Chapter IV
Results and Discussion
Logo Piskay Group Members
Figure 1 revealed the socio-demographic profile of the Logo Piskay Group in
terms of sex. The females are dominant who are members of the group which obtained
a total of 54.2% while Males were 45.8%.
Figure 1. The Development Communication Students' Socio-
demographic Profile in terms Sex
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid male 38 45.8 45.8 45.8
female 45 54.2 54.2 100.0
Total 83 100.0 100.0
Educational Attainment
Figure 2 revealed the four categories for the educational attainment, which were
elementary graduate, attended elementary, high school graduate, and attended
tertiary. For the elementary graduate, there are 44.6%, for the attended elementary,
there are 39.8%., for high school graduate, there are 8.4%, and for attended tertiary,
there are 7.2%. This indicated that most of the members of Logo Piskay Group are
elementary graduates in the Barangay Lungag, Digos City, Davao del Sur, Region XI
(Davao Region) of Mindanao.
Figure 2. The Development Communication Students' Socio-
demographic Profile in terms Educational
Attainment.
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Elem Grad 37 44.6 44.6 44.6
attended elem 33 39.8 39.8 84.3
high school grad 7 8.4 8.4 92.8
attended tertiary 6 7.2 7.2 100.0
Total 83 100.0 100.0
Income
Figure 3 revealed the income of the members of the Logo Piskay Group in
Barangay Lungag, Digos City. It showed that the income of the members has a
frequency result of 83 in which it means mostly of their members has the stated income
of below 5000 with 100% as the highest responses coming from the members.
Figure 3. Income of the members of the Logo Piskay Group in
Barangay Lungag, Digos City
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid below 5000 83 100.0 100.0 100.0
Marital Status
Figure 4 revealed the marital status of the members of the Logo Piskay Group in
Barangay Lungag, Digos City. It showed that most of members are married with a
percentage of 98.8 and there is only 1.2% for single members.
Figure 4. Marital Status of the members of the Logo
Piskay Group in Barangay Lungag, Digos City
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid single 1 1.2 1.2 1.2
married 82 98.8 98.8 100.0
Total 83 100.0 100.0
Occupation
Figure 5 revealed the occupation of the members of the Logo Piskay Group in Barangay
Lungag, Digos City. It showed that most of members are scavengers with a result of
100%.
Figure 5. Occupation of the members of the Logo Piskay
Group in Barangay Lungag, Digos City
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid scavenger 83 100.0 100.0 100.0
The results were supported by Hendrawan, Nugroho, and Permana (2020) that
the Philippines was one of the countries with the highest rating for using social media
among other countries around the world. Thus, due to the high need for Internet
Connection in this 21st century, people are dominantly using ICT gadgets to comply
and attend all transactions online. This was social pattern conformity since this provides
conveniences as teachable to manage the accessibility features since the modern
society are highly dependent and treat this as primordial requirements in the modern
world. Hence, this was because ICT and modern technology were integrated into all
institutions worldwide. With this, the Tertiary education is utilizing this method to boost
the Institutions' management system to facilitate and innovate the teaching-learning,
which indeed turned as one of the Institutions’ features to invite students to enroll in.
Furthermore, this correlates to the other researches revealed that there are
numerous internet users in the Philippines as of January 2020 (in millions) there are
73.91, for the year 2019 there are 76, for the year 2018 there are 69.6, for the year
2017 there are 64.1, for the year 2016 there are 48.54. Lastly, way back year 2015,
there are only 46.37 in all. As the years go high, internet users are increasing as social
media and online access get higher in demand due to the Internet-based development
of the country (Sanchez, 2020).
This was strengthened by the data from other studies that despite the rapid
decrease in the country's internet speed. The mobile connections in the Philippines
were kept increasing. It was recorded that there were 152.4 million mobile connections
in the Philippines last January 2021. The number of mobile connections in the
Philippines decreased by 15 million (-8.9%) between January 2020 and January 2021.
It was concluded that the number of mobile connections in the Philippines in January
2021 was equivalent to 138.2% of the total population. There were 89.00 million social
media users in the Philippines in January 2021, while the number of social media users
also increased by 16 million (+22%) between 2020 and 2021 (Hendrawan, Nugroho, &
Permana, 2020). Furthermore, as Sanchez (2020) revealed, it held nearly 93 percent of
the country’s social media market share as of 2020. This indicated that Filipinos use the
internet since they rely on social media app as a primary source of news and a platform
for purchasing online and operating an online transaction instead of going outside the
home premises. This demand keeps increasing due to the public ordinance of lockdown
during post-COVID-19 pandemic.
Therefore, the results coincided with the study conclusion of Lederman (2020)
that social media is vital to the everyday life transaction of the people, especially to the
tertiary education institution under the COVID-19 pandemic period where social media
platform was utilized in abidance to the prohibition of mass gatherings. This situation
engages the stakeholders to develop a solid linkage to mobile technology through
internet access upon the continuance of new normal education system.
Students’ Primary Type of Internet Access and Internet Provider
Figure 7 revealed the four categories for Primary Type of Internet Access and
Internet Provider: Cellular, DSL, Wireless, and Dial Up. The Cellular has the highest
rating of 78.20% as while the least was DSL with a total of 8.27%.
Figure 7. The Students' Technological Profile in terms of
Primary Type of Internet Access and Internet
Provider.
Dial Up
Wireless 14.29%
DSL 8.27%
Cellular 78.20%
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00%
The study revealed that the cellular was the most accessible Students' Primary
Type of Internet Access and Internet Provider of the students as correlated to Finol
(2020). This was due to its high accessibility, less costly, and easier to use. This means
the students also preferred this as persistent in pursuing the tertiary teaching-learning
education system under the new normal pandemic. This related to the study showed
that a Cellular handheld device allows users to make, receive calls, and do other related
mobile phone functions as long as cellular peripherals were integrated in the Mobile
phone system. The earliest generation of mobile phones today do a lot more such as
accommodating web browsers, games, cameras, video players, and navigational
systems.
Mobile phones are mainly known as "cell phones" or cellular phones, today's
mobile phones are more commonly called “smartphones” due to extra features of data
services in connection to social media. The cellular phones were innovated, which gave
rise to the Smart Phones as now the fastest internet service providers in the Philippines
based on the update on June 2020, by download speed in Mbps (Lowenthal, West, and
Archambault, 2020). The overall results show that the BSDC Students also explores
different Primary Type of Internet Access and Internet Provider but dominantly uses the
Cellular to sustain the new normal education teaching-learning system in the DSSC
Institution under the COVID-19 pandemic.
Development Communication Students’ most preferred Teaching-learning
Environment for DevCom Core Subjects
There are three factors in the study. The three factors are the Type of
Instruction, Time, and Teaching Strategy/Platform. The Type of Instruction variable has
levels factors: Offline Independent/Self-paced Learning, Synchronous Discussion, and
Uploaded Student Reporting using a presentation program (i.e., Powerpoint,
Slideshare). For Time variable has four levels: Early Morning, Late Morning, Early
Afternoon, and Late Afternoon. For the Teaching Strategy/Platform factor, it has five
levels, the DSSC Learning Management System (LMS), Google Classroom, Facebook
Messenger Application, Combination of Google Classroom + Facebook Application (i.e.,
Closed Group and Messenger), and lastly the Teleconferencing (i.e., Zoom and Google
Meet).
Table 3. The table of Teaching-Learning Environment Result
Teaching-Learning Environment Result
Variables Factors Utility Estimate Preference
Type of Offline Indepedendent/Self- -0.246 3rd
Instruction paced Learning
Uploaded Student Reporting -0.048 2nd
using a presentation program
(i.e. Powerpoint, slideshare)
Synchronous Discussion 0.294 1st
Teaching DSSC Learning Management 0.424 2nd
Strategy/ System
Platform Google Classroom -1.094 5th
Facebook Messenger 0.089 3rd
Combination of Google 0.551 1st
Classroom + Facebook
Application (i.e. Closed Group
and Messenger)
Teleconferencing Application 0.030 4th
(i.e. Zoom and Google Meet)
Time Early Morning(8:00-10:00) 0.292 4th
Late Morning(10:00-12:00) 0.585 3rd
Early Afternoon(1:00-3:00) 0.877 2nd
Late Afternoon(3:00-5:00) 1.170 1st
(Constant) 12.415
Based on the generated results, in terms of the Type of Instruction variable,
DevCom students preferred the Synchronous Discussion factor, which obtained a utility
estimate of 0.294. The second preferred was the Uploaded Student Reporting using a
presentation program (i.e., Powerpoint, Slideshare) with a -0.048 as the alternative
way. In Teaching Strategy/platform, the Combination of Google classroom + Facebook
Application was the most preferred by the students with a utility estimate of 0.551. The
second preferred was the DSSC Learning Management System (LMS) with a utility
estimate of 0.424 as an alternative way. In terms of the Time variable, the students
most preferred the Late Afternoon (3:00-5:00) to attend an on-time class session that
obtained a utility estimate of 1.170. The second highest was the Early Afternoon (1:00-
3:00) with a 0.877 alternative. Based on the overall Teaching-Learning Environment
Result, the students’ preferred Type of Instruction was the Synchronous Discussion,
for Teaching Strategy/Platform was the Combination of Google Classroom +Facebook
Application, and lastly for Time was the Late Afternoon.
The Synchronous Discussion for Type of Instruction was the students' most
preferred factor because the BSDC course has many laboratories therefore, this is the
practical course that requires hands-on training for students’ knowledge to be utilized
as the course objectives itself intend to. Thereby as expected, the Synchronous
Discussion supports the BSDC students' needs since they wanted to learn the ground,
scope, and functions of the course via proactive interaction of learning with their
professors. As based on the results in this study presented, these were correlated to the
related study of Flannery (2020) that in terms Type of Instructions, the Synchronous
Discussion shows that it was the students’ preferred as aiming to have consistent
communication to their Instructors even until the virtual platform. This coincided to the
study of Perveen (2016); the Students wanted active participation and interactive
learning in which they are guided via way communication and not through a passive
way of linear communication in which the exchange of feedback can happen at the
actual time. This was because they cannot cope with studying individually through their
understanding without the active interaction of the topics to their class instructors since
students preferred to ask questions and clarifications that can be addressed on time as
the momentum for the class standard learning process.
However, as according to Serdyresult (2020) and Finol (2020) that the primary
struggle for both Teachers and Students in terms of efficient and proactive Synchronous
online distance learning classes was the stable internet signal and availability of the
primary source of ICT devices for Internet data connection.
As presented in the result, the BSDC students preferred the Synchronous
Discussion for Type of Instruction. This was strengthened based on the study of the
communication analyst and author Griffin E (2011) in the book about A first look of
Communication Theory under the socio-psychological tradition aspect that that the
communication is the cause and the effect between two or more different but
interrelated actors of communication. The cause appeals to the emotional and
behavioral aspects of human which invoked them to respond by means of action for
social interrelationship to co-actors of communication. Therefore, the cause will draw
people to communicate by means of communication in return as a product of a cause.
This resulted to a continuous process as imbued by interest and roles as the main
binding cause.
In relation to the study, this relates to the relationship between Instructors and
Students as interrelated actors with connected roles in the society under the education
teaching-learning field. Thus, the cause that drives them to communicate was their role
as Teachers and Learners. Thus, the productive enactment of functions is the result of
the cause that made them bind connectedly. Hence, both actors build a recognized
interdependent connection upon each functions were enacted, the result was a
constant communication as the method to develop along the enactment of functions as
Teacher and Learner (Kuruvilla, 2020).
When it comes to Synchronous Discussion that happen at a given time where
Teacher and Students interact alternately, a healthy exchange of communication
through feedback can happened through the online platform. it depends upon the
feature of what kind of Internet interaction being applied for communication for
effective teaching-learning system. The feedback is a must in teaching-learning
system which can be done using Synchronous Discussion through Interactive
communication model between Students that must still be effective under new normal
of online distance learning.
In terms of results relating to the Teaching Strategy/platform, as based on the
study of Preckel, Lipaevich and Boehme (2016), the online distance learning platform
such as moodle ([Link] garnered 142,106,528 Total users. The
Philippines Higher Education Institution (HEIs) that utilized the platform were the
Universidad de Manila, All Ateneo Schools, University of the Philippines, and Bicol
University. Furthermore, the last but not the least was the Google Classroom which has
a total user of 120,000,000 and the Philippines Higher Education Institution (HEIs) that
used this platform were the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Western
Mindanao State University, and Philippines Woman's University. This denotes that the
Google Classroom was the second most preferred online platform for the tertiary
college students in terms of teaching-learning strategy under the new normal during
the post-pandemic period.
Thus, this was strengthened because the Google Classroom allows the students
and teachers to have consistent communication about the assignments in which
teachers can track the student's progress (Jakkaew & Hemrungrote, 2017). Flanney
(2020) added that the Google Classroom was used to facilitate the interaction of an
Institution actor via the virtual world. In Google Classroom, teachers freely hand out a
scientific and independent assessment for students in which they can provide materials
on the subject being taught; they can post some teaching materials, assign tasks for
students, and upload the students’ grades so that they can immediately see the scores
obtained in the course subject.
As added by Liu, & Chuang (2016) the Google Classroom also minimizes the costs
incurred due to more affordable stationery and other materials and can minimize time-
released energy. In short, the time and energy spent by Google Classroom users will be
lesser than usual. As supported by Wijaya (2016), this can be one solution to complete
the teaching-learning process while the school prohibits face-to-face. The Google
Classroom provides students to be independent, engaged, and motivated, because
mostly, young learners tend to use technology in their daily life. It also succeeds the
teaching-learning process in the digital era. In the Industrial Revolution, the teachers
are required to have the expertise and ability to adapt to new technologies and global
challenges.
In terms of Time, the study results showed that the Late Afternoon was the most
preferred for online distance learning. This was supported by the study result of
Preckel, Lipaevich, and Boehme (2016) that the reason for delayed school start was due
to consideration of the factor in the reduction of sleep time below an individual’s usual
baseline or the amount of sleep needed regularly to maintain optimal performance.
Adolescents who are sleep restricted in morning class perform poorly academically and
have increased absenteeism and tardiness, a decreased ability to learn, and retain
learnings both for tangible and intangible sources. They have a passive participation in
class and perform decision-making tasks
Table 4. The Most Important Factor According to DevCom
Students
Importance Average Score Value
Teaching Strategy/platform 53.712
Time 28.660
Type of Instruction 17.628
Averaged Importance Score
Among the three Teaching-Learning Variables, the Importances' Average Score
Value showed that the Students gave most importance on the variable Teaching
Strategy/Platform that ranked as first valued factor with a highest value of (53.712),
followed by variable Time with a value of (28.660) as the second valued factor and the
least valued variable was the Type of Instruction with a value of (17.628).
Table 5. The table of Correlations for observe and predicted
preferences
Predicted
Preference r Strength of Relationship p-value REMARKS
Observe .737 High .000 Significant
Preference Correlation
The table shows the correlation between observed and estimated preferences.
As indicated the observed preferences is highly correlated to the expected preferences
with a correlation coefficient of r=0.737. More so the p-value of 0.000 which is less
than 0.05 level of significance implies the rejection of the null hypothesis and conclude
that there is a significant high relationship between the observed preferences and
expected preferences.