GENERAL PHYSICS 1

SOUND BASICS WEEK 5 (SECOND QUARTER)

[Link] STANDARD IV. MOTIVATION

In this module you will learn about the key concepts in motion along a Sa isang pangungusap;
straight line and motions in two and three dimensions.
1. Ibigay ang inyong opinion tungkol sa SOUND? Paano nagkakaroon ng sound?
II. LEARNING OUTCOMES 2. Ano ang PITCH?
3. Ano ang ULTRASOUND?
At the end of this module the learners are expected to: 4. Magbigay ng mga halimbawa ng iba’t ibang klase ng SOUND na naririnig at anu-ano
1. apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the ang mga pinagmulan ng mga ito (source).
distance from the source;
2. describe qualitatively and quantitatively the superposition of waves;
3. apply the condition for standing waves; and
4. relate the frequency and wavelength of sound with the motion of the source V. INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
and the listener.
LESSON – SOUND BASICS
HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE
BIG IDEA;
Here are simple guide for you to how to use and learn this module.
1. Read and follow instructions carefully. Sound is energy created by vibrating objects.
2. Take the pre-test(the number of items varies depending on the topic) (How is sounds produced?)
3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page
of the module.
4. Be honest in taking the test so that you will know how much knowledge SOUND is a longitudinal wave created by vibrating objects and capable of
you learned about the topic. producing a sensation in our auditory system.
5. Perform all the activities, as this will help you a better understanding of the
topic. The audible frequency range for humans is about 20 hz to 20,000 Hz.
6. Take the self-test at the end of each lesson to determine how much you
learned about the lesson. Sounds with frequencies lower than 20 Hz is called infrasounds. Some animals
7. Take the post-test to assess how much you learned in this module. such as whales and elephants communicate using infrasounds.

Sounds with frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz are called ultrasounds.

III. INTRODUCTION Ultrasound can be used to produce images on soft tissues like the liver, the spleen, kidney,
pancreas, abdomen, pelvis, heart, and fetus.
The learners are able to... Solve, using experimental and theoretical
approaches, multiconcept, rich-context problems involving measurement, vectors,
motions in 1D, 2D, and 3D, Newton’s Laws, work, energy, center of mass, momentum,
impulse, and collisions.

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Greater intensity means louder sound.

SPEED OF SOUND
Intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude and square of frequency but
The speed of sound in a medium like solid, liquid, or gas can be determined is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of sound.
using Eq (8.25) to Eq (8.28).
The human ear can tolerate a wide range of intensities. The faintest sound that
The effect of temperature on the speed of sound in solids and liquids is negligible we can hear is called threshold of hearing and has an intensity of 10-12 W/m2. The loudest
but not for gases. Air is the common medium where sound travels. The speed of sound in tolerable but painful sound has an intensity of 1 W/m2. This is called the threshold of pain.
air as a function of temperature was determined by Sir Isaac Newton and is given by,
Intensities of sound are oftentimes compared on a logarithmic scale. The unit of
v = 331 m/s + (0.6 m/s• C0)Tc Eq. (8.35) sound intensity level β on this scale is is defined by Eq. (8.36). The unit of intensity level in
this scale is is decibel, abbreviated as dB.
The speed of sound in air is 331 m/s at 00C. For each Celsius degree rise in
temperature, the speed of sound in air increases by 0.6 m/s. β = 10log I/Io Eq. (8.36)

Where Io is the threshold of hearing equal to 1 x 10 -12 W/[Link]

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND

Sound may be described by three perceptual characteristics: pitch, loudness, and Quality
quality. These characteristics corresponds to three physical characteristics: frequency,
intensity, and waveform. Quality or timbre is property of tone that distinguishes it from another tone of
the same pitch and intensity produced by a different instrument.
Pitch
When a musical instrument plays a certain note, it does not just produce its
Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a sound. It depends on the frequency fundamental frequency but also its harmonics.
of the vibrating object.
Hermann Helmholtz found out that the quality of sound is determined by the
number and relative intensities of the harmonics superimposed with the fundamental.
It should also be recalled that high-frequency sound gives rise to short-wavelength sound
while low-frequency sound gives rise to long-wavelength sound.
Thus, a high-pitched sound must be a high-frequency sound. A low-pitched
sound is a low-frequency sound with long wavelength.

Loudness

Loudness of sound is closely associated with its intensity. Sound intensity is

perceived by the human ear as loudness.
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Beats

When two sounds slightly different frequencies are produced at the same
time, a regular rise and fall in the loudness may be heard. These alterations in
loudness are called beats. The beat frequency fB is equal to the difference
between the frequencies of the two sound waves f anf f ‘

fB = f – f ‘ Eq. (8.37)

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λ is the wavelength of the sound from the source

Doppler Effect

Doppler effect is the apparent change in the frequency of sound due to the
motion of the sound source and/or the observer.

The difference between the frequency from the source f and the apparent
frequency f ‘ is called Doppler shift.

We shall study Doppler effect case by case. The following symbols shall be
used:

f is the frequency of the sound from the source.

f ‘ is the apparent frequency

v is the velocity of sound in medium, usually air

Observer in Motion; Source at Rest
vs is the velocity of source of sound
An observer moving toward a stationary source covers a distance vot. In
vo is the velocity of the observer doing so, he receives an additional number of waves equal to vot / λ. Dividing
vot / λ by t gives the number of additional waves received per unit time. As a
λ’ is the apparent wavelength
result, the frequency perceived by the observer (apparent frequency) f ’ is

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f ’ = f + vo/λ

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VI. PRACTICE AND EXERCISES

NOTE: Use the spaces provided for your answers and solutions.

SOUND BASICS

CN:__________ Name:______________________________________________________________________ Grade / Section:____________________________ Score:____________

A. On Sound Intensity
B.
1. What must be the ratio between two intensities I2 and I1 so that their intensity levels differ by 40 dB. (refer to Sample Problem 8.15, no.2)?

2. What must be the frequency of a tuning fork to produce a beat frequency of 8 Hz with a 512 Hz tuning fork?

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3. In an effort to locate a sunken ship, a sonar generator sends waves in sea [Link] echoes reflected by the sunken ship ere received after 36.0 s. how deep is the sunken ship?
(bulk modulus of sea water = 2.0 x 109 N/m2 ; density of sea water = 1025 kg/cubic meter.

4. The frequency of fire engine siren is 3500 hz.

a. What frequency will a stationary person hear if the fire truck is moving toward him at 36.0 m/s?

b. What frequency will the person hear if he moves away from the fire truck at 16.0 m/s.?
Assume that the speed of sound is 340 m/s.

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