CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter will present the related literature and studies, as well as the
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework, Synthesis of the State of the Art, Gap to be
Bridge by the study and Definition of Terms.
Related Literature
Searching for existing literature gives research a theoretical basis that will be vital in all parts
of the study. The researcher found some related literature that are aligned and relevant to
this study.
Foreign Literature
The microblogging site Twitter has been shown to unite people who share a common
goal and give voice to those who have been marginalised or ignored offline (Trevisan, 2017).
Here, we view accounts that are communicated on Twitter as narratives. These narratives
can be a powerful source of social change. The hashtag ‘#HelloMyNameIs’, for example,
was a Twitter campaign that successfully raised awareness of the importance of
communication in health care and influenced change in National Health Service (NHS)
practices in the United Kingdom (Granger, 2013). Twitter could be equally valuable for
people who needs to share their sentiments.
Already, Twitter is part of a wider use of social media for political and collective
action, providing marginalized groups with a ‘‘voice’’ in wider society (Hemsley et al., 2014;
Trevisan, 2017). Recently, Hemsley, Balandin, Palmer, and Dann (2017) reviewed the
literature on social media and AAC, noting that the majority of research to date focuses on
Facebook and its use by children and young people, and/or people’s views and experiences
of social media. They called for sociotechnical research (see Avgerou, Ciborra, & Land,
2004; Hemsley et al., 2014) into publicly available social media data produced by people
who use AAC to: (1) understand about how people using AAC used social media platforms,
and (2) identify increased opportunities for improved participation and inclusion online.
Despite the potential of Twitter for the communication and technology rights of people using
AAC, little is known about the impact on people who use AAC of learning to use Twitter to
increase their social networks, or to enter public discourse on topics of their own choosing.
Sentiment analysis is, as defined by Pang and Lee (2008), “computational treatment
of opinion, sentiment, and subjectivity in text”. Traditionally, sentiment analysis has
measured the positive and negative sentiment of a sentence or longer text, but there are
recent examples of using more fine-grained approaches based on emotion categories such
as the ones mentioned above (e.g. [57, 106]). There are two main methodological
approaches. Lexicon based methods utilize a dictionary of words and their sentiment values
– most often positive and negative – to assign a sentiment score to an input text, whereas
machine learning approaches classify documents into sentiment categories on training data.
Some recent studies combine the two by using lexicon scores as input for a classifier.
In deciding what counts as social media, we followed Kaplan and Haenlein’s (2010)
definition: “Social Media is a group of Internet-based applications that build on the
ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and
exchange of User Generated Content”. The term sentiment is used in a broad sense in this
scoping – as is typical with sentiment analysis – and covers emotion, mood, and in some
cases opinion.
Our participants who preferred Twitter seemed to be more individualistic--if we define
Individualism in terms of values for self-expression and choice (Inglehart & Welzel, 2005),
and in terms of high relational mobility (the freedom to form and dissolve relationships) and
greater trust in strangers (Thomson, Yuki, & Ito, 2015). Those who preferred Twitter were
more likely to be young and engage in higher levels of self-expression in online public
spaces. Those preferring Twitter were also more likely to report acquiring social capital from
loose social ties (bridging social capital), replicating prior reports that people who used
Twitter most frequently report the highest levels of bridging social capital (Phua et al., 2017).
People who preferred Twitter in the current study were most likely to set their profile to
public, and thus, prioritized self-expression and social connectivity within large amorphous
webs.
Only the study by Junco et al (2011) used a controlled design to evaluate the effects
of Twitter use on student engagement, based on Chickering and Gamson’s (1987) seven
principles for good practice in undergraduate education: (1) student/faculty contact; (2)
cooperation among students; (3) active learning; (4) prompt feedback; (5) emphasizing time
on task; (6) communicating high expectations; and (7) respecting diversity. The findings from
that study were noteworthy: students in the Twitter group had significantly increased
engagement and higher overall semester grade point averages (GPAs) than the control
group. Junco et al (2011) conclude that Twitter can be repurposed for educationally relevant
activities that have impacts on real-world academic outcomes, namely student engagement
(offline) and grades.
The study of Long (2007), principal of the renowned Woodstock School, Mussoorie,
has found- through his study of a research- that teenagers find social media a valuable
source of self- expression and helpful in making them feel less lonely and more connected.
Thus parental concerns about use of social media by their children may not be needed
much. Long studied Common Sense Media’s latest research on the social media habits of
teenagers around the world. Common Sense Media is a leading independent non-profit
organization which exists to help young people thrive in a world of technology. In fact, some
of their outstanding classroom materials are used at Woodstock for parts of the Personal,
Social and Health Education Programmed. In partnership with the University of Southern
California, Common Sense Media’s new report The New Normal: Parents ,Teens and
Devices Around the World takes a look at how social media and mobile technology have
completely changed the lives of our children — impacting their lifestyles, relationships and
habits in profound ways.
Local Literature
According to Rejie D. Astodello (December 11, 2016) Tabuk City, Kalinga - People all
over the world have been enjoying the benefits of using technology nowadays. In the past,
communicating and free sharing of thought between people are restricted by long distance,
race, and even religion. But now these barriers can no longer stop the flow of information
and knowledge because now the new world of social networking allows free sharing of
thoughts through online social networking sites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and
the like. Since students are highly motivated to using social media sites the majority of them
use these to satisfy their social needs more than their academic needs. They have the
freedom to do whatever they want they can upload or download data, they can make new
friends and comment on other people’s lives, and they can even create other online
identities the real world does not allow. It has been observed too that the majority of the
students nowadays, particularly those in the secondary level, spend most of their time
chatting with their acquaintances, playing online games, and watching videos instead of
reading their lessons, making their assignments, and other academic requirements. The
main reason is when they work or search their materials online they get attracted to social
networking sites to kill boredom during study time, diverting their attention from their work.
The darker side of this that has gained the attention of many parents is that some students
are getting lazier and are no longer interested in going to school. This is probably due to
being extensively indulged to get global access and therefore leading them to perform less
academically.
Related Studies
Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework is the end result of bringing together a number of related
concepts to explain and give broader understanding of the phenomenon under research
(Imenda, 2014).
The concept of this study is about the Effectiveness of twitter to students in terms of
expressing their sentiments. This study focused on identifying whether it is helpful or not
especially to students who seeks to share their sentiments and finding a safe place for them
to express their ideas without minding other people’s opinion.
Theoretical Framework
The theory used in this study is the Theory of Effectiveness Measurement pioneered
by Richard K. Bullock (2006)
Effectiveness measures provide decision makers feedback on the impact of
deliberate actions and affect critical issues such as allocation of scarce resources, as well as
whether to maintain or change existing strategy. Currently, however, there is no formal
foundation for formulating effectiveness measures. This research presents a new framework
for effectiveness measurement from both a theoretical and practical view. First, accepted
effects-based principles, as well as fundamental measurement concepts are combined into a
general, domain independent, effectiveness measurement methodology. This is
accomplished by defining effectiveness measurement as the difference, or conceptual
distance from a given system state to some reference system state (e.g. desired end-state).
Then, by developing system attribute measures such that they yield a system state-space
that can be characterized as a metric space, differences in system states relative to the
reference state can be gauged over time, yielding a generalized, axiomatic definition of
effectiveness measurement. The effectiveness measurement framework is then extended to
mitigate the influence of measurement error and uncertainty by employing Kalman filtering
techniques. Finally, the pragmatic nature of the approach is illustrated by measuring the
effectiveness of a notional, security force response strategy in a scenario involving a terrorist
attack on a United States Air Force base.
Social Information Processing Theory and Computer- Mediated Communication.
Paul Drewitz, Department of Communication Arts Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Michael Eaves,
Department of Communication Arts Social Information Processing Theory (SIPT) looks at
how interpersonal relationships are developed through computer mediated communication
(CMC). When building or starting relationships online, there is an obvious lack of nonverbal
cues, and impressions are made purely from verbal cues. People will make assumptions
through the written messages. SIPT looks at this and attempts to explain why this happens.
Previous researchers have explained that no matter what the channel of communication is,
people naturally form impressions and develop relationships. Another key factor SIPT talks
about is the time exchange involved. Face-to-face (FTF) interaction occurs in real time,
whereas CMC communication can happen over a longer period of time. SIPT explains that
given enough time, the same level of intimacy can be reached in CMC as it is in FTF
interactions. A strength of SIPT is that is an essential building block for future research in
online interaction. A weakness is that it does not look enough into the heightened level of
anonymity online and how this can be attributed to a lack of accountability. Has the regular
online user become complacent with this lack of accountability online? This lack of
accountability may also have started to bleed over into FTF interaction as well. This
framework helped in determining the effectiveness of twitter to students in terms of
expressing their sentiments.
Gap to be bridge of the Study
The researcher’s review of related literature and studies has been made, it
was observed that the current studies were focused on how effective Twitter in expressing
sentiments. This study is conducted to identify on how students share their sentiments on
Twitter. It is for the reason that it is the way of bridging the perceived thing that is suitable
for them and to be able to enhance their feelings and skills that can be used as a weapon to
accomplish goal.