FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE

(AS120)

STATISTICS AND PROBAILITY

(STA108)
PROJECT STA108
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND THE
PERCENTAGE OF HUMIDITY IN NOVEMBER 2020
AT KUALA LUMPUR

GROUP MEMBERS :1

GROUP : A4AS1204
LECTURER’S NAME: SIR ZULKIFLI BIN MOHAMAD GHAZALI

SUBMISSION DATE: 22𝑇𝐻 𝐽𝐴𝑁𝑈𝐴𝑅𝑌 2021

 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
PROJECT STA108

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of Study .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of Study ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Significance of Study .......................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Data Description ................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Graphical Technique ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Numerical Technique .......................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION........................................................................... 10
3.1 Data presentation .............................................................................................................................. 10
3.2 Descriptive Statistics Analysis .......................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Correlation and Regression Analysis ................................................................................................ 17
4.1 Report Summary ............................................................................................................................... 20
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 21
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................... 22
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Humidity is the sum of water vapor in the air. If there is a lot of water vapor in the air, the
humidity is going to be high. When water vapor remains in the air as humidity, it makes
the temperature feel warmer. In weather forecasts, humidity is generally explained as relative
humidity. Temperature and humidity have an effect on Earth's atmosphere, human health and
human well-being. Air temperature fluctuations have an effect on how much water vapor the
air can contain. Values such as relative humidity and dew point help to explain these impacts
on the atmosphere. The study of the average temperature and the percentage of humidity in
November 2020 at Kuala Lumpur was used as the main data of the study.

The study was taken to investigate the relation between the average temperature and the
percentage of humidity. The data was taken from the website (specialize for weather) that
recorded the temperature and the humidity in Kuala Lumpur throughout November 2020. This
study was organized to achieve the requirements for the syllabus of Basic Statistics and
Probability (STA108). From this study, the knowledge of the temperature and humidity that
can affect human life and health was gained. If the air is both hot and humid, the body cannot
evaporate the sweat as quickly and it may contribute to exhaustion, overheating and even
death. As in arid environments and high heat, hydration is the answer.

From the study, the average temperature is the independent variable and the percentage of
humidity is dependent variable. This is because the percentage of humidity is relied on the
average temperature a day. The correlation coefficient’s value suggests a moderate negative
linear relationship between the temperature and the humidity which the higher the average
temperature, the lower the percentage of humidity.

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1.2 Objectives of Study
The objective of this case study is:
i. To describe the relationship between the average temperature and the percentage of
humidity in November 2020 at Kuala Lumpur.
ii. To identify, organize and graph quantitative data to further understand the problem and
make conclusions.
iii. To determine the values of mean, standard deviation and interquartile range.
iv. To find the values of the correlation and regression data.

1.3 Significance of Study

The significance of this study is to exposed the importance of the temperature and the humidity
in the air towards human health and animal health. Humidity can affect human health because it
affects our thermal comfort-in other words, whether we feel too hot or too cold. If the temperature
is warm and the temperature is high, it is impossible for the body to remain cold, so it is harder
to extract heat from the air by evaporating the sweat. It same goes for the animal which the animal
can be under stress that can lead decreased diet, fertility complications and higher mortality rates.
Water vapor is important to greenhouse gases to lets the energy from the sun pass through and
warm the earth. The amount of water vapor also plays a part in the amount of rainfall we see.
This is because rainfall relies on the balance of energy in the atmosphere and the supply of small
particles for raindrops around it. Despite all the importance, humidity also has its cons which it
can affects our mood. It also can be a breeding conditions for bacteria, viruses, mold, mildew,
dust mites and bugs.

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1.4 Limitation of Study

The limitation of this study is focused at the average temperature and the percentage humidity in
November 2020 at Kuala Lumpur. The data was obtained from the website which recorded the
temperature and the humidity every day. Temperature for a day may not accurate as the
temperature is continuous variable, so the average temperature of a day was used in this study.
The study limitation also focused at percentage of humidity at Kuala Lumpur in November 2020
which was selected as our sample. The limitation of this specific study is that only average
temperature from Kuala Lumpur in November 2020 were selected as variables and can be in
sampling frame due to the objective mentioned for the study which is to investigate the
relationship between the average temperature and the percentage of humidity in November 2020
at Kuala Lumpur.

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CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

2.1 Data Description

i. Population
The population used in this study is the average temperature and percentage of humidity
in November 2020 at Malaysia.
ii. Samples
The sample used in this study is the average temperature and percentage of humidity in
November 2020 at Kuala Lumpur.
iii. Data Collection method
No data collection method was involved in this study as the data that we are instructed to
acquire is a type of data that is collected by someone other than primary data, known as
secondary data.
iv. Sampling technique
No sampling technique was involved in this study as the data that we acquired is a form
of data that is collected by someone, which is a type of secondary data.
v. Description of Variables

The variables used in this study are the average temperature and the percentage of
humidity in November 2020 at Kuala Lumpur with a 30 days observation.

Variables Types of Variables Level of measurement

Average temperature in Quantitative continuous Interval scale
November 2020 - The data is - Does not have a
(Independent variable) expressed in natural zero starting
number point

Percentage humidity in Quantitative continuous Ratio scale

November 2020 - The data is - Top measurement
(Dependent variable) expressed in - Exists a true zero
number - The scale allows
multiplication and
division

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2.2 Graphical Technique
a) Frequency graph data of the average temperature and the percentage of humidity.

Histogram is known as a graphical method of displaying bars of different heights. Histogram is

constructed using class boundaries and frequencies of the classes. Horizontal axis represents the
random variable and vertical axis represents the number, proportion or percentage of observations
per class interval. Histogram is known as a graphical method of displaying bars of different
heights. Histogram is constructed using class boundaries and frequencies of the classes. Horizontal
axis represents the random variable and vertical axis represents the number, proportion or
percentage of observations per class interval.

Figure 1: Histogram of the average temperature vs frequency

The above figure shows a histogram representing the data of this study in which is the temperatue
in degree Celsius and the frequency.

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Figure 2: Histogram of the percentage of humidity

The figure above shows a histogram representing the data in our study which is humidity in
percentage versus frequency.

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b) Scatter plot of the percentage of humidity by the average temperature.

The graphical method involved in this study is scatter diagram. Scatter diagram describes the
nature of relationship between independent and dependent variables. It also shows different
possible correlation categories; positive correlation, negative correlation, no correlation perfect
positive correlation and perfect negative correlation. For positive correlation, it describes the
positive relationship between two variables, x and y. As the value in x-axis increases, the values
in y-axis will relatively increase as well. As for negative correlation, it shows that the negative
relationship between the variables which are x and y. As for this relationship, if the values in x-
axis were to increase, then the values in y-axis will decrease and vice versa. This indicates that the
x and y for negative correlation changes in opposite direction. Moving on to the enxt one which is
no correlation, it simply means that there is no way to relate the two variables (x and y) as there is
no relationship between the two. As for perfect positive correlation and perfect negative
correlation, the data ibtained will be shown in one perfect straight line

Figure 3: Scatter plot of the average temperature vs the percentage of humidity

Figure 3 shows the scatter diagram with positive correlation. Hence, the direction of changes of
variables (x and y) will go as stated above, where the values of y-axis will increase according to
the increase of values of x-axis.

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2.3 Numerical Technique

In this study, the calculation for the variables can be done through the measures of central tendency
and measures of dispersion where the measures of central tendency called for the calculation of
mean, mode and median while the measures of dispersion calls for the calculation of standard
variation and variance.

Measures of central tendency:

• Mean is known as the average of the data values

The formula for mean goes by:

where, the first step is to find the midpoint (x), and then fx will be calculated. The last step
is to find the total of f and the total of fx.

• Median is the middle value of the arranged data in ascending order.

The formula for median goes by:

Where:

Lm = Lower limit of median class

fm-1 = Cumulative frequency before median class

fm = Frequency of median class

C = Size of median class

n/2 = Location of median

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To calculate median of a grouped data, the first step is to construct cumulative frequency
table. Next, the position of the median, n/2 should be identified, followed by creating a
column for position of data using cumulative frequency in order to determine the median
class. Only then should we apply the formula.

• Mode is the most frequent value that occurs in a data set.

The formula for mode goes by:

To calculate mode, first, we need to find the modal class (the one with highest frequency)
and apply the formula.

Measures of dispersion show how the numbers in a set can be different from the mean of the set.
The two measures are known as standard deviation and variance.

• As for standard deviation the formula goes by:

• As for variance, the formula goes by:

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 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
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CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
3.1 Data presentation
No. Date Average temperature (°C) Humidity (%)
1 1 November 2020 30.5 70
2 2 November 2020 29.5 74
3 3 November 2020 30.0 68
4 4 November 2020 29.0 74
5 5 November 2020 29.0 74
6 6 November 2020 29.5 80
7 7 November 2020 31.0 64
8 8 November 2020 31.5 63
9 9 November 2020 31.0 63
10 10 November 2020 29.5 70
11 11 November 2020 31.5 68
12 12 November 2020 33.0 55
13 13 November 2020 32.5 64
14 14November 2020 33.5 60
15 15 November 2020 31.5 70
16 16 November 2020 31.0 69
17 17 November 2020 31.0 71
18 18 November 2020 29.5 72
19 19 November 2020 29.0 83
20 20 November 2020 30.5 68
21 21 November 2020 27.0 84
22 22 November 2020 30.0 68
23 23 November 2020 29.0 81
24 24 November 2020 28.0 76
25 25 November 2020 29.0 70
26 26 November 2020 29.5 67
27 27 November 2020 27.0 81
28 28November 2020 30.0 68
29 29 November 2020 31.5 61
30 30 November 2020 31.0 64
Table 1: The Average Temperature and The Percentage of Humidity in November 2020 at Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia.

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3.2 Descriptive Statistics Analysis
a) Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Temperature in degree 30 27.00 33.50 30.1833 1.54520

Celcius
Humidity in percentage 30 55.00 84.00 70.0000 7.04175
Valid N (listwise) 30

b) Sample size, mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance, skewness, maximum,
minimum

Statistics
Temperature in Humidity in
degree Celcius percentage
N Valid 30 30
Missing 0 0
Mean 30.1833 70.0000
Median 30.0000 69.5000
Mode 29.00a 68.00
Std. Deviation 1.54520 7.04175
Variance 2.388 49.586
Skewness -.016 .266
Std. Error of Skewness .427 .427
Range 6.50 29.00
Minimum 27.00 55.00
Maximum 33.50 84.00
Percentiles 25 29.0000 64.0000
50 30.0000 69.5000
75 31.1250 74.0000
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

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From the table above, it shows that the sample size is 30 for time taken to exercise in a week and
body mass index which portrays the number of data points collected. The mean, which represents
the average of each variables is which the average temperature and the percentage of humidity are
30.1833 °C and 70.0000 percent respectively. The standard deviation that get from SPSS is
1.54520 °C for the average temperature and 7.04175 percent for the percentage of humidity. This
is considered high so it means the dataset values are close to the average or mean value.

Therefore, the data is less data spread out. Lastly, the 5-number summer summary which consist
of the minimum value, first quartile (25th percentile), median or second quartile (50th percentile),
third quarter (75th percentile) and maximum value. The minimum of the average temperature and
the percentage of humidity are 27.00 °C and 55.00 percent respectively. The first quartile (25th
percentile) which represents the median or average of the lower half of data set is 29.0000 °C and
64.0000 percent respectively. The second quartile or median represents the middle value of the
data set and 50 percent of the data lies below this point. Respectively, it is 30.0000 °C and 69.5000
percent. The third quartile (75th percentile) represent the middle value between the median and the
highest value of this data set. It is 31.1250 °C and 74.0000 percent.

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c) Histograms and boxplot that illustrates the distribution of the variables

Using the statistic values obtained before, IBM analyzed data will run and produce an output in
form of histogram instead of table and values. Below is histogram graphs output with value
obtained. The x-axis is the independent variables; the average temperature while y-axis is the
frequency that based on the SPSS system program.

Figure 4: Histogram of the average temperature vs frequency

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Based on figure 5, the box middle line represented the median, with value 30.00. These median
values explain the middle value of the arranged data in ascending order. The upper side of the box
represent the quartiles, Q3 with value 31.1250 and lower side of the box represent the quartiles,
Q1 with value 29.00. Quartiles tell us about the spread of a data set by breaking the data set into
quarter. The Q1 is the lower quartile while Q3 is the upper quartile. Next, the whisker line will
reach till the values of maximum and minimum number. The short line lower side of the graph is
the minimum line while the short line upper side of the graph is the maximum line.

Figure 5: Box-and-Whisker Plot for The Average Temperature

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Using the statistic values obtained before, IBM analyzed data will run and produce an output in
form of histogram instead of table and values. Below is histogram graphs output with value
obtained. The x-axis is the independent variables; the percentage of humidity while y-axis is the
frequency that based on the SPSS system program.

Figure 6: Histogram of the percentage of humidity

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Based on figure 7, the box middle line represented the median, with value 70.00. These median
values explain the middle value of the arranged data in ascending order. The upper side of the box
represent the quartiles, Q3 with value 74.0000 and lower side of the box represent the quartiles,
Q1 with value 64.0000. Quartiles tell us about the spread of a data set by breaking the data set into
quarter. The Q1 is the lower quartile while Q3 is the upper quartile. Next, the whisker line will
reach till the values of maximum and minimum number. The short line lower side of the graph is
the minimum line while the short line upper side of the graph is the maximum line.

Figure 7: Box-and-Whisker Plot for The Percentage of Humidity

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3.3 Correlation and Regression Analysis

a) Scatter plot with graph of the regression line.

Figure 8: Scatter plot with regression line

Interpretation:

The scatter plot indicates a negative relationship between the average temperature and the
percentage of humidity.

b) Value of the correlation coefficient r and interpretation.

Correlations
Temperature in degree
Celcius Humidity in percentage
Temperature in degree Celcius Pearson Correlation 1 -.848**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 30 30
Humidity in percentage Pearson Correlation -.848** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 30 30
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

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The value 𝑟 = −0.848 suggest a extreme negative linear relationship between the average temperature
and the percentage of humidity which is when the average temperature increases, the percentage of
humidity decreases.

c) Equation of the regression line

𝑦 = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝑥
𝑦 = 1.87𝐸2 − 3.86𝑥

d) Discussion of the slope of the regression line and its meaning.

Slope, b1 = - 3.86
For every one day increase in the average temperature, the percentage of humidity will decrease by
3.86.

e) Value of R2 for the regression model and interpretation of its meaning

Variables Entered/ Removeda

Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method

1 Temperature in . Enter
degree Celciusb

a. Dependent Variable: Humidity in percentage

b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summary

Adjusted R Std. Error of the

Model R R Square Square Estimate
1 .848a .719 .709 3.80119

a. Predictors: (Constant), Temperature in degree Celcius

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R2 = (r)2 = (0.848)2
= 0.719

71.9% of the variability of the percentage of humidity can be explained by the variability in the
average temperature. The remaining 28.1% can be explained by other factors.

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 1033.428 1 1033.428 71.522 .000b

Residual 404.572 28 14.449

Total 1438.000 29

a. Dependent Variable: Humidity in percentage

b. Predictors: (Constant), Temperature in degree Celcius

Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 186.607 13.805 13.517 .000

Temperature in degree -3.863 .457 -.848 -8.457 .000

Celcius

a. Dependent Variable: Humidity in percentage

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CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION
4.1 Report Summary
In conclusion, the objective of this is to describe the relationship between the average temperature
and the percentage of humidity in November 2020 at Kuala Lumpur. Next, to identify, organize
and graph quantitative data to further understand the problem and make conclusions. Next, to
determine the values of mean, standard deviation and interquartile range. To find the values of
the correlation. For graph temperature in degree celcius the mean is 30.18, the standard deviation
is 1.545 and N is 30. For the graph of humidity percentage mean is 70.00, standard deviation is
7.042 and N is 30. For statistics analysis mean for temperature in degree celcius is 30.1833 and
standard deviation is 1.54520. Statistics for humidity percentage mean is 70.0000 and standard
deviation is 7.04175. Correlation is 1 for temperature in degree celcius while humidity percentage
is - 0.848*. The draws a relationship when the average temperature increases, the percentage of
humidity decreases. However, the relationship is weak and negative. The results were not what
the team expected. The effect of high temperature in Kuala Lumpur should have impact. The
impact of high temperature is oxidative stress, inhibition of seed germination, improper
development, water loss and alteration in photosynthesis. The population that was used in the
average temperature and percentage of humidity in November 2020 at Malaysia. The research
variables can be many variables that we think correlating. However, the variables need to have
independent variables and dependent variables. The variables is that were used in this study is
the average temperature and percentage of humidity in November 2020 at Kuala Lumpur where
there is 30 day of observation were taken for both variables. Independent variable is the average
temperature and the dependents variable is the percentage of humidity. Lastly, the population
that was used in this study is the average temperature and percentage of humidity in November
2020 at Kuala Lumpur.

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REFERENCES

Brown, R. (2017, May 22). The downside to humidity at home and work. Retrieved from Tennessean:
[Link]/story/sponsor-story/roscoe-brown/2017/05/22/downside-humidity-home-and-
work/101837638/

Dotson, J. D. (2018, April 23). How Temperature & Humidity are Related. Retrieved from SCIENCING:
[Link]

Dunn, M. G. (1989,1993). Exploring Tour World: The Adventure of Geography. Washington, D.C.

Rutledge, K. (2011, January 21). Humidity. Retrieved from NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC:

[Link]
0amount%20of,usually%20explained%20as%20relative%20humidity.

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APPENDICES

Temperature in degree Celcius

Frequenc Valid Cumulative
y Percent Percent Percent
Valid 27.00 2 6.7 6.7 6.7
28.00 1 3.3 3.3 10.0
29.00 5 16.7 16.7 26.7
29.50 5 16.7 16.7 43.3
30.00 3 10.0 10.0 53.3
30.50 2 6.7 6.7 60.0
31.00 5 16.7 16.7 76.7
31.50 4 13.3 13.3 90.0
32.50 1 3.3 3.3 93.3
33.00 1 3.3 3.3 96.7
33.50 1 3.3 3.3 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0

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Humidity in percentage
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 55.00 1 3.3 3.3 3.3
60.00 1 3.3 3.3 6.7
61.00 1 3.3 3.3 10.0

63.00 2 6.7 6.7 16.7

64.00 3 10.0 10.0 26.7

67.00 1 3.3 3.3 30.0

68.00 5 16.7 16.7 46.7

69.00 1 3.3 3.3 50.0

70.00 4 13.3 13.3 63.3

71.00 1 3.3 3.3 66.7

72.00 1 3.3 3.3 70.0

74.00 3 10.0 10.0 80.0

76.00 1 3.3 3.3 83.3

80.00 1 3.3 3.3 86.7

81.00 2 6.7 6.7 93.3

83.00 1 3.3 3.3 96.7

84.00 1 3.3 3.3 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

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