Addis
Ababa University
Faculty of Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Laboratory Report
Course number: Eceg: ‐ 2205 ‐ Electrical Engineering Laboratory II
Experiment Number: 05
Title: Bipolar Junction Transistor Characteristics
‐
µ VC
IB V2
VB
V1
RB VCC
VBB
IE
Figure A: Circuit Diagram for the Lab. Session
By: Besufekad Mekuria
Group: 1B, Subgroup 5, ID: TCR/0590/01
Date of Lab. session: December 09, 2009
Date of submission: December 16, 2009
AAU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, LABORATORY REPORT 0
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Section Sub‐Title Location
NO
1.1 Introduction Page Two
1.2 Objective Page Two
1.3 Preparation Page Three
1.4 Used Equipment Page Three
1.5 Components used Page Three
1.6 Theory Page Three
1.7 Calculations Page Four
1.8 Procedure Page Five
1.9 Results Page Five
1.10 Conclusion Page Seven
AAU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, LABORATORY REPORT 1
Junction Transistor Characteristics
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A Transistor, much like a diode is a specifically configured semiconductor crystal,
containing both the “P” type and an “N” type. But unlike, diodes, which are simply
closely held combinations of the P‐type and N‐type semiconductors, the Transistor
includes one type of semiconductor immersed (sandwiched) between two types of the
other kind, i.e. therefore the possible combinations of bipolar transistors are: the NPN
and the PNP of converting AC to DC that we will mainly be concerned about in this
booklet.
The Diagrams for both kinds of Transistors is as follows:
E C E C
N P N
B
B
Figure A: Physical Structure and, the Circuit Symbol for an NPN Transistor
E C
E C
P N P
B
B
Figure B: Physical Structure and, the Circuit Symbol for a PNP Transistor
1.2 OBJECTIVE
A. To be able to identify the three terminals of the physical transistor by considering the emitter
indicator and then going counterclockwise to get to the Base, then the Collector (for Upright position)
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B. To observe and understand the Input and Output behaviors and to see their relationship.
C. To develop the skill of tracing the circuit containing the Bipolar Transistor.
1.3 PRE‐LAB PREPARATION
Prior to entering the laboratory, the manual that was supplied by the Laboratory instructors included
detailed theory about the procedures that would have to be undergone carried out in order to properly
assess the input and output characteristics of the circuit while the Transistor connected in it.
1.4 USED EQUIPMENT
No Description Code/Lab Reference Quantity
1 Power source ‐ 2
2 Multimeter (VOM) ‐ 1
3 Milli Ammeter ‐ 1
4 Conducting Wires ‐ 13
5 Variable Resistor ‐ 1
6 Micro Ammeter ‐ 1
Table 1: Electrical Equipments that were used to set up the circuit for the laboratory procedure
.
1.5 USED COMPONENTS
No Description Type Quantity
1 Decade Resistor Variant (100k) 1
2 Circuit Board ‐ 1
Table 2: Electrical Components that were used to set up the circuit for the laboratory procedure
1.6 THEORY
Since the construction method used to make a transistor has been discussed in the introduction
section of this booklet (Sec 1.1). Let us discuss a little about what its real world practical applications are.
The BJT can be used as:
A voltage or current amplifier (Operational Amplifier and Differential Amplifiers)
It can be used as a switch since it conducts current in the right arrangement (when it is properly biased).
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m
µ VC
IB V2
VB
V1
RB VCC
VBB
IE
Figure 1: A two Diode – Full wave Rectifying Network
1.7 Calculations
Input and Output Characteristics
The output current at the collector (IC) corresponds to the value of the current entering a the base (IB)
The constant that determines this direct relationship is known as β (Ratio of IC to IB).
Therefore:
IC = β * IB:
And by applying KCL, IE = IB + IC
¾ And input Dynamic Resistance = (∆VBB/∆IB), with VCE constant
¾ Output AC Resistance = ∆VCE/∆IC, with IB constant
¾ DC current Gain = Bde = IC/IB
¾ AC Current Gain = ∆iB/∆iB, with VCB constant
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1.8 PROCEDURE
All of the according steps and procedures carried out in the class were done accordingly to the
laboratory manual supplied to us by the laboratory instructors. However, the session included two
main sub‐sessions,
The First sub‐session included measuring of the Output Characteristics.
The Second sub‐session included measuring of the Input Characteristics. So a brief outline
of the steps undertaken is shown below:
Section 1.8.1 (Output Characteristics):
1.1 Using two Vacuum‐tube Voltmeters, the measurements of V1 and V2 were taken. Note that V1
is the Base to Emitter Voltage (VBE) and V2 is Collector to emitter Voltage (VCE).
1.2 The collector current was measured as a function IB where IB is held at predefined values of
0µA, 30µA and 60µA. and this predefined value of IB is found by manually adjusting the resistance
of the variable resistor and the VBB.
Section 1.8.2 (Input Characteristics):
2.1 The current through the emitter leg was measured for predetermined values of VCE (0V, 1V,
3.5V).
2.2 Making sure that the current and power ratings of the transistor are not surpassed, and the
current‐voltage‐power relation was observed according to the relation IE = PDmax / VCE.
2.3 The Values of IB were recorded for each value of VCE, this was achieved by varying VBE. And
about eight points were recorded to make a sample table and graph.
1.9 Results
Results table for the output characteristics:
VBE & IB Values of ICE and VCE (measured)
VBE = 3.35V VCE (in V) 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.25 0.38 1.37 2.52 4.24
ICE (in mA) 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 10 10
IB = 30 µA
VBE = 6.35V VCE (in V) 0.05 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24
ICE (in mA) 1 3 5 6 7 8 10 10 11 12 12
IB = 60 µA
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Graph of Output Characteristics
Results table for the input characteristics:
VBE & IB Values of ICE and VCE (measured)
VCE (in V) 0.2 0.303 0.4 0.501 0.53 0.7 0.65 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
ICE 0 0 0 20 45 0.1 0.25 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
VCE = 0 V
VCE (in V) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.506 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.785 0.79 ‐
ICE 0 0 0 15 13 19 30 40 0.3 0.25 ‐
VCE = 1 V
VCE (in V) 0.125 0.301 0.50 0.602 0.65 0.67 0.7 0.73 0.745 0.75 0.68
VCE = 3.5 V
ICE 0 0 0 0 1 2 10 20 30 50 250
Graph for the input characteristics
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1.10 Conclusion
To briefly restate the main concepts we grasped upon completion of the laboratory session, we were able
to understand many things, each will be discussed under its own title.
Observations made about Structural composition of transistors
The Transistor is composed of three major parts in the semiconductor matrix, these are: The Emitter,
the Base and the Collector. All of the input and output characteristics of the network can be measured
by connecting the appropriate measuring meter as shown by the circuit diagram figure (A).
Although it wasn’t part of the procedure, our instructors have demonstrated to us that a special kind
of Oscilloscope can be used to depict the VCE versus ICE Graph.
Observations made about the Ratings of the Transistor
For the proper functioning of the Transistor, certain values of current and voltage (also inherently,
power) should not be surpassed. These values are called: Current Rating, Voltage Rating and Power
rating respectively. And even though the values weren’t imprinted on the transistor we worked on, the
laboratory manual we used instructed for us not to surpass the following value, so, this value can be
considered as the Current Rating value,: IB = 250µA.
Observations made about practical errors
As it is a known fact, there does not exist a circuit element that functions with a hundred percent
efficiency. Therefore slight deviations of the measured values from the calculated ones are to be expected under
any circumstances. However the possible causes for these irregularities include:
• The DC voltmeter does not give rise to a potential difference with a magnitude that it is programmed to do.
This is generally due to manufacturing defects, defects from improper usage and gradual wearing off.
• The leads are not of Zero Resistance; this is because of factors like: Temperature change, corrosion due to
exposure to Atmospheric Humidity, etc…
• The Ammeter used was an analog device; therefore readings are perceptible to be misconstrued. And also
continuous mistreatment of the device leads to incorrect readings in the future.
End of Report
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