green.
 Wash the leaf with water and place it in a petri dish.
 Add few drops of iodine solution to the decolorized leaf and observe.
OBSERVATION – The leaf shows blue black colour.
INFERENCE - Leaf contains starch.

ART INTEGRATED ACTIVITY:

Video Making – Students can try out making bread mold at home and a video can
be recorded by observing the growth of mold every day.
AIM: To show the growth of bread mold
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Two slices of bread, Water (to sprinkle), a sealable
plastic cover.
PROCEDURE –
 Take two slices of bread.
 Sprinkle some water over the bread.
 Seal the bread in the plastic cover.
 Store the bread in a damp, warm area.
 Observe the mold growth every day (for the next three to four days) without
taking the bread slice out.
OBSERVATION – You will be able to see the formation of mold after 3 to 4 days.

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ASSIGNMENT
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Algae are:
a. Parasite b. Saprotroph c. Autotroph d. None of these
2. Nitrogen of the atmosphere is absorbed or fixed by-
a. Autotrophs b. leguminous plant
c. Insectivorous plant d. None of these
3. The bacterium which provides nitrogen to the leguminous plants is
a. Rhizobium b. Yeast c. Fungi d. Lichens
4. In the absence of which of the following will photosynthesis not occur in
Leaves?
a. Guard cells b. Chlorophyll c. Vacuole d. Space between cells
5. Identify the part of plant given in the figure that
facilitates the gaseous exchange during
photosynthesis-
a. Root hair
b. Stomata
c. Leaf Veins
[Link]
6. Which of the following plant has a heterotrophic
mode of nutrition?
a. Money plant b. Croton plant c. Cuscuta plant d. Alga plant
7. Which of these is/are necessary for photosynthesis to takes place?
a. Carbon-dioxide b. Chlorophyll c. Water d. All of these
8. The trapped insect gets entangled in the hair in:
a. Green plant b. Grass c. Insectivorous plants d. None of these
9. Mushroom is
a. An Autotroph b. Insectivorous c. Saprophyte d. None of these
10. The pigment which gives green colour to the leaves is:
a. Chlorophyll b. Sunlight c. Carbon-dioxide d. All of these.
11. Two organisms are good friends and live together. One provides shelter,
water, and nutrients while the other prepares and provides food. Such an
association of organisms is termed as
a. Saprophyte b. Parasite c. Autotroph d. Symbionts
12. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(i) All green plants can prepare their own food.
(ii) Most animals are autotrophs.
(iii) Carbon dioxide is not required for photosynthesis.
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 (iv) Oxygen is liberated during photosynthesis.
Choose the correct answer from the options below:
a. (i) and (iv) b. (ii) only c. (ii) and (iii) d. (i) and (ii)
13. The term that is used for the mode of nutrition in yeast, mushroom and bread-
mould is
a. Autotrophic b. Insectivorous c. Saprophytic d. Parasitic
14. Which of the gaseous component is used during photosynthesis?
a. Oxygen b. Carbon dioxide c. Nitrogen d. Hydrogen
15. Pitcher plant is (i) autotrophic (ii) Insectivorous?
a. ii b. i c. both i & ii d. none of these

II. Very short answer type question:

1. A goat eats away all the leaves of a small plant (balsam). However, in a few
days, new leaves could be seen sprouting in the plant again. How did the
plant survive without leaves?
Sample answer: The plant survives because of the extra food that is stored in
the stem of the plant.
2. Name the bacteria present in leguminous plants which help to fix nitrogen.
3. Which part of the plant gets carbon-dioxide from the air for photosynthesis?
4. Name the part of the plant in potato and ginger which stores food.
5. Why do fungi appear suddenly during the rainy season?
6. Write the chemical equation representing the process of photosynthesis.
7. Why are algae green in colour?
8. Why does the pitcher plant feed on insects though it is green?
9. What is the mode of nutrition in human and other animals?
10. Define the term nutrition.

III. Short Answer type question:

11. What are stomata?
Sample answer: Stomata are scattered
throughout the epidermis (the outer layer of
tissue in a plant &its parts) of every leaf and
are usually located on the side of the leaf
facing downwards.
Function: Opening of stomata allows gas
exchange that facilitates photosynthesis.
12. Differentiate between parasite and
saprophyte.

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13. Explain the relationship between a host and a parasite.

14. What are lichens?

15. Why do some plants trap insects? Explain with an example.
16. How would you test the presence of starch in leaves?
17. How are nutrients replenished in the soil?
18. Explain the process of photosynthesis.
19. Name a plant which is a parasite and justify why it is a parasite.
20. With the help of an example explain the term symbiotic relationship.

IV. Long Answer type question:

1. Differentiate between autotrophic mode of nutrition and heterotrophic mode
of nutrition.
2. Explain the process of photosynthesis in plants. How are plants having leaves
other than green able to survive?
3. Explain how nutrients are replenished in the soil.

V. Diagram Bases question:

1. Draw and label the parts of stomata.
2. Describe the parts of a pitcher plant.

VI. Hots:
Cuscuta is commonly known as dodder plant. With highly branched golden yellow
leafless stem without normal roots, its thread like stem twines around the stem of
the host. The twining stem of cuscuta develops special roots, the haustoria. These
haustoria penetrate the stem of the green host and help the cuscuta in sucking food.
The cuscuta plant has______________ mode of nutrition.
The special roots present in cuscuta are called ___________.

Answers: MCQ
1.c) both (i) and (ii) 2.b). leguminous plant 3.a) Rhizobium
4.b) Chlorophyll 5.b)stomata 6. c) cuscuta 7. d) all of these
8.c)insectivorous plants 9. c) saprophyte 10.a) chlorophyll 11.d) symbionts
12.a) I and iv 13. c) saprophytic 14.b) carbon dioxide 15.c) both i and ii

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 CLASS: VII SUBJECT: SCIENCE TOPIC: FIBRE TO FABRIC

Clothes are one of our basic needs. Clothes protect us from heat, cold, rain, dust,
insects, etc. Clothes also make one civilized and smart. Clothes are made of cloth.
Cloth is also known as fabric. Fabric is made of fibre.

Fibres are of two types – Natural and Manmade.

 Natural fibres- Natural fibres can be classified into two types – Plant fibre and
Animal fibre.

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 Plant Fibre: Fibres obtained from plants is called plant fibre. For example –
cotton, jute, flax, banana fibres etc.
Animal Fibre: Fibres obtained from animals is called animal fibre. Eg. – wool and
silk.
 Man-made fibres- Fibres that are synthesized in laboratory are called manmade
or artificial fibres, Egtereylene, terry-cotton, acrylic, nylon etc.

WOOL:
 Wool is the fleece covering the skin of the animal. There are many animals that
bear a thick coat of hair on their body. Such animals generally live-in cold
climates.

 Thick coat of hair over the body of such animals traps lot of air and keep them
warm as air is a bad conductor of heat.

ANIMALS THAT YIELD WOOL:

 Source: Apart from sheep, wool also comes from the Angora goat, yak, rabbits,
llama, alpaca, and even camels. All these animals have a thick coat of hair or
fleece, which keeps them warm. Wool is obtained from this fleece.
 The famous Pashmina shawls come from the soft under fur of the Kashmiri goat.
The Pashmina goat or Changthangi as it's called in Kashmir, sheds its winter coat
every spring. One goat sheds approximately 80–170 g (3–6 ounces) of the fibre. In
South America, the llama and the alpaca yield wool.
 Sheep hair is formed by two types of fibres: The coarse beard hair and the fine
soft under-hair, which is close to the skin. This fine hair provides the fibre to
make wool.

SHEEP REARING:
 Sheep rearing is a branch of animal husbandry. Sheep are reared mainly for their
meat, wool, and milk. Sheep are herbivores and prefer grass and leaves.
However, shepherds also feed them mixtures of pulses, corn, jowar, oil cakes and
minerals. In winter, they are fed leaves, grain and dry fodder.
 The Nali and Lohi breeds are found in Rajasthan and Punjab, the Rampur
bushair in Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh, and the Bakharwal in Jammu
and Kashmir. Gujarat breeds the Marwari and Patanwadi sheep. Each breed
yields wool used for different purposes.
 In India sheep are reared in the hills of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal
Pradesh, and in the plains of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

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SELECTIVE BREEDING:
 Selective breeding is a process of selecting the parents for obtaining special
characters in the offspring. Selective breeding is done to have sheep with soft
hair.
 Nali breed wool is used to make carpet wool.
 Patanwadi wool is used for hosiery.
 Lohi wool is of very good quality, and is used for making clothes.
 Bakharwal wool is used for shawls.
PROCESSING FIBRES INTO WOOL: The process of making fibre into wool
follows – shearing, scouring, sorting, and cleaning of burrs, dyeing, straightening,
combing and finally rolling into yarn.
1. SHEARING:
 Shearing is the first step in processing fibre into wool.
It is the removal of the fleece of the sheep along with
a thin layer of the skin.
 Generally, sheep are sheared in warm weather,
usually spring, as they don’t require their woolly
coats to keep them warm.
 Shearing is done with the help of mechanical shears
and is usually done by hand. Shearing doesn’t hurt
the sheep as the uppermost layer of the skin is dead.
2. SCOURING:
 Scouring is the process of washing the sheared hair.
 The woolen fibres are thoroughly washed in big tanks
to remove grease, dust and dirt by fully mechanized
machines.

3. SORTING:
 Sorting is done after scouring to separate hair of
different textures and types. This is to separate the low
and good quality fibres.
 Some parts of the sheep’s coat have better hair than
others.
 This good quality wool from the shoulders and sides of
the sheep is used for clothing, while the more inferior quality comes from the
lower legs, and is used to make rugs.
 The fleece is sorted according to its texture and type
.
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4. REMOVAL OF BURRS:

The small fluffy fibres called burrs, are picked from the hair.
5. DYEING:

 The fibres can be dyed in various colours. Since the

natural fibres are mostly black, brown or white in color
they can be dyed in various colours.

6. STRAIGHTENING, COMBING AND ROLLING:

 Once the dyeing process is complete, the fibres are straightened, combed and
rolled into yarn.
 Longer fibres are made into wool for sweaters, while the shorter fibres are spun
and woven into woollen cloth.
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS:
 Workers in wool industry face occupational hazards. Risks that can be life
threatening to workers due to their occupation are called occupational hazards.
 They get infected by a bacterium called anthrax, which causes a fatal blood
disease called sorter’s disease.
SILK
 Silk is another important animal fibre. Silk-worm spins silk. Silkworm is reared
to obtain silk. Silk is a very special natural fibre.
 Properties: Silk is marked by the following properties like low density makes for
light and comfortable clothing, high resistance to deformation, good insulation
properties / warm in winter, cool in summer, strongest natural fiber available,
shimmers and shines, leaving aside the rather demanding care, silk is one of the
most comfortable fiber fabrics in the world.
 Silk is important historically and has been in use for at least 5,500 years.
 The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called Sericulture.
 Mulberry silk is a commercial silk, which is also known as cultivated silk or
Bombyx silk. Mulberry silk is white. This type of silk is produced from cocoons of
the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori); a caterpillar that eats mulberry leaves.
 Wool and silk differ in both origin and structure.
 Silk is produced by many insects and by spiders but most commercial silk comes
from the caterpillars (larvae or silkworms) of silk moths.
Types of Silk:
 Different types of silk moths yield different types of silk yarn, such as mulberry
silk, tassar silk, eri silk and moonga silk.
 The most common silk moth is the mulberry silk moth. Its Latin name is Bombyx
mori.

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Life Cycle of Silk Moth:
The female silk moth is short-lived and produces about 500 eggs in 4-5 days before
dying as it doesn’t feed.

 The larva, however, feeds

voraciously on mulberry
leaves, before reaching full
size in about 25-30 days in
optimum conditions of
temperature and food
quality.

[
 They grow in size and T
y
when the caterpillar is ready top enter the next stage of its life history called pupa.
e

 It first weaves the net to hold aitself. Then it swings its head in the form of figure
eight. During these movements of head, the caterpillar secretes fibre made of
q
protein which hardens on exposure
u to air and become silk fibre.
 Soon the caterpillar completely o covers itself by silk fibres and turns into pupa.
t
This covering is known as cocoon.
e The further development of pupa into moth
continues inside the cocoon.
f
r
Processing Silk: o
1. Extracting silk from the cocoon
m is called processing silk.
2. The first step is to separate the
t silk fibre from the cocoon. For this, they need to
be exposed to warmth. Pilesh of cocoons are kept under the sun, boiled or
exposed to steam. The warmth e causes the silk fibre to separate from the rest of
the cocoon.
d
3. The next step is called reeling
o the silk, which is the process of delicately
unwinding the fibre from the c cocoon. Reeling is also done in special machines.
4. The silk thread is then bleached
u and dyed into many shades.
m
5. The silk fibre is then spun into silk thread, which is then woven into silk cloth
e
by weavers. n
t
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 &o 2 Page 14 of 98
r
 LAB ACTIVITY
AIM: Fabric burning test.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Small strips of old (not in use) strips of different
types of fabrics like cotton, wool, silk, artificial silk, nylon, etc., Bunsen burner,
matchstick and tong.
PROCEDURE:
 Teacher to hold different types fabric strips with the help of tong &
burn them one by one.
 Let the student guess what the burning smell is similar too, like,
burning hair/meat/paper/plastic like. Also, whether the fabric
melts/shrinks while burning,
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.N ODOUR SHRINKS MELTS FABRIC TYPE
o. (Paper like/hair like/plastic
like)
1. Burns with flare & Paper like COTTON
NO NO
smell.
3. Curls away & burns with SILK
YES NO
charred meat or hair like odour.
2. Strong odour of burning WOOL
YES NO
hair/feather.
4. Plastic like smell. ARTIFICIAL
YES YES
SILK/NYLON
CONCLUSION: Fibres give characteristic smell of their source on burning.
Cotton burns with a paper like smell as it’s a plant product. Similarly, silk &
wool smells like meat/hair as these are derived from pupa of silk moth &
animal fleece respectively.

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ART INTEGRATED ACTIVITY:
Story writing-
Observe the below given picture and try to frame a story according to the
information stated in the picture.

ASSIGNMENT

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The silkworm is (i) a caterpillar/ (ii) a larva.
a. i. b. ii. c. Both i and ii d. Neither i nor ii
2. Burrs are the
a. Wool obtained from the camel b. Wool obtained from the goat
c. Small fluffy fibres in wool d. All of these
3. What is the name of an animal of camel family that gives us wool?
a. Angora b. Alpaca c. Yak d. Sheep
4. What materials were used for clothes in ancient time?
a. leaves b. Barks c. Skin of animals d. All of these
5. Clothes do not protect us from:
a. heat b. Dust c. Cold d. High blood pressure
6. Pashmina shawls are made from under fur of
a. Kashmiri goats b. Llama c. Yak d. Alpaca
7. Silk is prepared from silkworms at which stage of its life cycle.
a. egg b. Larva c. Pupa d. Adult butterfly
8. The bacterium by which the people working in wool industry get infected is
a. Rhizobium b. Anthrax c. Streptococcus d. Bacillus

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9. Silk fibre obtained from silk moth is_________
a. Fat b. Carbohydrate c. Protein d. Sugars
10. For how long do the caterpillars eat mulberry leaves?
a. 10 to 15 days b. 20 to 30 days c. 25 to 30 days d. 5 to 10 days
11. The general process that takes place at a sheep shearing shed is
a. Removal of fleece. b. Separating hair of different textures.
c. Washing of sheep fibre to remove grease d. Rolling of sheep fibre into yarn
12. Selective breeding is a process of
a. Selecting the offspring with desired properties.
b. Selecting an area for breeding.
c. Selecting the parents with desired properties.
d. Selecting fine hair for good quality wool.
13. The state where Patanwadi of sheep is found is:
a. Rajasthan b. Punjab c. Gujarat d. Himachal Pradesh
14. Which of the following is not a type of silk?
a. Mulberry silk b. Tassar silk c. Mooga silk d. Moth silk
15. Reeling of silk is
a. A process of making silk reels. b. Spinning of silk fibres.
c. Weaving of silk cloth d. the process of taking silk threads from cocoon.

II. Very Short answer type question:

1. Which animal produces wool for making Pashmina shawl?
Sample Answer: The famous Pashmina shawls are made from the soft under
fur of the Kashmiri goat, “The Pashmina goat “or “Changthangi”.
2. What is the mulberry silk?
3. Explain the term selective breeding?
4. How many types of fibres are found in sheep?
5. Why do we wear woolen clothes during winter?
6. Various steps involved to obtain wool from fleece are given here.
(i) Picking out the burrs
(ii) Dyeing in various colours
(iii) Shearing
(iv) Scouring
(v) Sorting
Write the above steps in the correct sequence in which they are carried out.
7. How will we distinguish between artificial and natural silk by burning?
8. How do the hairs of certain animals help in keeping their bodies warm?
9. What gives silk a lustrous appearance, the property that makes it so attractive?
10. Define the terms: A. Scouring B. Shearing

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III. Short answer type question:

1. P, Q, R and S are all various types of fibres. The fibres P and Q are obtained
from animals where fibres R and S are obtained from plants. The yarn made
from P is used for knitting sweaters whereas the yarn made from Q is used for
weaving sarees. The fibre R is used in filling quilts whereas the yarn made of
fibre Q is used in making gunny bags. What are P, Q, R and S?
ANS: P-Wool-Silk, R-Cotton , S-Jute
2. Out of the following, which are the two terms related to silk production?
Sericulture, floriculture, moriculture, apiculture and silviculture.
Hints: (i) Silk production involves cultivation of mulberry leaves and rearing
silkworms.
(ii) Scientific name of mulberry is Morus alba.
3. Complete the paragraph related to the life history of silk moth by filling in the
blanks:
The ____(a)___ silk moth lays ___(b)___, from which develops into ___(d)____
or ___(e)____. They grow in size and when the caterpillar is ready to enter the
next stage of its life history called ___ (f) ____, it first weaves a covering to
hold itself, which is known as ___ (g) ____.
4. Paheli went to the market to buy sarees for her mother. She took out a thread
from the edge of the two sarees shown by the shopkeeper and burnt them.
One thread burnt with a smell of burning hair and the other burnt with the
smell of burning paper. Which thread is from a pure cotton saree and which
one from a pure silk saree? Give reason for your answer.
5. Write about the unusual qualities that wool has, which makes it a very useful
fibre.
6. What are the main hazards of wool industry?
7. What is meant by reeling the silk?
8. Write briefly how we get silk fibres.
9. Describe briefly the rearing and breeding of sheep.
10. How is the fleece removed from the sheep’s body?
IV. Long answer type questions:
1. Discuss briefly the steps involved in processing of wool.
2. Explain the life history of silk moth with the help of diagrams.
3. What is an occupational hazard? Mention one disease which affects the sorter
who works in the wool industry.
V. Diagram based questions:
1. The adjacent picture depicts the steps of processing of wool. Give the correct
order of the process.
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 18 of 98
2. Label the figures A to D.

A B D

VI. HOTS:
1. Read the passage and answer the questions given below.

Risks faced by workers in any industry are called occupational hazards. Just as
workers in the wool industry suffer from sorter’s disease, workers associated
with cotton and silk industry suffer from other health hazards. Floating fibres
get into the respiratory tracts and workers suffer from diseases like asthma,
bronchitis etc. In silk industry workers handle dead and decaying pupa and
hot and cold water during the processing of the silk cocoons. This infects the
skin and causes skin ailments.
a) What do you understand by the term occupational hazards?
b) Name any two diseases which the workers may suffer from due to working
in any of the above-mentioned industry.

ANSWER KEY: (MCQ)

1.c) both I and ii 2.c) small and fluffy fibres in wool 3. b) alpaca 4. d) all of these
5.d) all of these 6. a) Kashmiri goat 7. c) pupa 8. b) anthrax
9. c) protein 10. c) 25 to 30 days 11. a) removal of fleece
12. c) Selecting the parents with desired properties 13. c) Gujarat 14. d) moth silk
15. d) the process of taking silk threads from cocoon

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 CLASS: VII SUBJECT: SCIENCE TOPIC: HEAT

CONCEPT MAP

Reflect
Light clothes (Metals) (Air) Laboratory Clinical
Conductors Insulators
Summer
Conductance Thermometer

Application of absorbers HEAT Measurement

and reflectors
Transfer
Winters

Dark clothes
Conduction Convection Radiation
Woolen clothes
Absorb light Solids Liquid & Gas No medium
(Metal pan for cooking) (Land & sea breeze) required

KEY CONCEPTS FOR HEAT AND TEMPERATURE:

HEAT:
Heat is a form of energy. It makes a substance hotter. If a body receives heat, its
temperature rises and if a body loses heat, its temperature decreases.

TEMPERATURE:
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.

THERMOMETER: is a device used for measuring the temperature of an object.

FUNDAMENTAL INTERVAL: The difference between the upper fixed point and
lower fixed point is known as fundamental interval. This fundamental interval in
Celsius scale is divided into 100 equal parts and in Fahrenheit scale is divided into
180 equal parts.

TYPES OF THERMOMETER:
Laboratory Thermometer: The scale of temperature is graduated generally from –
10°C to 110°C over the glass tube. Each division of temperature scale is further
divided into 10 parts to read fraction of temperature. It is used in the laboratory.

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Clinical Thermometer: Clinical thermometer is used to measure the body
temperature. The scale of temperature is graduated from 35°C to 42°C on the
Celsius scale and from 94°F to 108°Fon the Fahrenheit scale. The temperature of
human body always remains within this range. There is a kink make near the bulb
of clinical thermometer which prevents the automatic fall of mercury level.

Digital Thermometer: In digital thermometer, reading of temperature is displayed

digitally as in digital watches. This is safer device as no mercury is used. Mercury is
a highly toxic substance.

Maximum-Minimum Thermometer: Maximum – minimum thermometer is used to

measure the daily temperature to prepare weather reports.

DIAGRAM:

Clinical thermometer

How to measure temperature using a clinical thermometer?

 Take a clinical thermometer and hold it horizontally.

 Do not hold the thermometer from the bulb.

 Observe a shiny thin silvery thread i.e. mercury inside the tube.

 The end of the silvery thread shows the reading of temperature. If mercury
lining ends at 37, the reading is 37°C.

 Wash the bulb end of thermometer with an antiseptic solution.

 Give two or three jerks slightly. By doing this the mercury level would fall.
When it falls to 35°C or below, put it below the tongue and wait for one
minute.

 Take out the thermometer and read the temperature.

 The normal body temperature is 37°C. This can differ from person to person.

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Precautions while using a laboratory thermometer:
 The bulb of the thermometer should dip well in the liquid

 The thermometer bulb should not touch the walls or sides of the container.

 The thermometer should be held vertically and read the upper meniscus.

Effect of Heat on Temperature: The temperature of a body increases on heating and

decreases on cooling. We, therefore, often say that heat is the cause and temperature
its effect. Substances expand on heating and contract on cooling.
Difference between Clinical and Laboratory Thermometer:

Clinical Thermometer Laboratory thermometer

i. Graduated in both Fahrenheit and i. Graduated in Celsius.
Celsius ii. Used to measure temperature of
solids, liquids and gaseous
ii. Used to measure body
substances.
temperature. iii. Mercury level falls on its own as
no kink is present.
iii. Mercury level does not fall on its
own as there is a kink near the
bulb to prevent the fall of mercury iv. Lower fixed limit -10o C
level.
v. Upper fixed limit 110o C
iv. Lower fixed limit 35o C or 94o F

v. Upper fixed limit 42o C or 108o F

KEY CONCEPTS FOR TRANSFER OF HEAT

Heat transfer: Heat energy travels from a hot body to a cold body. Heat is
transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower
temperature by three methods namely conduction, convection and
radiation.
CONDITIONS FOR TRANSFER OF HEAT

(i)The bodies should be in contact with each other.

(ii)There should be temperature difference between the bodies in contact or

different parts of the same body.
CONDUCTION: Conduction is the method of heat transfer from the hotter
part of the body to its colder part or from a hot body to a cold body in contact

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 .The particles of the body only transfers the heat to the neighbouring particles,
but they do not move themselves. Example:
1. Heat one end of a metal rod.
2. The molecules at the heated end vibrate faster.
3. These hot molecules collide with their neighbors, during vibration.
4. They pass on some of their energy to them.
5. These molecules, in turn, pass on some energy to their neighbors and so on
till the other end of the rod also gets heated up.
6. We can thus say that heat conduction takes place as heat energy is transferred
from molecule to molecule.

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

 All substances do not conduct heat equally well. Wood is a poor conductor
of heat, i.e., its heat conductivity is quite low. Metals, on the other hand,
are good conductors.
 The difference between good and bad conductors arises because the
molecules of metals transfer heat quickly from the flame to the other end
while those of wood do not do so. All substances whose molecules or
particles transfer heat quickly are called good conductors of heat.
Substances whose molecules do not transfer heat quickly are known as bad
conductors of heat.
 All metals like silver, copper, aluminium, iron, mercury are good
conductors of heat. Silver is the best conductor of heat. However, some
metals are better conductors than the others. Copper is a much better
conductor than stainless steel. Substances like wood, plastics and
cardboard are some of the bad conductors of heat.
 Liquids are poor conductors of heat and gases are very poor conductors.
The materials which trap air like wool, cotton, fur, feathers, straw, and
grass are very poor conductor’s i.e. excellent insulators of heat.
Applications of conductors and Insulators:
a. Stainless steel frying pans are provided with copper bottoms as the
copper metal is a much better conductor than stainless steel.
b. Mercury is used in thermometers as it is a good conductor of heat.
c. The handles are made of wood or plastic as they are poor conductors of
heat.
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CONVECTION
Convection is the mode of heat transfer in liquids and gases taking place by the
actual movement of their molecules/particles. The moving particles themselves
carry the heat energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower
temperature. When this movement of heated matter is taking place in liquids
and gases, we say that convection currents have been set up in them.

Applications of Convection Currents:

a. Use of windows and ventilators in rooms for proper ventilation. When we
exhale air, it gets warm. It, therefore, becomes less dense (lighter), rises and
moves out through the ventilators. Cold fresh air moves in through the
windows to take its place. This cyclic movement of air ensures proper
ventilations of our rooms.
b. Use of chimneys in factories. The hot furnace gases are less dense than air and
hence lighter. They, therefore, rise up through the chimney. The smoke or
flames etc. around them rush in to take their place and are sucked out.
c. Land and sea breezes.
Sea breeze –
 It is known that land warms up and cools down much more quickly than
sea.
 During the day, the land becomes hot more quickly than the sea.
 The air over the warmer land expands and becomes less dense. It
therefore, rises.
 The cooler and denser air from the sea then rushes in to take its place. This
movement of air is known as a sea breeze.
Land breeze
 During the night, the sea cools much more slowly than the land.
 The air over the sea is, therefore, warmer and less dense at night.

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  As this air rises, it is replaced by the cooler and denser air coming from the
land.
This is how a land breeze is caused.

RADIATION
Radiation: is the mode of heat transfer through waves emitted by the vibrating
particles of hot body. These heat waves do not need a medium for traveling.
 We now know that a hot body gives out invisible rays which can travel
through vacuum just as light rays can.
 When these rays fall on matter, they heat it up. We can thus say that during
radiation heat travels through waves emitted by the vibrating particles of hot
substances.
 Heat from the sun reaches the surface of the earth by the process of radiation.
Application of Radiation:
a. When we stand next to a burning fire, we can feel the heat of the fire falling on
our face.
b. When we sit in front of a room heater, we get heat directly through radiation.

Good Absorbers of Heat are also Good Radiators:

The dark surfaces are better absorbers of heat than white or polished surfaces.
It turns out that they are also better emitters of heat than white or polished
surfaces.
It is in fact a general law: Good emitters of heat are also good heat absorbers
and vice versa.
 We prefer light colored clothes in summers because they absorb less heat
from the sun. In fact, they reflect most of the heat that falls on them and
keeps us cool and comfortable in hot weather.
 The houses in hot countries are painted white as they absorb very little
sun’s heat rays and reflect most of it. This keeps the house cool in the hot
days.

Differences between Conduction, Convection and Radiation

CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION
1 Heat is carried by the 1. Heat is carried by the 1. Heat is not carried by
vibrating molecules from actual movement of the the molecules, even if a
the hotter end to the molecules from the hotter medium exists between
colder end. end to the colder end. the source and the
destination.

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2. Material medium is 2. Material medium is 2. Material medium is not
necessary necessary necessary
3. Solids are heated by 3. Liquids and gases are 3. In empty space or
conduction. heated by convection. vacuum, heat transfer is
by radiation.
4. It is the slowest mode of 4. It is the slower mode of 4. It is the fastest mode of
transfer of heat. transfer of heat. transfer of heat.

Practical File

Activity:
AIM: To show that heat travels through solids such as metals by conduction.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: A thin metallic strip or rod, nails, wax, iron stand.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a long thin metallic strip (rod).
2. Fix a few nails on this strip at equal
gaps with the help of wax.
3. Clamp this strip (or rod) to a stand as
shown in this figure alongside.
4. Now place a burner (or spirit lamp)
below the free end of the strip.
5. Note down the order in which nails
begin to drop.
OBSERVATION: The nail nearest to the flame drops first, then the next and finally
the nail farthest from the nail. This happens because as the heat travels gradually
from the hot end of the metallic strip to its colder end, the wax melts and the nails
fall down one by one.
This gradual flow of heat in a solid from the hot end to the cold end is called
conduction of heat.
CONCLUSION: Heat travels through solids by conduction.

ASSIGNMENT

MCQ

1. The transfer of thermal energy between materials by the collision of particles.

a) Conduction b) Thermal Conductor c) Convection d) Specific Heat

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2. The form of energy that causes sensation of hotness or coldness is called
a) Work b) Heat c) Energy d) None of the above
3. Name the device used for measuring Temperature:
a) Thermometer b) Ammeter c) Anemometer d) Barometer
4. The unit of measurement of Temperature is:
a) Meter b) Kilogram c) Second d) Celsius
5. The normal temperature of Human body is:
a) 40 ˚C b) 37 ˚C c) 42˚C d) 35 ˚C
6. The maximum and minimum temperatures of a day are measured with a:
a) Celsius Thermometer b) Fahrenheit Thermometer
c) Maximum-minimum thermometer d) Kelvin Thermometer
7. The liquid metal used in a Thermometer is:
a) Mercury b) Silver c) Gold d) Copper
8. The process by which heat flows from the hotter end to colder end of an object
is called:
a) Conduction b) Convection c) Radiation d) Vaporization
9. The process by which transfer of heat takes place by the actual movement
of particles from one part of the body to another part is called:
a) Conduction b) Convection c)Radiation d) Vaporization
10. In case of____________ the cool air moves from the land towards the sea:
a) Land breeze b) Sea breeze c) Ice breeze d) Sand breeze
11. The process of transfer of heat in liquid and gases is called as
a) Conduction b) Convection c) Radiation d) Absorption
12. Cooking utensils are made of metals as they are:
a) Shiny b) Sonorous
c) Bad conductors of heat d) Good conductors of heat.
13. What is the use of kink in a Thermometer?
a) It prevents mercury level from falling on its own
b) It raises the mercury level
c) It makes the Thermometer look beautiful
d) It acts as a joint to the glass tube that is used for mercury and the scale
14. Which of the following is a poor conductor of heat?
a) Silver b) Aluminium c)Air d)Bronze
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 27 of 98
15. No medium is required for the transfer of heat in the process of:
a) Conduction b) Convection c) Radiation d) both b and
c
II Very short answer type questions:
1. Why is clinical thermometer unsuitable for measuring temperature of hot milk?
Ans: The maximum reading that can be measured by clinical thermometer is
42oC.
2. Define radiation with example.
3. Define temperature.
4. What is the fastest mode of heat transfer?
5. Hot air is_________ than cold air.
6. All hot objects radiate heat. True or false
7. Name a thermometer that does not use mercury as its component.
8. Handles of utensils are made of plastic. Why?
9. Why is beach sand hotter than ocean water on a hot day?
10. Which is the slowest mode of heat transfer?

III Short answer type Questions:

1. Why are ventilators provided in the house?
Ans: Ventilators are provided in the rooms as air inside the room gets hot, the hot
air rises up and flow out through these ventilators and cool air enters from the
door or windows and keeps the room cool.
2. In what ways is a clinical thermometer different from a laboratory?
Thermometer?
3. What is the range of a clinical thermometer?
4. Write two applications of convection mode of heat transfer.
5. What is the difference between heat and temperature?
6. Why is radiator of motor car painted black?
7. Why is it advised not to hold the thermometer by its bulb while reading it?
8. Two objects at the same temperature one smaller than the other are placed
together. In which direction will the heat be transferred? Give reason.
9. Why can the sun’s heat not reach the earth by conduction or convection?
10. A hot utensil (filled with hot water) kept away from flame cools down by
Transferring heat to surroundings. Explain the process of heat transferred
involved.
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 28 of 98
IV Long answer type Questions:
1. Explain with diagram the phenomenon of coastal breeze.
 Water and land have different heating abilities. Water takes a bit more time to
warm up and is able to retain the heat longer than land does. In the day,
when the sun is up, the land heats up very quickly and the air above it
warms up a lot more than the air over the water. The warm air over the land
is less dense and begins to rise. Low pressure is created. The air pressure
over the water is higher with cold dense air, which moves to occupy the
space created over the land. The cool air that comes along is called a sea
breeze.

 In the night, the reverse happens. The land quickly loses its’ heat whiles the
water retains its’ warmth. This means the air over the water is warmer, less
dense and begins to rise. Low pressure is created over the water. Cold and
dense air over the land begins to move to the water surface to replace the
warmer rising air. The cool breeze from the land is called a land breeze.

2. Why is mercury used in the thermometer? Give two to be taken while using
clinical thermometer.
3. Write five uses of insulators in our life.
V. Diagram based questions:
1. Name the mode of heat transfer taking place in the figure given below and give
its one application.

2. Select the correct option from the given words: white, black, bright, radiation,
[Link]’s heat energy reaches the earth’s surface by the method of _____________.
b. __________ surfaces are good absorbers and good radiators of heat.
c.________ and polished /shiny surfaces are poor absorbers and poor radiators of
heat.
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d. Houses built in hot regions are painted __________from outside to reflect heat
radiations falling on them.

VI. HOTS:
Woollen themselves are not warm. Woollen fibre is fluffy and has air space in
between the fibres. Air is bad conductor of heat. Hence woollens retain our body
heat within and do not lose it to the outside. This keeps the body warm.
1. Give two applications of air where it acts as insulators.
2. Justify why it is better to use two blankets instead of one thick blanket during
severe winter.

ANSWER KEY: (MCQ)

1.a) conduction 2.b) heat 3. a) thermometer 4. d) celsius
5.b) 37 Co 6. c) Maximum-minimum thermometer 7. a) mercury 8.
a) conduction 9. b) convection 10.a) land breeze 11.b) convection
12. d) ) Good conductors of heat 13.a) It prevents mercury level from falling on
its own 14.c) air 15. c) radiation

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 CLASS: VII SUBJECT: SCIENCE TOPIC: WEATHER, CLIMATE AND
ADAPTATIONS OF ANIMALS TO
CLIMATE

What are the factors that sustain life on Earth?

Earth is the only planet which has an environment that can sustain life. It has all the
conditions necessary for survival of plants and animals. A number of factors are
responsible for it.
 Presence of water.
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 31 of 98
  Distance of earth from sun is sufficient to keep the temperature on the surface
of the earth at an average of 30oC.
 The layer of CO2 and water vapours which surrounds earth prevents too
much heat from escaping Earth’s atmosphere.
 The layer of ozone which surrounds earth does not allow ultraviolet rays to
reach earth from the sun.
 The tilting of the earth’s axis of rotation results in the change of seasons.
 The uneven distribution of solar radiation on the Earth’s surface is the main
cause behind the changes in the weather.
 The everyday changes and changes over long period of time results in weather
and climate.
WEATHER – The day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a place
influenced by factors like the temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed etc.,
is called the weather of that place.
 Elements of weather- The parameters determining weather such as
temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed etc. are called elements of
weather.
It is a daily phenomenon and may change every day from time to time and
from place to place. It can also vary over very short period of time.

 Salient features of a weather report:

a) Temperature: Maximum & minimum temperatures are recorded every day
by special thermometers called Maximum and Minimum thermometers.
The maximum temperature is measured in the afternoon and minimum
temperature is measured during dawn.
b) Rainfall: It is measured by an instrument called the Rain Gauge, which is
basically a measuring cylinder with a funnel on top to collect rainwater. It
is measured in millimeters.
c) Humidity: It is the amount of water vapour present in the atmosphere; it is
measured in percentage, with the help of an instrument called Hygrometer.
d) Wind Speed: Wind speed is measured by an instrument called
Anemometer.

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 Department of Meteorology: The Meteorological Department measures the
elements of weather and keeps their record. Meteorologists use data from
satellites and analyze the data to forecast about the weather.
Not to be tested

National Climate Centre (NCC), Pune which was established in 1995 by India
Meteorological Department (IMD) with an objective to provide various
climate related services to the country (India). NCC has been carrying out
many India specific climate related activities like Climate Monitoring and
Analysis, Climate Data Management, Climate Research and Climate
Prediction.

 CLIMATE: The average weather pattern over a long period of time i.e. several
years is called the climate of a place.
The climate of a region depends on:
 The amount of rainfall.
 Amount of sunshine it gets.
 The ability to transfer water to the atmosphere (evaporation).
 Distance from the sea; coastal areas have moderate temperature as compared
to plains.
 The altitude, topography and geographical location of a place.
 Distance from the Equator- The equator receives direct rays of the sun so it is
the hottest place on earth. Places distant from the equator are much cooler like
the North and south poles as the sun rays fall on a dispersed area.

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 Mean Temperature
Mean temperature of a place is found to study the average temperature of a
place. The mean temperature for a given month at a particular place is found
in two steps:
a) The average of the temperature is recorded during the month.

b) Average figure of a particular month are taken from many years and their
mean is calculated.

Mean temperature helps in comparing the weather at two different places.

Differences between weather and climate

Weather Climate
 It is an atmospheric condition of a  It is the average atmospheric
place at a particular time condition of a place over a
prolonged period of time for more
than 25 years
 It can change from one day to the  It is a stable pattern of weather of a
next place and generally remains
unchanged for a long period of
time
 It is assigned to a small area  It is assigned to a larger area that is
for a region or country
 It is measured over a short period  It is measured over a long period
of time of time
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 34 of 98
  It includes factors like humidity,  It includes factors like wind speed,
flooding, freezing, rain, sleet, hail, humidity, hail storms etc.
snow etc.

Adaptation of animals to different climates: -

Animals and plants are adapted to survive in the conditions in which they live.
Features and habits that help animals and plants to survive better in their place of
living (Habitat) are called adaptations.
I. Adaptations to cold climate: - E.g. Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctic)
(a) Polar bears are found in
the arctic regions which are
covered with snow and are
extremely cold.

i) They have two thick layers

of fur and a layer of fat
under their skin. White fur
helps them blend with the
snowy surrounding
providing them protection
from the predator. It can
keep itself hidden from its
prey. This technique of
blending with the surrounding to make on self-less conspicuous is called
camouflage.
ii) It has strong sense of smell which helps to locate and catch the prey.
iii) It has wide and large paws which help in swimming and in walking on snow.
iv) Long curved and sharp claws help them to walk on snow.

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(b) Penguins are found in cold regions.
i) They have a feathery coat as well as a layer
of fat under the feathery coat. The coat covers
their body right down to their legs. Thick layer
of fat under the skin acts as an insulator.
ii) They live in groups and huddle up together
to keep them warm.
iii) A penguin has white feathers in the belly
region which merges with the white snowy
background and acts as a camouflage.
iv) Webbed feet, flipper like wings and a
streamlined body makes them good swimmers.

Migration in Birds
a) Migratory birds are known to travel very long distances (as long as 15000 km)
for their survival in the adverse climatic
conditions.

b) Birds fly to warmer regions during winters and

return back when the winter is over.
E.g. Arctic Tern is known to be the longest
traveler among the migratory birds. Siberian
Crane’s visit India (Bharatpur in Rajasthan, Sultanpur in Haryana and to some
wetlands of north-eastern India) when it is extremely cold in Siberia.
Hibernation(winter sleep) – During winter, some animals go to ‘sleep’ or hibernate
in their burrows or caves. Their body temperature goes down. They breathe slowly
and also heartbeat gets slow. During winter, the fat stored in their body gives them
energy. These animals get up from sleep in early spring. e.g. Frog
II. Adaptations to the tropical rainforests: -
 The tropical regions have a hot and humid climate as are located close to the
equator.
 Even in the coldest month the temperature is generally higher then 15OC. They
get plenty of rainfall.
 This climate supports a wide variety of plants and animals. Since the number
and variety of organisms is large, there is intense competition for food and
shelter.
 Although animals in tropical rainforests have a wide variety of food available,
there is a lot of competition for food. As a result, many animals have adapted
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 36 of 98
 to a particular food which is not eaten by other animals. Many animals are
also adapted to living on trees i.e. arboreal habitat.
 Most of the tropical animals have sensitive hearing, sharp eyesight and thick
skin. They also have such skin colours that help them to disguise and protect
them from predators.
Eg Western Ghats and Assam in India, South East Asia, Central America and
Central Africa.
Some adaptations of animals common in the tropical rainforests includes: -
ANIMALS ADAPTATIONS
Red eyed frog  Sticky pads on its feet to be able to climb trees.
Monkeys  Long tail, hands and feet adapted for grasping branches.
Toucan  Long and large beak enabling the bird to reach food
located at larger and unapproachable distance.
Lions and tigers  Bright colours, unique patterns, thick skin which may
help the animals camouflage with surrounding.
 Sensitive hearing
 Sharp eye-sights
Elephants  Long trunks provide strong sense of smell
 Tusks are modified incisors to tear the bark of trees and
feed on them
 Large ears of elephants help to hear even very soft
sounds and keep it cool in hot and humid climate
Lion tailed  White mane around its cheek and chin
macaque (Beard  It feeds on fruits, seeds, young stem, flowers and buds. It
ape) spends most of the time on trees and rarely comes down
as gets sufficient food on trees.

Practical file work

Cut the weather report from newspaper and paste it in your practical file.
ASSIGNMENT
MCQ
1. The Department which prepares weather report is:
a) Telecom Department b) Electrical Department
c) Meteorological Department d) Civil Department
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 37 of 98
Ans. c) Meteorological Department
2. The amount of humidity in the atmosphere is a measure of ___________in air
a) Heat b) Temperature c) Chemicals d) Moisture
3. The instrument used to measure rainfall is called
a) Barometer b) Rain Gauge
c) Thermometer d) Max. Min thermometer
4. The temperature, humidity, rainfall wind speed etc. are called the _________of
weather.
a) Elements b) Compounds c) Indicators d) Chemicals
5. Which of the following are characteristics of a polar bear that have been
correctly matched with their purposes?
Key Adaptations Purpose
A Fat beneath the skin Camouflage
B Sharp Claws Walk on snow
C Paws are wide and large Walk on ice, swim
Stay warm in the
D Two thick layers of fur arctic
a) A and C only b) A, B and C only
c) B, C and D only d) A, B, C and D
6. The maximum and minimum temperature displayed daily in the weather
bulletin refer to the –
a) Highest day temperature and lowest night temperature of the day.
b) Highest day temperature and highest night temperature of the month.
c) Temperature recorded at 12 noon and at mid night (00.00 hrs.).
d) Average highest temperature of day and average lowest temperature of
night.
7. Read the following environmental conditions of tropical rainforests.
(i) Hot and humid climate (ii) Unequal lengths of day and night
(iii) Abundant rainfall (iv) Abundant light and moisture
Identify the conditions from the above list that are responsible for the presence
of large number of plants and animals in tropical rain forests.
a) (i) and (ii) b) (i) and (iii) c) (i), (iii) and (iv) d)(ii) and (iv)
8. Paheli went to a wildlife sanctuary where she saw dense vegetation of trees,
shrubs, herbs and also a variety of animals like monkeys, birds, elephants,
snakes, frogs, etc. The most likely location of this sanctuary is in the
a) Temperate region b) Tropical region
c) Polar region d) Coastal region

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 38 of 98

9. Select the correct option:
a) Moderate hot and Wet Climate – North East India
b) Hot and dry climate - Kerala
c) Very hot and wet climate – Rajasthan
d) Moderate hot and extremely wet climate – Jammu & Kashmir
10. Penguins huddle together to:
a) Keep themselves warm b) catch the prey
c) Merge well with background d) both a and c
II. Very Short answer questions:
1) The animal shown in this picture has sticky pads. Identify this
organism and write how this adaptation helps it to survive in
tropical rain forest.
Ans. The organism shown in the picture is the Red Eyed Frog. Its
sticky pads help to climb trees on which it lives.
2) How does Polar bear avoid getting over heated?
3) Name two places in India where you find tropical rain forests.
4) Many tropical animals have skin colour which help it to blend with its
surrounding. What is the term given to this adaptation and how is it helpful to
the animals?
5) How is the mean temperature of a particular place for a given month
calculated?
6) What advantage does Polar bear have because of its white fur?
7) Why does Lion tailed macaques spend most of its time on trees?
8) How do tropical rainforests support wide variety of plants and animals?
9) Choose the correct answer:
a) Long tailed macaque is also known as (Beard ape / Monkey)
b) (Weather / Climate) changes frequently.
c) Tusks of elephants are modified (teeth/bones)
10) State whether the following statements are true or false:
a) The climate of Rajasthan is hot and wet.
b) The short variations which occur in the atmosphere are called relative
humidity.

III. Short answers questions:

1) What are the characteristics of Polar Regions?
Ans. a) The Polar Regions present an extreme climate.
b) These regions are covered with snow and it is very cold for most part of the
year.
c) For six months the sun does not set at the poles while for the other six
months the sun does not rise.
d) In winters, the temperature can be as low as -37˚C.
2) How is hibernation different from migration?
3) A polar bear has big paws. What might be the advantage of this?
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 39 of 98
4) What are the characteristics of Tropical rainforest?
5) Write three main differences between weather and climate.
6) How do elephants living in the tropical rainforest adapt themselves?
7) List two characteristic features of climate of following places
a) Desert b) Kerala
8) What are the factors that determine the climate of a place?
9) Why do some animals migrate? Give an example of a bird migrating to our
country.
10) The following graph depicts
average temperature of a
place in a particular year from
March (03) to September
(09). What will be the mean
temperature of these months?
(a) 19.6 oC (b) 20.6 oC
(c) 22 oC (d) 24.2 oC

IV. Long questions

1) What is the relationship among climate, adaptation and evolution?
Ans. Climate plays an important role on living organisms. It brings about certain
changes in the shape, structure and function of animal body so that it can live
and survive in those climatic conditions. These features and habits that help
animals to adapt to their surroundings are a result of the process of evolution.
2) Write a short note on how Sun affects the weather.
3) Name the following:
a) An instrument used to measure rainfall.
b) The thermometer used to record maximum and minimum temperature.
c) Two animals living in Polar Regions.
d) Two animals living in Tropical Regions.
4) Fill in the blank with correct answer. DO NOT draw the table.
ANIMAL ADAPTATION USE
Toucan Long and large beak i)……………
ii)……………….. Tusks iii)………….
Polar bear iv)………………. Helps it to walk easily
on snow
Monkey Long tail v)…………………..
Lions and Tigers vi) Sensitive hearing vi)…………………..

ANSWER KEY: (MCQ)

1-c ; 2-d ; 3-b; 4-a; 5-c; 6-a; 7-c; 8-b; 9-a; 10-a

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 40 of 98

 CLASS: VII SUBJECT: SCIENCE TOPIC: NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

CONCEPT MAP

NUTRITION IN ANIMALS

Humans Amoeba

Pseudopodia
Grass eating Animals Food Cellulose
Ruminant stomach Food vacuole

Oesophagus Stomach (Rumen) Small intestine Caecum

Large intestine
Cud

Digestive glands Alimentary canal

Salivary glands Salivary amylase

Liver Bile juice (Emulsification)
Pancreas Pancreatic juice

Buccal cavity Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus

Secretions Water absorption

Teeth Tongue Peristalsis Projections
Milk
Permanent Villi Bile (Liver) (Pancreas)
Pancreatic juice

Intestinal juice

HCl Mucus Enzyme

Kills bacteria Protects stomach (Pepsin) Digests protein

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 41 of 98

 GLOSSARY
ALIMENTARY CANAL: A long tube running from mouth to anus in which
digestion and absorption of food takes place. It is also known as gut or
digestive tract.
CANINES: Sharp teeth for tearing the food.
DIGESTION: Breaking down of the complex food components into soluble
and simple food substances.
EGESTION: Elimination of undigested and unabsorbed food residues
INGESTION: Process of taking food inside the body.
TOOTH DECAY: The process in which tooth becomes rotten due to
formation of cavities inside it leading to toothache.
CUD: The partially digested food in the rumen of a cow is called cud.

 Animals cannot make their own food and hence depend on plants directly or
indirectly on plants.
 They use different ways to prepare their food and are called heterotrophs.
 The food that they take in is in complex form which cannot be utilized by the
body as it is.
 The process of taking in of food and its utilization by the body is called
nutrition.
 The process of breaking down of food into simpler substances so that it can be
absorbed by the body cells is called digestion.
 Digestive tract is a special tract in the body that is responsible for the intake of
food, digestion, absorption, assimilation and removal of undigested waste in
an organism.
Different methods of obtaining food: -
NAME FOOD MODE OF TAKING
FOOD
Amoeba Microscopic organism Capturing the food by
pseudopodia
Bees Nectar of flowers Siphoning nectar by a long
feeding tube
Humming bird Nectar of flowers Sucking nectar of flowers
by a long beak
Mosquitoes Blood of animals Piercing and sucking
through a long thin tube
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 42 of 98
Butterfly Nectar of flowers Sucking nectar by a long
feeding tube
House fly Sugar, food, garbage Sponging up the food in
liquid form
Snail Insects and small plants Scraping the food
Ant Sugar, grains, food Biting and chewing type
particles of mouth parts
Eagle Snakes, rats, chicks etc. Capturing the animal by
hooked beak
Frog Small insects from air Capturing the prey by
sticky tongue
Snake Small animals like rats Swallowing the whole
animal

Steps of nutrition: - In animals, the mode of nutrition is holozoic.

Holozoic nutrition: most of the animals take solid or liquid food by process of
ingestion.
 Holozoic mode of nutrition can be defined as the taking in complex organic
matter by ingestion.
 The food is then digested and absorbed in the body. For example: Amoeba,
frog, rabbit, lion and human beings.
 Depending upon the source of food taken, holozoic nutrition is further of
following types:
(a) Herbivorous (b) Carnivorous (c) Omnivorous
Holozoic mode of nutrition involves the following steps:
1. Ingestion – is the actual taking in of the food from the external
environment.
2. Digestion – is the breaking down of large complex food molecules into
simpler smaller soluble compounds by the action of substances called
enzymes which are manufactured by various cells in the body.
3. Absorption – passing of the soluble digested food into the blood stream of
the animal.
4. Assimilation – is the stage when the digested food is used up by the body
as fuel for energy & for growth and repair.
5. Egestion – is the process by which the body gets rid of the undigested solid
parts of the food.

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 43 of 98

Nutrition in humans: -

PROCESS OF NUTRITION:

I. Ingestion
Mouth: Food is ingested by us through the mouth. Buccal cavity is the inner region
of the mouth. It encloses teeth, tongue and salivary glands.
Teeth: We have two sets of teeth – temporary (milk) teeth and permanent teeth.
Milk teeth appear around 6-9 months and fall off at the age of 6-8 years and are

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 44 of 98

replaced by the second set of teeth i.e. the permanent teeth which may last
throughout the life. We have four types of teeth.

Type of tooth Number Number Placement Structure Function

of teeth in of teeth in of teeth in
each jaw upper and each jaw
lower jaw
INCISORS 4 8 In the Flat and sharp Cutting
centre, edges and
front of the biting
mouth
CANINES 2 4 On the side Pointed sharp Piercing
of incisors edges and
tearing
PREMOLARS 4 8 Two on Large, curved Chewing
each side of surfaces with and
canines edges grinding
MOLARS 6 12 Three on Large, curved Chewing
each side of surfaces with and
premolars edges grinding
TOTAL 16
32
NUMBER

DENTAL CARE
 If we do not clean our teeth and
mouth after eating, harmful bacteria
begin to live and grow.
 These bacteria break down sugar
present in leftover food sticking to
the teeth and release acids.
 These acids damage the enamel
(hard substance covering the teeth)
and gradually form a cavity in the Dental formula of Human
tooth. This is known as tooth decay. I C PM M
Adult: 2,1 , 2 , 3 x 2 = 32
2, 1 , 2 , 3

Salivary glands:
 They secrete saliva which lubricates the food and makes it easy to swallow.

 It contains a digestive enzyme (Salivary amylase) that breaks large

carbohydrate (starch) to small simpler carbohydrate.

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 Tongue
 Tongue is a muscular organ attached to the floor of the buccal cavity at the
back.

 It helps in mixing of food with saliva and swallowing it. It has many taste
buds on it which can taste different types of food.

 The pharynx is the common channel for food and air. When you swallow
food, a flap-like valve called the epiglottis closes the windpipe. Epiglottis
prevents the entry of food particles into respiratory tract.

Oesophagus (Food pipe):

 Oesophagus is a pipe like structure running along the neck and through the
chest.
 It is about 25 centimeters long. Food inside the oesophagus reaches the
stomach by peristalsis.

II. Digestion: - Digestion is the breakdown of complex substances into simpler

absorbable form. It starts in the mouth. Digestive system is made up of
alimentary canal (digestive tract) and associated digestive glands
(Salivary glands, Liver and Pancreas).

Stomach
 Stomach is the widest part of the alimentary canal. It is a J-shaped muscular
organ which receives food from food pipe and opens into small intestine.
 Stomach wall secretes gastric juices that contain hydrochloric acid, digestive
enzyme (pepsin) and mucus.
 Hydrochloric acid kills the harmful bacteria,
digestive juice breaks down proteins into simpler
substances and mucus protects the stomach wall.
Small intestine:
Food is mixed well with enzymes produced by the
glands present on the wall of small intestine, bile
juice from the liver and pancreatic juice from the
pancreas.
 Bile juice breaks large fat molecules into smaller
droplets.
 Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
 Final steps of digestion occur in the small intestine.
 Fats are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol.
 Starch (carbohydrate) is broken down into simple sugars (glucose).
 Proteins are broken down to amino acids.
 Digestion of all complex molecules gets completed in the small intestine.
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 46 of 98
III. Absorption: -
Small intestine:
 The digested food is absorbed from the small intestine into the blood stream.
 Fine finger like projections present on the inner lining of small intestine
known as villi increases the surface area thus increasing the absorption.
Large intestine:
 Undigested food moves to large intestine where excess of water and some
salts are absorbed from it into blood.
IV. Egestion: The undigested food is thrown out of the body in the form of faeces
through anus.
V. Assimilation: The utilization of absorbed food in the cells is called assimilation.
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS OF HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ORGAN FUNCTION
Mouth Keeps the food for chewing
(mastication)
Teeth Cut the food into small pieces
Salivary glands Produce saliva containing digestive
enzyme(amylase)
Tongue Taste the food
Oesophagus Channels the food from the mouth
into the stomach by peristalsis
Stomach Produces digestive enzymes (pepsin)
Small intestine Digests the food with the help of
(Duodenum) enzymes from the pancreas
Pancreas Produces digestive enzymes
Liver Produces bile juice for emulsifying fats
Gall bladder Stores bile from liver
Small intestine Produces digestive enzymes.
(Ileum) Absorption by villi
Large intestine Absorbs water from the undigested
food
Rectum Keeps the faeces.
Anus Lets out the faeces

DIGESTION IN GRASS EATING ANIMALS (RUMINANTS):

 Grass eating animals like cow, buffalo, goat and sheep swallow the grass (rich
in cellulose) without chewing and store it in rumen (stomach compartment).

 The partially digested food (cud) is brought back into the mouth and chewed
properly. This is called rumination or cud chewing.

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  Ruminants have a caecum in between the small intestine and large intestine
where cellulose of the food is digested by the action of enzyme produced by
certain bacteria present here.

 Humans cannot digest cellulose.

Digestion in Amoeba: -
Amoeba is a microscopic unicellular organism. It
possesses false feet called as pseudopodia. Pseudopodia
are used to capture food as well as for locomotion. It
feeds on plants, microorganisms, smaller organisms etc.
Amoeba does not possess any mouth. It can ingest
through any place on the surface of cell
membrane. Amoeba extends its pseudopodia when the
food is found. Pseudopodium just wraps around the food molecule and forms a
food vacuole around it. An amoeba engulfs its prey along with a droplet of water in
the food vacuole inside the cytoplasm.

Aim- To study the effect of saliva on starch

1. Take two test tubes and label them as A and B.
2. Add one teaspoon of boiled rice in test tube A.
3. Add one teaspoon of boiled rice after chewing it
for 3-5 minutes in test tube B.
4. Add 3-4ml of water in both the test tubes.
5. Add 2-3 drops of iodine solution in each test tube.
6. Record your observations.
Observation-
1. No change in colour is observed in test tube B.
2. The solution in test tube A turns blue black.
Conclusion
Saliva contains enzyme salivary amylase which has
converted starch into simple sugar. Hence, test tube
B shows negative test for starch.

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 ASSIGNMENT

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1) Carbohydrates get broken into ________after digestion.
a) Glucose b) Fatty acid c) Glycerol d) Amino acids
2) Cud is the name given to the food of ruminants which is:
a) Swallowed and undigested. b) Swallowed and partially digested.
c) Properly chewed and partially digested.
d) Properly chewed and completely digested.
3) Fat is completely digested in the:
a) Stomach b) Mouth c) Small intestine d) Large intestine
4) Bile juice is stored in which organ?
a) Pancreas b) Gall bladder c) Liver d) Stomach
5) Heterotrophs are organisms which:
a) Feed on dead and decaying organisms
b) Draw nutrition from the living tissues of other organisms
c) Depend on sources other than themselves for food
d) Food is broken down into simple molecules
6) Which of the following pair of teeth differ in structure but are similar in
function?
a) Canines and incisors. b) Molars and premolars.
c) Incisors and molars. d) Premolars and canines.
7) The correct sequence of process of nutrition in human beings is as follows-:
a) Ingestion, digestion, egestion, assimilation, absorption
b) Ingestion, egestion, assimilation, digestion, absorption
c) Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion,
d) Ingestion, assimilation, digestion, absorption, egestion
8) The swallowed food moves downwards in the alimentary canal because of:
a) Force provided by the muscular tongue.

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 49 of 98

 b) The flow of water taken with the food.
c) Gravitational pull. d) The contraction of muscles in the wall of food pipe.
9) Which part of digestive canal is involved in complete digestion of food?
a) Small intestine b) Large intestine c) Stomach d) Pancreas
10) Assimilation is the process by which:
a) Food is digested b) Digested food is taken up by the blood
c) Digested food is utilized by the body
d) Food is broken down into simple molecules
11) Which of the following organs does not secrete digestive juice?
a) Small intestine b) Liver c) Stomach d) Oesophagus
12) Read carefully the terms given below. Which of the following set is the correct
combination of organs that do not carry out any digestion?
a) Oesophagus, Large Intestine, Rectum
b) Buccal cavity, Oesophagus, Rectum
c) Buccal cavity, Oesophagus, Large Intestine
d) Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum
13) The walls of large intestine absorb
a) Water b) Digested food c) Undigested matter d) Cellulose
14. The false feet of Amoeba are used for
a) Movement only b) Capture of food only
c) Movement can capture of food d) Exchange of gases only
15. Which one of the following is not a step of nutrition?
a) Ingestion b) Digestion c) Absorption d) Excretion
B. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE:
1) What is peristalsis? Does it occur only in the oesophagus?

Ans: The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the lining of the alimentary
canal is called peristalsis. No, it does not occur only in the oesophagus.
2) Paheli is suffering from indigestion due to acidity. Is it advisable to give her
orange juice in this situation and why?
3) State two functions of the tongue.
4) What is the role of saliva in digestion of food?
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 50 of 98
5) State the function of villi in the small intestine.
6) What is the role of pseudopodia in nutrition of Amoeba?
7) Fill in the blanks:
1. The mode of taking food into the body is called ingestion.
2. In the process of _________ food is broken down in to simpler substances.
3. The _______________ canal starts with mouth and ends in anus.
4. ___________________glands are present in mouth.
5. Saliva helps in the digestion of ___________________ in food.
6. _____________ is the sensory cells present in mouth.
7. The digestive juices of the stomach digest the _____________ in the food.
8. The ________________released by the bacteria in the mouth causes tooth
decay.
9. Liver secretes __________ and helps in the digestion of ____________in the
food.
10. During the process of digestion, the carbohydrates break down to _________,
the proteins into _____ and the fats into ______________.
11. Faecal matter is removed from the body by the process of __________
12. The patient suffering diarrhea should be treated with ___________.
13. We get hiccups or cough, if by chance a food particle enters the ____
14. Partially digested food in the rumen of herbivores is called ________
15. The process of utilizing absorbed food particles (nutrients) into the living
cells is called ------------.
C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE:
1) Name the following:
a) 4 types of teeth.
Ans: Incisors, canines, premolars and molars
b) Digestive glands in human body.
c) Acid produced in stomach.
d) Scientist who discovered the working of stomach.
e) The sac like structure present between the small intestine and large
Intestine in ruminants.
2) Following statements describe the five steps in animal nutrition.
Read each statement and give one word for each statement and write the
terms that describe each process.
a) Transportation of absorbed food to different parts of body and

their utilization.
b) Breaking of complex food substances into simpler and soluble substances.
c) Removal of undigested and unabsorbed solid residues of food from
the body.
d) Taking food into the body.
e) Transport of digested and soluble food from the intestine to blood vessels.
3) Name the secretion by the inner lining of our stomach. What are its functions?
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 51 of 98
4) Give one difference between:
i) Milk teeth and permanent teeth
ii) Absorption and assimilation
iii) Ingestion and egestion
5) True or False:
1. Canines are meant for tearing flesh. [ ]
2. Oesophagus is also known as food pipe. [ ]
3. Mouth cavity contains teeth and salivary glands only. [ ]
4. Deer is a ruminant. [ ]
5. Large intestine is longer than small intestine. [ ]
6) The inner walls of the small intestine have finger like projections. Name them
and explain their function (any one) .What happens to the undigested food in
the large intestine?
7) ‘A’ got her gall bladder removed surgically as she was diagnosed with stones
in her gall bladder.
After the surgery, she faced problems in digestion of certain food items when
consumed in bulk.
Can you tell which kind of food items would they be and why?
8) Why does bread or chapatti taste a little sweet after it is chewed for some
time?
D. LONG ANSWER TYPE:
1) How does digestion occur in grass-eating animals (ruminants)?
2) Name and write the functions of different types of teeth in humans.

Diagram based questions:

1) Draw and label a diagram depicting nutrition in
amoeba.
2) Draw a neat, labeled diagram of the human digestive
system.
3) Show the different regions of the tongue for different
tastes with the help of a diagram.
4) Label the following parts in Figure and name them.
a) The largest gland in our body.
b) The organ where protein digestion starts.
c) The organ that releases digestive juice into the small intestine.
d) The organ where bile juice gets stored.

ANSWER KEY(MCQ): 1-a; 2- b; 3-c; 4-b; 5-c; 6-b; 7-

c; 8-d; 9-a; 10- c; 11-d;12-a;13-a;14-c;15-d

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 CLASS: VII SUBJECT: SCIENCE TOPIC: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Key Concepts for Acid Bases and Salt

Organic Acid: - Acids that occur naturally in plant and animal materials.
Mineral acid-: The acids prepared from minerals of earth.
Neutral Substances: - Substances which are neither acidic nor basic in nature.
Indicators: - Those substances which are used to test whether a substance is acidic
or basic by showing change in colour in acidic and basic solution.
Neutralization reaction: - The reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt,
water and heat.
Acids, bases and salts are the three important groups of chemical compounds which
are useful to us in many ways. For example, our stomach makes an acid
(Hydrochloric acid) which is necessary for the digestion of food; baking soda
(Sodium bicarbonate) used in baking bread is a base; whereas common salt (sodium
chloride) used in cooking food is a salt. Some of the acids, bases and salts occur in
nature whereas many acids, bases and salts are made artificially in factories.

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ACIDS –Acids are substances which are,

 sour in taste and turn blue litmus paper red.

 corrosive in nature

Eg: Lemon juice, Orange juice, Vinegar, Curd, Tamarind,

Amla, Grapes

Logo on bottle containing acid

CLASSIFICATION OF ACIDS
Acids can be classified in the following categories on the basis of its
occurrence:
(A) Organic acids: - These are the naturally occurring acids. They are found in
various types of plants, minerals and animals.
 These acids are weak acids.
 Many of our food items contain such weak acids in varying amounts.
Eg: – Oxalic acid, Acetic acid, Formic acid, Citric acid, lactic acid, Tartaric,
Ascorbic etc.
(B) Mineral acids –
 Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3) are
some commonly used mineral acids.
 These acids are strong acids.
 Most of them are corrosive and cause skin burns.
 One of the mineral acid, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is present in our stomach
that helps in the digestion of food.
TEST FOR ACIDS:
INDICATORS: Substances which are used to test whether a substance is acidic or
basic by showing change in colour in acidic and basic solution are called indicators.
Eg: Turmeric, litmus, china-rose petals are some naturally occurring indicators,
whereas methyl orange and phenolphthalein are man-made indicators.
Types of Indicators: Indicators can be divided into two types:
Natural Indicator: Indicators that are obtained from naturally occurring substances
are called natural indicators. For example; litmus, turmeric, China rose extract etc.
Synthetic Indicator: Indicators that are made in laboratory are called synthetic
indicators. For example, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, etc.

INDICATORS COLOUR IN ACIDIC MEDIUM

BLUE LITMUS SOLUTION RED

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 54 of 98

TURMERIC POWDER SOLUTION YELLOW

CHINA ROSE SOLUTION DARK PINK ( MAGENTA)

PHENOLPHTHALEIN COLOURLESS

METHYL ORANGE RED

Uses of acids –
(a) Acetic acid and citric acid are used as food preservatives. These acids also
provide flavour to the food.
(b) The use of Sulphuric acid is so large ( in lead storage batteries, manufacture of
drugs, detergents, paints, fertilizers and many salts like CuSO4, MgSO4 etc.) and
so important that it is known as King of Acids.
(c) Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of fertilizers. Nitric acid is used in
manufacture of explosives such as nitroglycerine.
(d) Hydrochloric acid is used as a bathroom cleaner.

Fact File
Nitroglycerine has medical use also. It acts as vasodilator (a chemical
which widens blood vessels), so it is useful in diseases related to
circulation and the heart.
It is also anti-venom to the bite of the brown recluse spider.

BASES
Bases are substances which are,
 Soapy in touch and turn red litmus paper blue.

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 55 of 98

  Bitter in taste

Example: toothpaste, lime (Chuna, Whitewash), washing soap, caustic soda

(NaOH), caustic potash (KOH) etc.

TEST FOR BASES:

INDICATORS COLOUR IN BASIC MEDIUM

RED LITMUS SOLUTION BLUE

TURMERIC POWDER SOLUTION RED

CHINA ROSE SOLUTION GREEN

PHENOLPHTHALEIN PINK

METHYL ORANGE YELLOW

Uses of bases –

(a) Lime (CaO) and slaked lime [Ca (OH)2] are used in white washing, in
neutralizing acidic soils and in the manufacture of tooth pastes (in order to
neutralize the acid produced in the teeth by bacterial action).

(b) Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) is used to neutralize the acidity of

stomach; hence it helps in relieving stomachache.

(c) Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is used in the manufacture of soaps.

SALTS– When an acid reacts with a base, a new substance is formed known as

salt. It can be acidic, basic or neutral. E.g. Common salt (Sodium chloride),

Potassium chloride, Calcium carbonate etc.

NEUTRAL SOLUTION – Those solutions which do not change the colour of either
red or blue litmus (or any other indicator) is called neutral solution. Eg: Sugar
solution, Distilled water, Salt solution etc. They are neither acidic nor basic.

NEUTRALISATION– The reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt,

water and heat is called neutralization reaction.

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 56 of 98

Eg. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O + Heat

(Acid)(Base) (Salt) (Water)

Neutralization in everyday life

1. Indigestion – Excessive secretion of Hydrochloric acid in the stomach leads to

indigestion. The presence of excess of acid causes damage to the walls of the
stomach resulting in ulcers (wounds). We take milk of magnesia [(Mg (OH)2]
which neutralizes the effect of excess acid in the stomach and relieves pain in the
stomach.

2. Ant sting – The sting of an ant contains formic acid. So, in case of ant bite, we
rub soap solution or moist baking soda or calamine lotion (ZnCO3) which
neutralizes the effect of ant sting and relieves the pain.

3. Soil Treatment – Plants do not grow well in too acidic or too basic soil.
Therefore to neutralize too acidic soil, slaked lime or quick lime is added which
are basic in nature. Similarly, too basic soils are treated with organic matters
which release acids to neutralize the soil.

4. Factory wastes – The wastes of many factories contain acid. If they are
allowed to flow into water bodies, the acids will kill fish and other
aquatic plants and organisms. Therefore, they are neutralized by
adding basic substances.

If we dissolve a large quantity of a substance in a small quantity of water, we get a

concentrated solution but if a small quantity of substance is dissolved in a large
quantity of water, we get a dilute solution. The concentration of an acid is an
indicator of the amount of water it contains. Mineral acid which has less water
content are called concentrated acid and having more water content are called dilute
acids. To dilute the acid, add acid to water and not water to the acid.

ACID RAIN
When sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide gases dissolve in rain drops they form
sulphuric acid and nitric acid respectively. The rain containing excess of acids is
called acid rain. Acid rain can cause damage to buildings, historical monuments,
plants and animals.

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 57 of 98

Activity I (To be written in Activity File)
ACTIVITY
Aim: To prepare natural indicators like turmeric paper and solution of china rose.
Materials Required: Turmeric powder, water, thick sheet of paper, China rose
flowers (petals), warm water
Procedure: a) Turmeric Paper
1. Make turmeric paste by mixing turmeric in water.
2. Apply the paste on a sheet.
3. Let the sheet get dry in sunlight.
4. Cut the strips of the sheet and use to test the solutions.
5. Test various samples of acids and bases.
b) China Rose Solution
1. Take the petals of China rose flowers.
2. Put China rose petals in warm water.
3. Keep the mixture undisturbed till water becomes coloured.
4. Filter the water from the mixture and your indicator is ready to use.
5. Test various samples of acids and bases.
Observation: 1. Turmeric paper turns dark red in basic substances whereas it
remains yellow in acidic substances.
2. China rose extract changes to green in basic solution and dark pink in acidic
solution.

Activity II (To be written in Activity File)

AIM: To study the effect of indicators on various samples of solutions.
Take various samples of solutions and tell whether substance is acidic, basic or
neutral after testing with various indicators. Fill information in the table given
below:
Solution/Sampl Colour change Colour change Colour Colour Acid/base
e with with chang Change /
phenolphthalei e with with
Blue Red Neutral
n China turmeri
litmu Litmu
Rose c paper
s s
extract
paper paper

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 58 of 98

Lemon juice

Ammonium
hydroxide

Dilute
Hydrochloric
acid

Common salt
solution

Washing soda
solution

Lime juice

Distilled water

NaCl solution

Soap solution

Amla juice

Tap water

ASSIGNMENT
1. ‘Litmus’, a natural dye is an extract of which of the following?
(a) China rose (b) Beetroot (c) Lichen (d) Blue berries
2. Bases taste
(a) Sweet (b) salty (c) sour (d) bitter
3. Which of the following is a strong acid?
(a) Acetic acid (b) Citric acid (c) Sulphuric acid (d) Lactic acid
4. Milk of magnesia is used in case of:
(a) cleaning toilet (b) indigestion (c) ant sting (d) bee sting
5. Tomato is sour in taste because it has
(a) Acetic acid (b) Ascorbic acid (c) oxalic acid (d) Lactic acid
6. Which acid is present in vinegar?
(a) Acetic acid (b) Ascorbic acid (c) oxalic acid (d) Lactic acid

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 59 of 98

7. Which base is used in white washing?
(a) Calcium hydroxide (b) Magnesium hydroxide
(c) Ammonium hydroxide (d) Sodium hydroxide
8. Which base is used to prepare soap?
(a) Sodium hydroxide (b) Magnesium hydroxide
(c) Calcium hydroxide (d) Ammonium hydroxide
9. When an ant stings a person, it causes a burning pain. Which of the following
should be rubbed on the stung area of the skin to get relief?
(a) Lemon juice (b) Baking soda solution
(c) Vinegar solution (d) Formic acid solution
10. Which of the following is a neutral solution?
(a) Sugar solution (b) Sulphuric acid
(c) Sodium hydroxide (d) Vinegar
11. Which of the following set of substances contain acids?
(a) Grapes, lime water (b) Vinegar, soap
(c) Curd, milk of magnesia (d) Curd, vinegar
12. What will be the colour of phenolphthalein in vinegar?
(a) Yellow (b) orange (c) red (d) colourless
13. Chemically “Milk of magnesia” is
(a) Sulphuric acid (b) nitric acid
(c) Sodium hydroxide (d) magnesium hydroxide
14. Which acid is found in our stomach?
(a) Sulphuric acid (b) Hydrochloric acid
(c) Nitric acid (d) Magnesium carbonate
15. The following observations were made by students A, B, C and D when they
rubbed soap solution on dry litmus paper:
Student Effect on dry red litmus Effect on dry blue litmus paper
paper
A Colour changed to blue No change
B No change Colour changed to red
C Colour changed to blue Colour changed to red
D No change No change
The correct observation was made by the student

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

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VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Name any two natural indicators.

Ans: Litmus Solution/paper, China rose extract

2. Name the source from which litmus is obtained.

3. What is a neutral solution? Give an example.

4. If red litmus paper is dipped in a solution and it remains red, then what is the
nature of the solution?

5. Define salt.

6. What can you say about the nature of a solution which turns turmeric paper
red?

7. Paheli is suffering from indigestion due to acidity. Is it advisable to give

her orange juice in this situation and why?

8. What name is given to the reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to?

form salt and water?

9. Curd turns blue litmus red. What does this tell about the property of curd?

10. What should be done in case of a ‘basic soil’ to make it suitable for the

growth of plants?

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Why is calamine solution applied in case of ant bite?

Ans: The sting of an ant contains formic acid. So, in case of ant bite, we rub
soap solution or moist baking soda or calamine lotion (ZnCO3) which
neutralizes the effect of ant sting and relieves the pain.

2. Fill the blanks in the following sentences

(a) Lemon juice and vinegar taste ___________ because they contain ----------.

(b) Turmeric and litmus are _________ acid-base indicators.

(c) Phenolphthalein gives _________ colour with lime water.

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 61 of 98
 (d) When an acidic solution is mixed with a basic solution, they

_________ each other forming _________ and water.

3. Define Neutralization. Give an example.

4. Name the bases found in Lime water and soap.

5. Identify as acidic, basic or neutral solution from the following-

Lemon juice, orange juice, vinegar, milk of magnesia, baking soda,

lime water, sugar solution, common salt solution, shampoo.

6. Why ‘Milk of magnesia’ is given to a patient of hyperacidity?

7. Why slaked lime or quick lime is added to too acidic soil?

8. State the colour change of litmus, methyl orange and phenolphthalein

in acidic and basic medium.

9. State whether the following statements are true or false.

Correct the false statements.

(a) All substances are either acidic or basic.

(b) A compound if acidic will turn all indicators red.

(c) Lime water turns red litmus blue.

(d) Common salt dissolved in water turns blue litmus red.

(e) Phenolphthalein is a natural indicator.

(f) Calamine can be used to treat ant’s sting.

(g) Lemon water is basic in nature.

10. A student adds dilute sulphuric acid to sodium hydroxide solution.

Will the resultant mixture become hot or cold? Why?

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Write any one use of:

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 a) Slaked lime b) Magnesium hydroxide
c) Citric acid d) Caustic soda
Ans (a) Slaked lime [Ca (OH) 2] is used in white washing, in neutralizing acidic soils
and in the manufacture of toothpastes (in order to neutralize the acid
produced in the teeth by bacterial action).
(b) Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) is used to neutralize the acidity of
stomach; hence it helps in relieving stomachache.
(c) Citric acid is used as food preservatives. These acids also provide flavour to
the food.
(d) Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is used in the manufacture of soaps.
2. Paheli observed that most of the fish in the pond of her village were gradually
dying. She also observed that the waste of a factory in their village is flowing
into the pond which probably caused the fish to die.
(a) Explain why the fish were dying.
(b) If the factory waste is acidic in nature, how can it be neutralised?
3. Give one use of each:
a) Nitric acid b) Sulphuric acid
c) Hydrochloric acid d) Acetic acid
4. In order to determine acidic, basic or neutral character of solution, a student
tabulated the following results after the experiment. Which of the following
observations has been tabulated correctly? Give reason.

CASE Test solution Colour Colour Acidic/

change on change on Basic /
red litmus blue litmus Neutral
paper paper
A NaCl No change Red Acidic
B Lime water Blue No change Neutral
C Vinegar No change No change Neutral
D Washing Blue No change Basic
soda
5. Differentiate between acid and base.

6. Some acids are dangerous; others are not. Explain by giving examples.

Diagram based Questions

1. Observe the figures given below and write whether substance is acidic/basic or
neutral.
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 63 of 98
2. Boojho, Paheli and their friend Golu were provided with a test tube each
containing China rose solution which was pink in colour. Boojho added two
drops of solution ‘A’ in his test tube and got dark pink colour. Paheli added 2
drops of solution ‘B’ to her test tube and got green colour. Golu added 2 drops
of solution ‘C’ but could not get any change in colour. Suggest the possible cause
for the variation in their results.
Higher Order Thinking Skills
1. The observation made during an experiment are recorded below:
Solution A B C D
Blue litmus Reddish Deep red No change No change
Red Litmus No change No Change Blue No change
i) Which of these is, strongly acidic, weakly acidic, Neutral, Basic
ii) Which of the two solutions will react to illustrate the neutralization
reaction?
2. A white shirt has a yellow stain. When soap is rubbed on the shirt, the yellow
stains turn red. On rinsing the shirt with water, the red stains
turn yellow again.
a. Name the natural indicator present in the curry stain.
b. What is the nature of the soap- acidic or basic?
c. Name the indicator which will give pink colour with the soap solution.

ANSWER KEY(MCQ): 1-c; 2- d; 3-c; 4-b; 5-b; 6-a; 7-a; 8-a;

9-b; 10- a; 11-d;12-d;13-d;14-b;15-a

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 CLASS: VII SUBJECT: SCIENCE TOPIC: MOTION & TIME

CONCEPT MAP

KEY CONCEPTS FOR MOTION AND TIME

1 MOTION
A body is said to be in motion if its position changes with time and it is at rest
if its position does not change with time.
 Uniform motion: When an object covers equal distance in equal interval of
time.
 Non-uniform motion: When an object covers unequal distance in
unequal/equal interval of time.
2 SPEED
The speed of moving body is the distance it travels in a unit time.

SI unit for speed is m/s. If the speed of a body moving along straight line
remains constant, or does not change with time, we say the body is in uniform
motion. If speed changes with time, it is no longer in uniform motion.
3 CALCULATING AVERAGE SPEED
The motion of bus moving on the road is not uniform. The bus continually
changes direction, and thus its speed is not uniform either. So the speed you
have calculated is the average speed of the bus.
The average speed during the course of a motion is often computed using the
following equation:

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4 MEASURING TIME

In order to measure something, we need to have unit of measurement. A unit

of measurement is a known fixed quantity with which we compare an
unknown quantity we wish to measure.

Ancient Measurement devices

1. Sundial
 Earlier people used to measure the time by using Sundial.
 Sundial is based on the principle of shadow formation during the course
of time.
 The only drawback of these sundial is that it does not work after sun set.

2. Hour glass
 The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used
in navigation.
 The time taken by sand to stream completely into the lower chamber is taken as
one hour. That is why it is also called Sand clock.
3. Water clock
It measures time by allowing water to drip slowly from one marked container into
another.
Modern time measuring device
1. Pendulum clock

Pendulum clock uses a pendulum as its time base. From their

invention until about 1930, clocks using pendulum
movements were the most accurate. Because of their need to
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 66 of 98
be stationary and immovable while operating, pendulum clocks cannot operate in
vehicles; the motion and accelerations of the vehicle will affect the motion and pace
of the pendulum, causing inaccuracies.
2. Quartz clock

A clock driven by quartz crystal is called quartz clock. In this

clock tiny quartz crystal oscillates freely. Quartz crystal can
vibrate very fast and at a precise rate which helps in measuring
time accurately.

CONSTRUCTION OF PENDULUM
A simple pendulum consists of a mass (a metallic ball is called bob) at the end of a
pendulum string. Terms related to pendulum.
 Mean position: The position when pendulum is at rest is called mean position.
 Oscillation: To and fro motion of pendulum about mean position is called its
oscillation.
 Time period: Time taken to complete one oscillation.
 Time period =Time taken to complete oscillations/Number of oscillation.
The Time period of a simple pendulum depends on the length of the string and
gravity. Data can be represented graphically in different ways. Example bar graph,
pie chart. However, the best way to represent it is the line graph. Distance-time
graph is a way to visually show a collection of data. It allows us to understand the
relationships between the data. The below is an example of a distance-time graph,
the time is shown along the X axis and the distance travelled is shown along the Y
axis. The distance –time graph of a body in uniform motion is always a straight
line (Line Graph).
USES OF GRAPH
1 It gives us information about the distance moved by body at some definite
interval of time.
2 It tells about the type of motion the body is having- uniform, non-uniform, or
at rest.
TYPES OF GRAPHS
There are three types of graphs:
1 Bar graph
2 Line graph
3 Pie chart
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. For Plotting D-T graph we always use line graph.
2. If the D-T graph is a straight line parallel to time axis (X-axis) then the body is
at rest.
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 67 of 98
 3. If the D-T graph is a straight line inclined to time axis (X-axis) then the body is
in uniform motion.
4. If the D-T graph is a curved line then the body is in non-uniform motion.

PRACTICAL FILE:
AIM: To plot a distance – time graph
Materials Required: Data of Vehicle in Motion (To be given by the teacher), Graph
Paper, and Pencil & Scale.
Procedure:
1. Plot distance on Y-axis & Time on the X-axis.
2. Choose a scale to represent the distance and another to represent.
3. Mark values for the time and the distance on the respective axes according to the
scale you have chosen.
4. Now you have to mark the points on the graph paper to represent each set of
values for distance and time.
5. Similarly, mark on the graph paper the points corresponding to different sets of
values.
6. Join all the points on the graph.

Observation: Observe the shape of the graph.

Result:
1. If it is a straight line. Then this is the distance-time graph for the object in Uniform
Motion.

2. If it is a curve. Then this is the distance-time graph for the object in Non-uniform
Motion.

3. If the line is parallel to X-axis then the object is at rest.

Precautions:
1. Plot the points carefully.

2. Choose the correct scale.

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3. Use a sharp pencil to plot the graph.

Distance Time graph

for object at rest

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
MCQ
1. The 800 m world record holder ran it in 86 s. What was his average speed?
(a) 9.4m/s (b) 9.6 m/s (c) 9.5 m/s (d) 9.7m/s

2. The Time of simple pendulum increase with increasing,

(a) Length (b) Amplitude
(c) Diameter of the bob (d) both (a) and (c)

3. The time period of simple pendulum is time required

(a) To complete one oscillation
(b) To complete two oscillations
(c) To go from one oscillation extreme position to another extreme position
(d) To complete movement from the mean position to extreme position
4. Which of the body is moving faster?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) Either A or B
(d) Both are at rest

5. Sundial is the device used to measure

(a) Time (b) Distance (c) Speed (d) All of these

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6. The SI unit of speed is
(a) m/hr (b) cm/s (c) m/s (d) km/hr
7. The SI unit of time is
(a) Minute (b) hour (c) second (d) day
8. In earlier times people used to use such type of clocks and this is also used in
Jantar-Mantar. Name it.
(a) water clock (b) watch (c) sundial (d) sand clock

9. A car is moving at a speed of 30km/hr and a truck is moving at a speed of

40km/hr. The distance time graph will show,
(a) one straight line (b) two parallel straight lines
(c) two straight lines at different angles (d) a zigzag line

10. The mean position of a pendulum is

(a) the point at which the pendulum rests and shows no motion.
(b) the point at which the pendulum travels and no rest.
(c) both of these.
(d) none of these.

11. The speed of a vehicle is recorded by

(a) ammeter (b) odometer (c) speedometer (d) Voltmeter
12. Speed-Time graph is a straight line for
(a) non-uniform motion (b) uniform motion
(c) constant motion (d) accelerated motion

13. The rate of change in position of a body is called

(a) rest (b) speed (c) acceleration (d) motion

II. Very short answer questions:

1. Which physical quantity is measured by odometer?
Ans: Distance
2. What is the relationship between speed, distance and time?

3. When is the average speed of a body equal to its actual speed?

4. What do you mean by average speed?

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5. What is speedometer used for?

6. What will be the nature of D-T graph for a body having uniform motion?

7. If the distance time graph of a body is a curved line, then what can you say
about the motion of the body?

8. D-T graph is used to represent the motion of the body. Which type of graph is
this?

9 Which type of graph will be used to depict the runs scored per over by a
batsman in a cricket match?

10. What is the use of a stopwatch?

11. A spaceship travels 36,000 Km in one hour. Express its speed in km/s.

III. Short Questions:

1. What are the limitations of a sundial?
Ans It cannot be used for measuring time during night and cloudy days.
2. A policeman cycles 4·2 km to work every morning. If it takes him 10 minutes,
what is his average speed? [Hint: we need to change the distance into metres,
and time into sec]
3. A car moving at an average speed of 45km/hr takes 5hr to reach its
destination. Find the distance covered by the car.
4 Which of the two is moving faster?
a) A car covering a distance of 400 km in 5 hour or
b) A train covering a distance of 500 km in 6 hours.
5. Define oscillation and time period of a pendulum.
6. Plot the graph for the following reading.
Time(sec) 0 4 8 12
Distance(m) 100 200 300 400
7. Describe various ways of defining one oscillation from the given figure.

A B C
l o o
o t t
t t t
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM
t 1 &h2 h Page 71 of 98
h e e
e g
8 Reena went from her house to a playground 300 m away in 10 minutes. She

ran back and reached her home in 2 minutes. What was her average speed?

9 A lion covers a distance of 100 m in 10 s. Calculate the speed of the lion in:

(a) m/s (b) km/h

10 How can we decide among the two objects in motion, which one is faster and

which one is slower?

11. What are quartz clocks?

Long question answers type:

1. (a) What is the principle behind the working of all time measuring devices?

(b How can we change the time period of a simple pendulum?

(i) All time measuring devices are based on periodic motion.
(ii) We can change the length of the string of the pendulum to alter its time
period.
2. Match the items of Column A with those in Column B.

Column A Column B

(a) Seconds pendulum (i) in case of uniform motion

(b) Speed (ii) measures distance travelled by
(c) Average speed is same as the vehicles
actual speed
(iii) second
(d) Odometer
(e) Speedometer (iv) m/s
(f) Basic unit of time (v) time period is two seconds
(g) Basic unit of speed (vi) gives the speed of a vehicle at any
(h) To and fro motion of a pendulum instant of time
(i) Basic unit of displacement (vii) is a straight line
(j) Distance-time graph for the (viii) periodic motion
motion of an object moving with
(ix) the distance travelled in unit time.
constant speed
(x) m
3. The bob of a simple pendulum takes 0.25 s to move from one extreme position
to the mean position. What is the time period of the pendulum?

SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 72 of 98

4. Differentiate between uniform and non- uniform motion with suitable
examples.
5. Explain in brief a simple pendulum.

Diagram based Question

1. A bus starts from bus terminal at 6 a.m. in the morning. It travels with a speed
of 30 km for next one hour, and then travels for next one hour with a speed of
40 km. Calculate Average speed of bus. (Ans 35 km/hr)

2. Starting from A, Paheli moves along a rectangular path ABCD as shown in

Figure 13.7. She takes 2 minutes to travel each side. Plot a distance-time graph
and explain whether the motion is uniform or non-uniform.

3. Boojho goes to the football ground to

play football. The distance-time graph
of his journey from his home to the
ground is given as Figure.

(a) What does the graph between

point B and C indicate about the
motion of Boojho?

(b) Is the motion between 0 to 4

minutes uniform or non-uniform?

(c) What is his speed between 8 and 12 minutes of his journey?

Activity based question:

1. Determine the time period of a simple pendulum of length 50 cm and

complete the following table. What do you infer from this activity? Does time
SCM_VII_SCIENCE_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 73 of 98
 period change with the change in number of oscillations as long as the length
of pendulum remains same?

[Link] No. of Stopwatch reading(s) Total time Time

oscillation taken for period
Initial Final
oscillations

1 20

2 22

3 25

4 27

2. Boojho walks to his school which is at a distance of 3 km from his home in 30

minutes. On reaching he finds that the school is closed and comes back by a
bicycle with his friend and reaches home in 20 minutes.

Higher Order Thinking Skills:

1. Consider a car on a long journey. The following table shows the distance of the
car from the starting position at different instants of time. Draw the distance time
graph using the given data. Is the motion of the car uniform or non-uniform?

Time (hours) Distance (km)

10.00 0
10.20 50
10.40 100
11.00 150

2. Look at the graph above. It shows how three runners ran a 100-meter race.

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 a. Which runner won the race? Explain your answer.
b. Which runner stopped for a rest? Explain your answer.
c. How long was the stop? Explain your answer.
d. How long did Bob take to complete the race? Explain your answer.
e. Calculate Albert’s average speed. (Figure the distance and the time first!)
3. Distance between Bholu’s and Golu’s house is 9 km. Bholu has to attend
Golu’s birthday party at 7 o’clock. He started from his home at 6 o’clock on his
bicycle and covered a distance of 6 km in 40 minutes. At that point he met
Chintu and he spoke to him for 5 minutes and reached Golu’s birthday party
at 7 o’clock. With what speed did he cover the second part of the journey?
Calculate his average speed for the entire journey.
4. Observe the following figure: Time taken by the bob to move from A to C is t1
& from C to O is t2. Then what will be the time-period of this simple
pendulum.

[Link] the given data in the table below with the help of the Distance Time graph
provided in the picture.

ANSWER KEY(MCQ) : 1-a ; 2- a; 3-a; 4-b; 5-a; 6-c; 7-c; 8-c;

9-c; 10- a; 11-c;12-b;13-b

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 CLASS: VII SUBJECT: SCIENCE TOPIC: SOIL

CONCEPT MAP

KEY POINTS

Weathering – Breaking down of big rocks into smaller pieces by action of wind,
water and climate.

Percolation - movement of water through the particles of soil. Percolation rate is

highest in sandy and least in clayey soil.

Humus- Decaying dead remains of the plants and animals.

Soil erosion-Removal of topsoil by the action of wind and water.

Water retaining capacity: Clayey soil>Loamy soil>Sandy soil

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INTRODUCTION

Land covers about one- fifth of the earth’s surface. Soil is one of the most important
natural resource. The word ‘soil’ has been derived from the word ‘Solum’. It means
earthy material. Soil is the uppermost layer of earth’s crust, in which plants grow.
Soil provides water and minerals to plants for their growth. Without soil, there
would be no vegetation and hence no animal life.

The soil acts as a good habitat for micro-organisms as well as for macro-organisms.
Moreover the special characteristics of the soil are

(a) Infiltration capacity (Seepage of water beneath the ground)

(b)Bio-degradation capacity (due to presence of micro-organisms in the soil).

FORMATION OF SOIL
Soil is formed by the breaking down of large rocks due to many natural processes
like violent earthquakes etc. over a long period of time. The process of breaking
down of rocks into smaller pieces is carried further by the action of agents of nature
like wind, rain, running streams, glaciers, alternate high and low temperatures and
soil organisms. It is called weathering. The roots of plants also help to break the
rocks by penetrating into the crevices of the rocks.
Weathering is of two types:
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Physical Weathering: Physical weathering is also termed as mechanical
weathering, in which the composition of the original rock is unaffected. In this
process the rocks and landforms are broken down into smaller pieces by physical
forces like wind, frost, ice and temperature changes.

Chemical Weathering: In this process the mineral composition of the rock gets
changed due to the action of chemical agents like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
etc. This is caused when chemical agents like water react with minerals in rocks to
form new minerals and soluble salts.
COMPOSITION OF SOIL
Composition of soil varies from place to place. It depends on the type of rock from
which it is formed. However, all soils contain the following components:

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1. Rock particles (Inorganic or mineral particles): Tiny particles of soil derived
from the parent rock.

2. Humus (Organic matter): Generally found in the topmost layer of the soil and is
composed of dead and decayed remains of plants and animals. It is black in
colour and is responsible for the fertility of the land.

3. Living organisms: Soil contains a large number of micro-organisms like bacteria,

algae, fungi etc. Many small animals like insects, earthworms, spiders, scorpions,
centipedes, and millipedes are found in the soil. Burrowing animals like rats,
moles, rabbits, and guinea pigs make tunnels in the soil.

4. Water: Water is present in pores between soil particles and helps the plants in
their growth.

5. Air: Air is also present in the soil pores and is essential for the survival of living
organisms present in the soil.

SOIL PROFILE
A vertical section of the soil showing its different layers is called soil profile.
Each layer differs in texture, colour, depth, and chemical composition. These
different layers of the soil are called horizons.
The three layers of soil are:
1. A – Horizon - The uppermost layer of the soil is called topsoil or A-horizon. The
topsoil shows following features:
 It is the dark in colour.
 It is rich in humus which is formed by the death and decay of plants and
animals. Humus means more organic matter.
 It is very fertile due to humus. It provides nutrients to growing plants.

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  This layer is soft, porous and holds enough water.
 The roots of plants are present. In case of tall trees, the roots may go further
down to the second horizon.
 Many living organisms like earthworms, insects, bacteria and fungi are
present in this layer.
2. B - Horizon - The layer of soil below the A-Horizon is called subsoil or B-
horizon which shows the following features:
 It is lighter in colour than the upper layer.
 It is harder and more compact than the A-horizon.
 This layer is rich in soluble minerals.
 Remains of plants and animals are not found in this layer.
 Roots of tall plants generally reach this level.
 Very little organic matter is found.
3. C - Horizon –
The lowest layer of soil is called the C-horizon.
It is essentially the parent material represented by larger rock pieces and
weathered rock fragments.
Although no organic matter (humus) is present in this layer, it contains some
minerals.
4. Bedrock-
Beneath the C-horizon is present the solid parent rock called the bedrock. The
bedrock cannot be easily dug up.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL: Soil is a mixture of particles of varying sizes. So the

classification is done on the basis of the following characteristics.
 The soil texture describes the size of its particles.

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 Depending upon their size, soil particles can be classified as gravel, sand, silt and
clay with gravel having the largest particle size (2mm in diameter) and clay
(0.005mm) the smallest.

PROPERTY SANDY SOIL CLAYEY SOIL LOAMY SOIL

Main Component 70% Clay particles Sand, clay and silt

sand+30%silt &
clay

Average particle size 0.05mm to 2 Less than 0.005 mm Between 0.005mm

mm to 0.05 mm

Air spaces large Very small Adequate

Water holding Very little Very large Moderate

capacity

(a) Sandy soil –

 Sandy soil contains about 70% of sand particles with small amounts of silt
and clay.
 Sandy soils are highly porous. Lot of air is present due to the presence of
large particles.
 Its water-holding capacity is very low as all the water easily runs down
through the large pores and it lacks humus.
 So, the sandy soil is not suitable for plant growth. Xerophytic plants like cacti
that grow in sandy soil serve as wind breakers and help in binding the soil.
(b) Clayey soil –
Clayey soil has high percentage of clay particles and very less sand.
Since the clay particles are small in size, they are very tightly packed and do
not allow water to drain out easily. Clayey soil, therefore, gets easily water-
logged.
It is poorly aerated because the tightly bound clay particles leave little space in
between to trap air.
Due to the great binding capacity of its particles, clayey soil is used for making
toys and pots.
(c) Loamy soil –
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 Loamy soil contains 30 - 50% of silt, 5 - 20% of clay and the rest is sand.
It also contains humus.
It has good water-holding capacity and sufficient space between its particles
to trap air.
These features permit proper root penetration, growth and absorption of
water and minerals from the soil. Therefore, loamy soil is best suited for
plant growth.
PROPERTIES OF SOIL

1. Percolation rate of water by soil:

amount of water (ml)

Percolation rate (ml/min) =
percolation time (min)

2. Absorption of water by soil:

Percentage of water absorbed =

Initial volume of water - final volume of water  100
Weight of soil

3. Moisture in soil :
Soil contains water in the form of moisture. Moisture content of a soil depends
upon its type and source.

SOIL AND CROPS

Sustainability of soils for some typical crops is described below:
Wheat and Gram: Both clayey and loamy soils
Paddy: Both clayey and loamy soils
Lentils (Masoor), Pulses: Loamy soil (soil which drain out water easily)
Cotton: Sandy-Loam or Loamy(soil which drains out water easily and holds lot
of air)

SOIL EROSION
Soil is a very valuable natural resource necessary for the sustenance of life on this
planet.
Strong winds and water currents carry soil particles with them and deposit them
elsewhere.
The process of carrying away of the topsoil by various agents like rain, rivers and
wind is called soil erosion.

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CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION:
 Deforestation and floods – Cutting down of trees and excessive farming are
practices that destroy vegetation and expose land to the action of wind and
water.
 Overgrazing – Overgrazing by animals also destroys vegetation making land
barren. The topsoil on barren land can then be eroded by water and wind.
 Poor methods of farming – Due to excessive farming, the layer of humus gets
depleted and water-holding capacity of the soil also reduces. The topsoil thus
dries up and can be carried away by wind and water.
 Forest fires – After fire, the soil is exposed to the action of wind and water.
EFFECTS OF SOIL EROSION:
 Loss of fertile soil
 Soil taken away by wind or flood often gets deposited in lakes, ponds, river
thus raises their beds due to silting, which has adverse impact on aquatic life.
PREVENTION OF SOIL EROSION – SOIL CONSERVATION
 Afforestation – The process of planting trees is called afforestation. Trees,
shrubs and herbs cover the soil and prevent soil erosion as their roots bind the
soil.
 Step farming – The rainwater flows very fast on hills. To slow down the flow
of water, the mountain slope is cut into steps and farming is done over the
steps.
 Constructing river embankments – Soil erosion can be prevented by making
strong walls with rocks and stones on the banks of river.
 Preventing overgrazing.

LAB ACTIVITY (To be written in Activity File)

Soil Texture Analysis Chart
Soil Soil squeezed when Dry Feel of fingers
Type
Sandy Falls apart when it is released Very gritty (hard )
Loamy Forms a cast that will bear careful Powdery flour
handling like
Clayey Breaks into hand clods or lumps Very smooth

TO OBSERVE PERCOLATION AND WATER RETENTION IN DIFFERENT

TYPES OF SOIL

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AIM: To find out how different types of soil particles affect the rate at which water
percolates.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

• Beakers

• Different soil samples (e.g., potting soil, sand, dirt from the playground)

• Measuring cylinders

• Spatula, shovel

• Stop watch

 Funnel

 Filter paper

PROCEDURE

• Take different types of soil in separate beakers. Label them with the types of soil
available.

Take a funnel. Take a filter paper, fold it and place it in the funnel. Place the funnel
in the measuring cylinder.

 Scoop two spoonful of soil sample in a funnel.

• Take 200 ml water in the measuring cylinder and pour the water into the funnel.
• Note down the timing when you poured the water and the time when all water
has percolated down the soil.
• Record the data.
• Follow the same steps to test other soil samples.
CALCULATION
Calculate the rate of percolation by using the formula:
amount of water (ml)
Percolation rate (ml/min) =
percolation time (min)
INFERENCE
Calculate the rate of percolation of water in different types of soil samples and
interpret your result.

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 ASSIGNMENT

I. Tick the right answer:

1. Earthworm makes the soil porous and fertile.

(a) Millipedes (b) Beetles (c) Earthworm (d) Rodents

2. Which type of soil is best suited for growth of paddy/wheat crop?

(a) Sandy (b) Clayey-loamy (c) Loamy (d) All the above

3. Which of the following prevents soil erosion?

(a) Rocks (b) Plants (c) Animals (d) Mountains

4. The remains of plants and animals in the soil are called:

(a) Humus (b) Silt (c) Clay (d) All the above

5. When there is sufficient rain, ground water level

(a) rises (b) falls c) remains same (d) no effect

6. Humus is_________

(a) organic in nature (b) Inorganic in nature

(c) both organic & inorganic (d) None of the above

7. Ideal soil for growth of plants is

(a) Loamy soil (b) Sandy soil (c) Clayey soil (d) none of these

8. Arrange loamy, sandy and clayey in order of decreasing fertility

(a) loamy > sandy > clayey (b) loamy > clayey > sandy

(c) Clayey > sandy > loamy (d) sandy > loamy > clayey

9. Which soil is suitable for the growth of cereals like wheat and gram?

(a) clayey and loamy (b) loamy and sandy

(c) clayey and sandy (d) None of these

10. Which layer is darkest?

(a) A- Horizon (b) B- Horizon

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 (c) C- Horizon (d) Bed rock
11. The best soil for growing paddy is the one which has
(a) Low percolation rate of water (b) High percolation rate of water
(c)Moderate percolation rate of water (d) Zero percolation rate of water
12. When drainage is poor and water stagnates above the soil, it is called
(a) Water table (b) Water logging (c) Ground water (d) Soil water
13. Deforestation causes,
(a) Rainfall (b) Water pollution (c) Soil erosion (d) None of these
14. Availability of water and minerals in the soil for maximum absorption by
roots is in,
(a) B-horizon (b) C-horizon (c) A-horizon (d) surface of soil
15. Soil conservation measures are mainly aimed at protecting which of the
following?
(a) Plants (b) Top soil (c) Sub soil (d) Soil organisms
II. One-word answers
1. The best topsoil for growing plants is loam.
2. Percolation rate of water in soil is expressed in the unit of _________.
3. The use of ________ bags should be banned to avoid soil pollution.
4. ________soil is used to make pots, toys and statues.
5. The roots of small plants grow entirely in the ________soil.
III. Very short questions:
1. Name the three basic types of soil.
Answer- Sandy soil, Clayey soil, Loamy soil
2. What type of soil is ideal for growing paddy (rice)?
3. What is meant by weathering of rocks?
4. When some dry soil is added to water in a beaker and stirred with a glass rod,
bubbles are seen coming out of the soil. What do these bubbles consist of?
5. Which component of soil makes the air above the soil in a farmland shimmer
on a hot summer day?
IV. Short answer questions
1. Which property of the soil is related to its porosity?

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 Answer- Percolation property of the soil is related to its porosity.
2. Which of the two provides more air to plants roots: sandy soil or clayey
soil? Why?
3. How do trees and other plants prevent soil erosion?
4. Write differences between sandy and clayey soil.
5. A student conducted an experiment to determine the percolation rate of
water in the soil. He observed that it took 45 minutes for 180ml of water
to percolate through the soil. Calculate the percolation rate of water in
soil.
6. Unscramble the following jumbled words related to soil.
a. SUHUM
b. ILOSFIPROLE
c. ZOINORH
d. MOAL
e. GINRHETWEA
f. ATONIERPCL
V. Diagram based question:
Locate the following zones in the given Figure which shows a diagram of soil
profile. Top soil, Subsoil, C-horizon, Bedrock

VI. Activity based question:

A percolation pipe is filled with soil A. Water (50 ml) is the poured steadily
onto the surface of the soil. It takes 10 minutes from the start of pouring, for
the water to disappear below the surface of the soil. What is the percolation
rate of soil A?

VII. Long Questions:

1. What are the various ways in which soil erosion can be prevented?
Answer: Prevention of Soil Erosion

1. Afforestation: large scale planting in place of cut down forests.

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 2. Avoiding over-grazing of grass lands.
3. Use of step-farming in hill regions.
4. Constructing embankment at riverbanks.

2. Explain the horizons of soil.

3. Draw a sketch of the soil profile and label the various layers.
4. List down the causes of soil erosion.
5. Distinguish between sandy, clayey and loamy soil.
6. In towns and cities, generally, the bore wells have to be dug very deep to get
water as compared to bore wells dug in villages. Give suitable reasons.
VIII. HOT Question:

1. How can a farmer convert acidic soil to

neutral soil?

ANSWER KEY(MCQ): 1-c ; 2- b; 3-b; 4-a; 5-a; 6-a; 7-a; 8-b;

9-a; 10- a; 11-a;12-b;13-c; 14-a; 15-b

Activity: Make layers of soil by using Choco chips, bournvita and cake or things of
your choice.

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 CLASS: VII SUBJECT: SCIENCE TOPIC: WIND, STORMS AND
CYCLONES

Wind, Storms and Cyclones

Safety Measure and Warning

Wind
High wind speed causes
reduced air pressure
Forecast and warning Cyclone
(Detection Radars and shelters
INSAT)

Characteristics of wind
(Air expands on heating
and atmospheric pressure)

Thunderstorm
Storm
Wind Currents
Cyclone (hurricane/typhoon)

Tornadoes
Uneven heating Uneven heating of
of land and water equator and poles
(Monsoon winds) (Pattern of wind
current in both
hemisphere)

KEY CONCEPTS FOR WIND, STORMS & CYCLONES

Rain, thunderstorm and lightning are some commonly occurring natural
phenomena. They occur due to physical or geological changes on the Earth.
What is Wind?

Moving air is called wind.

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Characteristics of wind

1 Atmospheric pressure

 The pressure exerted by the air columns

surrounding us is called atmospheric pressure.
 This pressure is exerted in all direction, it
decreases with altitude and increases with
depth.
 Air moves due to the difference in air pressure
around the world. It flows from areas with high
air pressure towards low pressure areas.
AIR
Region of Region of low
High Pressure pressure

2 Air expands on heating.

On heating, the air becomes lighter and rises up. It expands and occupies
more space.

3 High speed winds are always accompanied by reduced air pressure.

When air moves with an increased speed, its pressure drops. An object held
under the area of low pressure experiences an upward force. This enables
birds to fly and is also used by aero planes.
Wind currents
The flow of wind causes wind currents on the earth due to the following reasons:
1 Uneven heating of the equator and the poles.
2 Uneven heating of land and water

 Uneven heating of the equator and the poles.

The areas near the equator get maximum, almost direct sun light. This part of
the earth surface becomes warm and air present in this region rises up,
creating a low-pressure area. So, comparatively cooler and heavy air from
both the sides of equator rushes in. This causes wind current toward the
equator from the northern and southern hemisphere.
The hot air from equator on reaching areas near 300 north and 300 south
latitudes, become cooler and comes down. High pressure region is created
from here the wind blows towards the equator and also towards the poles.

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 This gives rise to pattern of wind currents in both the hemisphere.

 Uneven heating of land and water

Uneven heating of land and water gives rise to land breeze and sea breeze. In
India during summer the wind currents are from sea towards land which
brings moisture with them from Indian Oceans. These wind currents cause
rain all over India. In winter wind blows from land towards the sea
containing very less moisture. Thus, there is little rain in winter.

Weather Phenomena

A storm is basically a natural disaster which is caused by any change in the

atmosphere, whether it is a change in pressure, temperature or humidity. It usually
involves heavy rains, strong winds, thunder and lightning, which can cause a lot of
destruction. Storms are formed when a system of low pressure air is surrounded by
a system of high pressure air.
What causes storm?
 As warm air rises, air pressure drops.
 Then, surrounding air moves in at the surface to replace the air that has
risen.
 These two air systems, at different pressures create very high speed
winds and form storm clouds that can cause heavy rains.

There are different types of storms. Few of them are given below:
1 Thunderstorms and Lightning -
 Thunderstorms occur when large air masses rise quickly into the atmosphere.
 This rapidly moving warm air collides with water droplets and ice crystals to
crash into one another continually, and the friction between these particles
creates static electricity in the cloud.
 Over time, opposite charges build between the top and bottom of the cloud,
and the bottom of the cloud and the earth.
 When these opposing charges become intense, a gigantic spark occurs
(lightning) which jumps the gap between the cloud and the earth.
 When lightning and thunder occur together, it constitutes thunderstorm.

2 Cyclones

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  A cyclone is an extremely dangerous type of storm in
which wind rotating either clockwise or anticlockwise
hit the land.
 Cyclones generally form overseas and ocean and move
over land. The sun heats up the moist air above the sea.
This warm air rises up and in the process cools. As the
air gets condensed, it forms clouds which precipitate
into rain fall. Precipitation releases heat which warms
the surrounding air, inducing it to rise. This creates a low-pressure area. Air
from the surrounding high-pressure areas rushes to the low-pressure area.
However, instead of moving straight, the cool air travels in a spiral way to
reach the low-pressure area. This leads to the formation of very low-pressure
area that has high speed winds circling it called a cyclone, hurricane or
typhoon. The sea supplies a steady flow of warm moist air to the cyclone.
 Cyclones are characterised by heavy rains, tidal waves and rotating winds,
which exceed the speed of 150 km/h.

Structure of cyclone

 The area at the centre of the storm is calm cloudless and is called the eye. Its
diameter can be 10 -30 km. In this region there is no rain and the winds are
light.
 Around the eye are winds with as speed of 150 to 250 km/h and thick clouds
with heavy rains. These may be 10-15 km high and with the diameter of about
80-200 km.
 This region has thick clouds with heavy rain and away from this region the
wind speed gradually decreases.
Tornadoes (Latin tonare, "to thunder"), -
 One of the most destructive natural phenomena,
tornadoes is swirling winds that spin at phenomenal
speeds of up to 400 mph.
 It is formed when a funnel like column of cold air
moves down from a storm cloud.
 It can be from a few meters to few hundred meters
across and the speed of the wind can be as high as
500km /h.
 The funnel of the tornado as its moves has the power to suck up everything at
its base such as cars, tree, houses, dust and debris.
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Impact of storms
1) Hundreds of people are killed and injured. Their
homes and belongings are washed away by flood
waters.
2) Towns and villages get submerged.
3) Trees uprooted and kill wildlife.
4) Telephone and electric line snap.
5) Building bridges and other man-made structure get
damaged.
6) Roads and railway lines get flooded.

STORMS THUNDERSTORMS CYCLONES(SAME TORNADO

AS HURRICANE
AND TYPHOON)
A violent A storm with High speed winds A dark funnel
disturbance in the lightning and loud revolving around a shaped violently
atmosphere with thunder, very low-pressure spinning column
strong winds and accompanied by area called eye in of cloud that
usually heavy rains the centre. Bring in extends from the
accompanied by heavy rain and lot sky to the ground
rain, thunder and of sea water on to
lightning the land
Occur in all parts Develop in hot, Occur in coastal Occurs less
of the world with humid and tropical areas near the sea frequently in
different intensity regions like India India and
frequently in
North America
Safety measures
1) People living in cyclone –prone areas should always
listen to the weather forecast and move to safer
places.
2) Turn off the electric supply during cyclone.
3) During tornado, the best place to be is in the
basement or inner room on the ground floor. One
should get out of vehicles and lie in ditch. These are
called storm shelter.
4) During thunderstorm one should stay inside.
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Advanced technology for protection from cyclones
Due to advances in technology, we now have satellites and radars. By making use
of satellites and radars, a cyclone alert (or cyclone watch) is now issued 48 hours
in advance of any expected storm and a cyclone warning is issued 24 hours in
advance. This gives sufficient time to people to prepare and evacuate.

Weather Instrument

Device Use

Barometer Air pressure

Anemometer Air speed

Wind vanes Direction of wind

Activity File

Activity I (To be written in Activity File)

AIM: To observe that air expands on heating/ to

show that hot air rises up.
Materials Required: Empty plastic bottle, balloon,
two large bowls, hot water (not boiling), ice cubes
Procedure:
1. Stretch the balloon over the mouth of the
empty bottle.
2. Pour hot water in one container and ice in the other.
3. Put the bottle in the bowl of hot water and let it stand for a few minutes.
Observe what happens.
4. Now, keep the bottles in the bowl containing ice cubes. Let it stand for a few
minutes and observe.
Observation: After step 2, balloons started bulging and after step 3 it contracted.
Conclusion: As the air inside the balloon heats up it starts expanding. This makes
the balloon stretch. There is still the same amount of air inside the balloon and
bottle; it just expanded as it heats up.
Warm air, therefore takes up more space than the same amount of cold air; it also
weighs less than cold air occupying the same space.

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Activity II (To be written in Activity File)

AIM: To show that air exerts pressure in all

directions.

Materials Required: a tin can with lid, water, gas

stove.

Procedure: a) Take a tin can and remove the lid.

b) Fill the can half with water and heat it over a gas
stove till steam starts forming.

c) As soon as the water starts boiling, remove it from the stove and put the lid on the
can.

d) Now, pour cold water on the tin can. Observe what happens to the can.

Observation: The tin can gets crushed as soon as the cold water is poured on it.

Conclusion: When the water boils, steam is formed. This steam pushes out most of
the air inside the tin can. As you pour water on the tin can, the steam inside it
condenses leaving reduced pressure inside. As the air pressure outside the can is
more, the can gets crushed.

ASSIGNMENT

MCQ

1. Tornado is a dark funnel shaped cloud that reaches from-

(a) Sky to the ground (b) Ground to the sky

(c) Land to ocean (d) Ocean to land

2. Air exerts pressure in

(a) One direction (b) Upward direction

(c) Downward direction (d) All directions

3. In winters, the direction of wind is-

(a) Reversed from that of summers. (b) Same as in summer.
(c) Land to sea (d) Both (a) and (c)

4. Winds near the Equator blow because-

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 (a) Equator gets maximum heat from the Sun causing warming up of regions
around the equator.

(b) Warm air rises and the cooler air from 0 – 30 degrees latitude belt on either
side of the equator moves in.

(c) These winds blow from the North and the South towards the equator.

(d)All of these

5. Hot air

(a) Rises up (b) Moves down

(c) Moves in all direction (d) all of these

6. Safety measures taken by the authorities to minimize the damage by cyclones

in coastal areas include:

(a) Cyclone forecast and warning service with rapid communication.

(b) Construction of cyclone shelters in cyclone prone areas.
(c) Arrangements to move people fast to safer places.
(d) All of these.

7. Which of the following plays a major role in the formation of thunderstorm

(a) Conduction (b) Convection (c) Radiation (d) All of these

8. Monsoon winds blow from-

(a) Lands to oceans. (b) Oceans to lands.

(c) Lands to mountains. (d) All of these.

9. High wind speed is always accompanied by

(a) Increased air pressure

(b) Reduced air pressure

(c) No change in air pressure

(d) sometimes increased and sometimes reduced air pressure

10. Factors contributing to the development of cyclones are-

(a) Wind speed. (b) Wind direction.

(c) Temperature and humidity. (d) All of these.

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11. A cyclone is called a __________in the American continent.

(a) Hurricane (b) Typhoon (c) Tornado (d) Thunderstorm

12. The centre of a cyclone is a calm area and is called the _______ of the storm.

(a) Eye (b) Focus (c) Centre (d) Radius

13. Air moves faster between two places when the pressure difference between
them is:

(a) Less (b) Zero (c) More (d) Equal to the atmospheric pressure

14. Warm air is _______than cold air

(a) Heavier (b) Lighter (c) Faster (d) All of these.

15. In a cyclone hit area, which of the following should not be done?

(a) Do not store drinking water for emergencies.

(b) Do not touch wet switches
(c) Do not touch fallen power lines
(d) Do not ignore warnings issued by the meteorological department.

II. Very short questions

1) List out the other names for cyclones.

Hurricane and typhoon

2) Name three natural phenomena involving high speed winds which

can create disasters and pose a threat to life and property.

3) How does air pressure vary with altitude?

4) Name the instrument used to measure speed of the wind.

5) Name modern equipments which help in weather forecasting.

6) Name the swift movement of the falling water along with the rising
warm air producing sound, lightning.

7) How does tornado look like?

8) Which is a safe place during storm accompanied by lightning, inside

car or outside car?

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 9) Which of the two are more frequent in India: cyclones or tornadoes?

10) What do we call a room situated underground having no window?

III. Short questions

11) How does cyclone alert differ from cyclone warning?

A cyclone alert (or cyclone watch) is now issued 48 hours in advance of any
expected storm and a cyclone warning is issued 24 hours in advance.
12) What is the role of satellites in warning systems of cyclones?
13) With an activity explain how air exerts pressure?
14) What are the safety measures to be taken to minimize the damages caused by
cyclones?
15) How is cyclone forecasting done in India?
16) The uneven heating of earth (which produces winds) can take place under two
situations. What are they?
17) What is meant by saying that “Air expands on heating”.
18) Which coast of India is:
(a) more vulnerable to cyclones
(b) less vulnerable to cyclones
19) What is the main cause of wind movements on the surface of the Earth?
20) What are monsoon winds? Why are monsoon winds very important for our
country?

IV. Very long questions

21) Show with the help of a diagram the pattern of wind flow caused due to
uneven heating of the Earth. Explain it also.
22) How does a thunderstorm become a cyclone?
23) What is a tornado? Describe the damage which can be caused by tornado.
24) Wind currents are generated due to uneven heating on the Earth. Give reason.
25) Describe the structure of a cyclone.

V. Activity based question

1 A tin can be full of steam with a tight lid on it.

a) What will you observe when it is kept over a

cold-water bath?
b) What is possible reason for it?

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 2 What conclusions do you get from the observation that if you hold a thin
strip of paper just below your lips and blow air over its surface from
your mouth, the strip of paper lift up?

3 Explain why, when we blow air in the space between two inflated
balloons hanging about 10 cm apart on a stick, the two balloons come
closer.
HOTS

1. The mouth of a balloon is stretched and fixed tightly over the neck of an
empty boiling tube. When this boiling tube

2. is placed in a beaker containing hot water, the balloon fixed over the neck of
boiling tube gets inflated. Why?
3. Bicycle tubes burst when they are overfilled. Justify.
4. Why does warm air exert less pressure?
ANSWER KEY(MCQ): 1-a; 2- d; 3-d; 4-d; 5-a; 6-d; 7-b; 8-b;
9-b; 10- d; 11-a;12-a;13-c; 14-b; 15-a

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