Hamed Qashash (0146992) Bashar Ali Aljundi (0168506)

Mohannad AbuOddos (0173207) Wesam Homedan (0174343)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of [Link]. Degree in

Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Mechanical Engineering
Photo Voltic Heat Pump System for
residential building

Supervised by: Dr. Mahmoud Irshidat

Photo Voltic Heat Pump System for residential building
January 3, 2022

Students Statement

We, the undersigned students, certify and confirm that the work submitted in this project
report is entirely our own and has not been copied from any other source. Any material that has
been used from other sources has been properly cited and acknowledged in the report.

We are fully aware that any copying or improper citation of references/sources used in
this report will be considered plagiarism, which is a clear violation of the Code of Ethics of the
University of Jordan.

In addition, we have read and understood the legal consequences of committing any
violation of the University of Jordan Code of Ethics.

Hamed Qashash (0146992) Bashar Ali Aljundi (0168506)

Mohannad AbuOddos (0173207) Wesam Homedan (0174343)

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Supervisor Certification

This to certify that the work presented in this senior year project manuscript was carried
out under my supervision, which is entitled:

“Photo Voltic Heat Pump System for residential building”

Hamed Qashash (0146992) Mohannad AbuOddos (0173207)

Bashar Ali Aljundi (0168506) Wesam Homedan (0174343)

I hereby certify that the aforementioned students have successfully finished their senior
year project and by submitting this report they have fulfilled in partial the requirements of [Link].
Degree in Mechanical Engineering.

I also, hereby certify that I have read, reviewed and corrected the technical content of
this report and I believe that it is adequate in scope, quality and content and it is in alignment
with the ABET requirements and ME department guidelines.

Dr. Mahmoud Irshidat,

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Format Adherence Committee Certification

This to certify that this manuscript was reviewed by a FAC member and it was found to
adhere to the ME senior year project guidelines and format.

Format L M H
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Abstract

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Examining Committee Evaluation

This to certify that this manuscript was fully reviewed for technical content and
engineering soundness and it was found to achieve its proposed outcomes.

Abstract and Introduction L M H

Abstract is complete, concise, specific and Self-sufficient ⃝ ⃝ ⃝
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Interpreting the results and the implications of the results ⃝ ⃝ ⃝
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Remarks and Notes

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Blank Page
Photo Voltic Heat Pump System for residential building

DEDICATION

This is where you should thank people if you wish. Make it short – no more than two
short paragraphs. You may also call this part Acknowledgements if you desire.

Page
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ABET Accreditation Board For Engineering And Technology
DB Department Board
EC Examining Committee
FAC Format Adherence Committee
HATS HATS Methodology: Headings, Access, Typography, and Spacing
PC Project Committee
PV/T Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal
PV Hybrid Photovoltaic
COP Coefficient of Performance
U-Value  overall rate of heat transfer
FPC Flat plat collectors
Q heat
Q. Flow rate
V speed of liquid
W power
hp Pressure drops
hg Geometrical Height
hs Suction head
hr Residual Pressure
ht Total pressure head
Vdc Maximum System Voltage
Voc Open Circuit Voltage
Ics Short Circuit Current
Vrated Rated Voltage @ maximum power
Irated Rated Current @ maximum power
η Module efficiency
SF Solar fraction
PER Primary energy rate
A Area
ABSTRACT

The solar energy potential in Jordan is immense as it is close to the solar belt of the world
with solar radiation approx. between 5 and 7 KWh/m2[1], which means a potential of 1400-2300
GWh per year yearly. Electricity request in Jordan contribute to the high amount of energy
consumption to cover the needs of heating, cooling, lighting, etc. For that, the quality of being
able to be used or obtained of the solar radiation information becomes fundamental to help in the
design and building of the solar energy application. The objective of this project is to implement
solar energy into three main scenarios of PVT heat pump system and compare between them
regarding to residual bases located in Shafa’a Badran/Amman. A literature review was

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performed to understand various aspects of the PVT Heat pump systems. The heating and
cooling load for the building was found by HAP and the result of the three scenarios was
conducted by using the GeoT*SOL program and PV*SOL.

A meeting was conducted with Dr Ali badran to understand the PVT system, a meeting
demonstrated the technical problems of PVT and the suggestions. The Pvt panel selected: M3
375 L Landscape from triple solar company with three heat pump connection scenarios the
results were found by annual simulation and presented as utilized energy per year, energy
generated per year, Seasonal Heat Performance Factors, power consumption per Year, losses per
year and primary energy savings and CO2 prevention.

The results showed that Pvt heat pump system reduces energy losses (Electrical + Heating) due
to the heat transfer through water then the hot water is used in domestic water in building and in
the heat pump, on the other hand the panels temperature drops, and the efficiency of panels
increase.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................................iii
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 General.............................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) System...............................................................................2
1.2.1 PV/T COLLECTORS...............................................................................................................3
1.3 Heat Pump for residual building....................................................................................................5
1.4 Aims..................................................................................................................................................6

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BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................................8
METHODS / PROCEDURES................................................................................................................16
3.1 Examined building.........................................................................................................................16
3.1.1. General Details:.......................................................................................................................16
3.1.2. Internals information for each room:.......................................................................................17
3.2 Heat Pump......................................................................................................................................19
3.4 Performance study of solar absorption cooling installation.......................................................24
3.4.1 System Description...................................................................................................................25
3.4.2 Technical challenges.................................................................................................................26
3.4.3. Energy Use..............................................................................................................................27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS............................................................................................................29
4.1 Loads Result from Hourly Analysis Program (HAP).................................................................31
4.2 Design Pvt heat pump system for residential building...............................................................36
4.3 Economic Analysis.........................................................................................................................48
4.3.1 Cost..........................................................................................................................................48
4.3.2 Payback Rate:.........................................................................................................................48
4.4 Machine Maintenance...................................................................................................................50
4.5 Machine Failure.............................................................................................................................51
IMPACT OF ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS.......................................................................................52
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................57
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................59
APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................................62

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: PVT energy diagram.................................................................................................................2

Figure 1.2: Flat plate PV/T collector classification......................................................................................4
Figure2.1: structure of primary energy sources in Jordan in 2018...............................................................8
Figure 3 PVT un finned tubes....................................................................................................................11
Figure 3.1: Air source and water source heat pump heating performance for various values f heat source
temperature................................................................................................................................................20
Figure3.2 Main components of solar absorption cooling system...............................................................25
Figure 3.3 Schematic of the absorption chilling cycle...............................................................................26
Figure 4.1 :Pvt heat pump system..............................................................................................................36
Figure 4.2: Heat pump system with combination tank and Pvt panel support (water to water)..................39
Figure 4.3 :Generated energy and performance factor...............................................................................41

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Figure 4.4 : Heat pump system with combination tank and Pvt panel support (Brine to water) ground.. . .42
Figure 4.5 :Generated energy and performance factor...............................................................................44
Figure 4.6 :Photovoltaic System Diagram.................................................................................................45
Figure 4.7 : PV Generator Energy (AC grid).............................................................................................46
Figure 4.8 :Total consumption...................................................................................................................47
Figure 4.9 :Total Heat Demand.................................................................................................................48
Figure 4.10 :Use of PV Energy..................................................................................................................48
Figure 5.1 components of a solar panel.....................................................................................................54
Figure 5.2 Calculated TEWI based on national emission factors...............................................................55
Figure 5.3 solar panel prices 1985-2011....................................................................................................57

List of Tables

Table 3.1 The physical properties and the geometrical characteristics of the PV module..........................23
Table 3.2 The physical properties and the geometrical characteristics of the PVT module.......................23
Table 4.1 : summary data for maximum electrical power point without glazing.......................................30
Table 4.2 : summary for overall efficiency of the PV/T trickle systems without glazing..........................30
Table 4.3 : Summary data for the PV/T trickle system without glazing.....................................................30
Table 4.4 Zone Sizing Data.......................................................................................................................31
Table 4.5 Terminal Unit Sizing Data – Cooling........................................................................................32
Table 4.6 Terminal Unit Sizing Data - Heating, Fan, Ventilation..............................................................33
Table 4.7 Space Loads and Airflows.........................................................................................................34
Table 4.8 : M3 375 L Landscape Pvt Specifications..................................................................................37
Table 4.9 : PV panel Specifications...........................................................................................................37
Table 4.10 : Heat exchanger collector Specifications................................................................................37

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
The sun is the main energy source of life and at the same time, it is the final source of most
renewable energy sources. Global radiation is the most important solar characteristic to be
investigated to explore the potential of solar energy generation in a particular location and Jordan
is considered one of the highest solar irradiances in the world with average solar radiation
ranging between 5-7 KWh/m^2 [1]. This energy should be utilized more efficiently on the
domestic level for both electricity generation and water heating purposes. The energy consumed
on water and space heating, and electricity generation is about 12% and 22%, of the total primary
energy consumed in Jordan, respectively. Jordan's demand for energy is increasing at a rate of
3% annually [2]. Therefore, solar energy can play a major role in energy mix strategy, and hence
reducing fossil fuel consumption shares a good percentage of the total energy consumption.
Also, the number of emissions that are represented in CO2 production can be decreased
significantly. The renewable energy share in Jordan’s energy strategy is planned to be 31% share
for renewables in total power generation capacity and 14% of the total energy mix by 2030 [3].
This is followed by legislation from the government to encourage citizens and investors to use
solar energy in their homes and companies. These legislations are summarized in tax exemption
on the renewable energy technologies and incentives on the power production using the
renewable technology. The sharp decline in the prices of solar energy technologies showed an
increasing interest in the installation of both PV modules to generate electricity and solar thermal
collector for heating water for domestic and industrial purposes. These two systems can be
integrated into a single system called photovoltaic/thermal system (PV/T) or hybrid system
which generates electricity and heats the water. Such hybrid systems require small surface areas,
especially if these systems must be installed on the building's roofs where the area is limited. In
addition, such systems are very efficient in the utilization of solar energy.

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1.2 Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) System

Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) combines solar thermal and photovoltaic systems. To generate
electricity and hot fluids, this approach uses both light and heat from solar radiation (Figure 1).
PV/T research is rapidly expanding, with more approaches and procedures being developed to
improve the efficiency of the system, reduce the cost, improve the modeling, and maintain the
system for long periods of time and employing them for suitable application. All the hybrid PV/T
systems follow one concept which is generating electricity and thermal energy simultaneously
using one integrated device that combines the PV panel and the solar thermal collector.

PV/T collectors or solar cogeneration systems are power generation technologies that convert
solar radiation into usable thermal and electrical energy. PVT collectors combine photovoltaic
solar cells, which convert sunlight into electricity, with a solar thermal collector, which transfers
the otherwise unused waste heat from the PV module to a heat transfer fluid. These technologies
can achieve better overall efficiency than solar photovoltaics (PV) by combining electricity and
heat generation inside the same component and the heat obtained can be then used, according to
the temperature level, as the source for various systems, like heat pumps, solar domestic hot
water, or swimming pool heating systems.

Figure 1.1: PVT

energy diagram

The market for PV/T has increased in the past decade, and several solar energy manufacturers
now also produce PV/T modules. Some manufacturers even specialize in PV/T technology.
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Several different PV/T technologies are available. They can be defined according to the type of
heat transfer medium (air or liquid).

PVT collectors, like all solar thermal collectors, have a variety of applications based on their
temperature levels:

• low-temperature applications up to 50 °C

• medium temperature applications up to 80 °C

• high-temperature applications above 80 °C

1.2.1 PV/T COLLECTORS

Hybrid PV/T collectors are very useful devices that enable to the production of electricity and
heat at the same time, a variety of PV/T collectors in various categories are commercially
available and can be classified as follows:

1. Flat-plate PV/T collectors

The flat plate PV/T collector can be classified into water PV/T collector, a combination of
water/air PV/T collector, and air PV/T collector, depending on the type of working fluid used.
The PV/T collectors can also be identified by the presence of an absorber collector beneath the
flat plate. A complete design of flat plate PV/T collector should include a glass cover (glazed or
unglazed), solar cell, encapsulated materials, and absorber collector underneath.

In a PV/T system, the absorber collector is very significant. It cools the PV cell or module while
also collecting the thermal energy that is generated in the form of hot water or hot air. The
efficiency of the PV cell or module increases during this procedure.

Aste et al. [4] mentioned that, amongst all types of PV/T solar collectors, the most popular PV/T
collector is the PV/T air collector; nevertheless, this type of collector has fewer applications
compared to the water collectors.
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Figure 1.2: Flat plate PV/T collector classification.[16]

2. Water PV/T collectors

Low PV efficiency, architectural uniformity, and a lack of space on the roof for the installation
of separate systems have all affected the decision to combine the PVT system into one complete
system. By combining the PV/T collector will answer the problems such as electrical efficiency
increasing due to the cooling effect, providing more architectural uniformity by aesthetical
design, and finally, minimizing the usage of space on the roof will reduce the payback period. [5]

Using pipework attached directly or indirectly to the back of a PV module, the basic water-
cooled arrangement uses channels to direct fluid flow. In a standard fluid-based system, a
working fluid, typically water, circulates in the heat exchanger behind the PV cells. The heat
from the PV cells is transferred to the working fluid through the metal (assuming the working
fluid is colder than the operating temperature of the cells).
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3. Air PV/T collectors

The basic air-cooled design uses either a hollow, conductive housing to mount the photovoltaic
panels or a controlled flow of air to the rear face of the PV panel. PVT air collectors either draw
in fresh outside air or use air as a circulating heat transfer medium in a closed loop.[6] Because
the heat transfer characteristics of air are lower than those of commonly used liquids, an
equivalent PVT liquid collector requires a proportionately larger mass flow rate. The benefit is
that the infrastructure required is less expensive and complicated.

To deliver thermal energy, hot air is cycled into a building HVAC system. The heat that is
created in excess can simply be released into the atmosphere. Some PVT air collector models can
be used to cool PV panels, allowing them to generate more electricity and lowering thermal
effects on lifetime performance degradation.

PVT air collectors come in a variety of configurations, each with its own level of engineering
expertise. PVT air collectors are available in a variety of forms, from a simple enclosed shallow
metal box with an intake and exhaust to specialized heat transfer surfaces that achieve uniform
panel heat transfer throughout a wide range of process and ambient conditions.

1.3 Heat Pump for residual building

Heating and cooling loads are the main sources of energy consumption and one of the major
sources of pollution in Jordan. Conventional heating systems like furnaces, boilers, gas-fired
spaces produce a large amount of CO2, and they are less efficient than electrical heaters, they are
just used to provide heat only. Heat pumps consider more efficient than those that depend on fuel
to produce heat. Selecting the source and sink for heat pump system goes a long way in
determining the performance, capital costs and operating costs of the system, two sources of
thermal energy are most commonly used for heating homes with heat pumps the first one is
ground source heat pump in which the earth be as the source of heat in the winter season, and as
a reservoir to reject heat removed from the home in the summer. The second type is the air
source heat pump in which the heat pump delivers heat from the outside air during the heating
season and rejects heat outside during the summer cooling season, the last one will use in this
project PVT heating pump system for residual buildings. Air Heat pumps are efficient heating
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and cooling systems and can substantially lower energy bills. In general heat pump is an
electrical device that elicits heat from a low-temperature place and delivers it to a higher
temperature place, so when energy that extracted from a source, the temperature of that source is
reduced, If the residual building is used as that source the thermal energy will be removed, in
other word cooling this space, this is how a heat pump works in cooling mode and is the same
principle used by refrigerators and air conditioners. likewise, as energy is delivered to a sink, its
temperature increases. If the residual building is used as a sink the thermal energy will be added,
heating the space. the difference between the heat pump and conventional HVAC system is that
despite both systems being practically considered to be heat pumps because they remove heat
from inside the residual building to the outside to cool interior temperatures, the two units are
substantially different. The prime difference is in the cycle of heat transfer. A heat pump can
reverse its direction and deliver heat from the outside source to heat temperatures of residual
building, while on the contrary, a conventional air conditioning system demands a separate
furnace unit to generate and distribute warm air.

1.4 Aims
The aim of this study is to implement the intensive study of thermal behavior and characteristic
of sample panels (PV-T collectors), studying and implementing the electric PV-only
characteristic combined with PVT-collector is also the main goal that will be considered.

Design and implementation of a PVT-collector for domestic application Study and find solutions
for over-heat lost energy and finding the optimum combination in the hybrid system
economically, and determining the rough estimation of saving, for implementing such systems in
Jordan.

In the different research, we can see that the use of building integrated PVT is more efficient
than the use of separate systems of PV panels and thermal collectors. In this research, the
experimental work is to design a new type of PVT-collector by integrating the PV-panel with the
thermal collector and using special material between them to work as thermal storage, and by
this new design we can meet the domestic demand per/home persons in a home) in an efficient
way.
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The ability of the PVT-collector to absorb the two types of solar energy (thermal and photo) and
convert it into two forms (heat and electricity), to be used at the same time with high efficiency,
it is the main key of the PVT-collector performance. The total efficiency of PVT-collector is
defined as, the sum of thermal and electric efficiency.

We are aiming to design a system at the same location and direction, that consists of thermal
collectors connected with the storage tank as alone, a new PVT-collector connected with another
storage tank, and a PV-panel (with the same properties of the PV- panel which is used in PVT-
collector) installed alone in a place adjacent to the other systems. Our methodology in these is to
conduct experimental work for the three different modules. The first one is PV-panel without the
thermal collector, the second is thermal collector without PV, and the third is the PV with the
thermal collector (PVT). Data collecting and analysis for the potential of weather conditions, like
solar radiation, wind speed experimentally, study the thermal and electrical efficiencies of PVT
system and compare it with the thermal collector and the PV-panel, which is separate.
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CHAPTER TWO

BACKGROUND

Nowadays, the need of renewable energy comes from many problems that the world has been
affected from, such as global warming and environmental pollution. These problems are
compounded by the high demand of the power, mostly being supplied by burning fossil fuels and
other natural materials. Energy International Administrator (IEA) organization’s data in 2017
indicated that the primary source of energy production was consisted of coal with 27.3%, natural
gas 26.8%, nuclear 17.7%, and the renewable energy (solar, wind, geothermal, other) with 9.6%.
In 2008 IEA data shows dependence of coal of 36%, natural gas 22%, nuclear 21% and
renewable energy of 2.5%, this indicates the importance of renewable energy source and the
future trend by noting the decrease in nonrenewable energy sources demands and a higher
demand for renewable energy sources.

The residential sector in Jordan is responsible for 20 % of the final energy consumption, with
nearly 49 % of this energy going to space heating and cooling [7], In order to tackle this
problem, there are two possible solutions. The first solution is to increase the share of generated
electricity from renewable energy sources to cover part of the demand, the second one is by
reducing the electricity consumed by household sector, the two solutions were applied together
by increasing the generated electricity from cooling solar photovoltaic to improve its efficiency
and by decreasing the consumed
electricity by heat pumps for space
heating with coefficient of
performance increment.
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Figure2.1: structure of primary energy sources in Jordan in 2018

There are different types of renewable energy sources that can be used, like wind, geothermal,
biofuels, solar energy, and others. But the use of one or more of these types depend on some
factors, some of them are the cost-effective, environmental impact, location for installation, and
the amount of power which can be obtained from it by using some applications. However, the
most important form of renewable energy sources that the world is mostly focused on is solar
energy and Jordan is blessed with a 5 to7 kWh/m2 direct solar radiation intensity and averages
310 sunny days annually [8]. The annual daily average of global solar irradiance on a horizontal
surface is around 5.6 kWh/m2 day. Solar energy is a clean, safe, and without a doubt renewable.
Also, it’s important to notice that it can benefit from the two main forms of energy, namely
thermal energy and photovoltaic energy without any environmental pollution

Solar energy has travelled a long way, from the photovoltaic effect to where it is today.
Accounting for roughly 5% of the world’s energy production, it is projected to rise to about 9%
of the world’s total energy production.

The use of renewable energy sources in buildings is a promising way for diminishing the fossil
fuel and the electricity consumption as a result to mitigate the environmental problems [9]. Solar
energy utilization for covering building energy needs becomes more and more an attractive idea
because it has high availability, and it can be captured with simple and low-cost devices. Flat plat
collectors (FPC) and Photovoltaic (PV) modules are the most established solar energy
conversion devices for producing useful heat and electricity respectively. The
conjugation of these technologies is able to cover all the energy needs of each building.

The fundamental behind a photovoltaic cell consists of converting incident sunlight into
electricity. This conversion, termed as the photovoltaic effect, forms the basics of PV
technology. Photovoltaic cells are semiconductor devices, wherein weakly bonded electrons
(negatively charged) occupy the energy bands in the valence band of the semiconductor, whereas
holes (positively charged) occupy the energy levels in the conduction band. Band gap energy,
enforced on the valence electrons breaks these electronic bonds, thus making the electrons
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mobile, leading to their movement to the conduction band. This movement leads to the
conduction of energy (electricity) in the form of a charge, through the material by free electrons.

This band gap energy is supplied by incident photons on the photovoltaic cell, which constitutes
the particles of light, coming from the sun.

True grid parity will be achieved when solar electricity costs around utility prices before capital
subsidies. With storage included, covering for solar power’s intermittency, there is still a long
way to go before we can truly reach grid parity. However, with its decreasing costs, solar energy
is on track to being the largest energy provider for the future.

Photo voltaic thermal system consist of two parts, the first one is PV system which is responsible
for provide power energy, the second part is the thermal system which used to extract the heat
from the panels by using a water or other fluids, this process increases the conversion efficiency.

Like all other semiconductor material increases in temperature reduce the energy deficient of a
semiconductor material so the cells are sensitive to the temperature while that the absorber heat
by the cells that does not convert to electricity leads to increase the temperature of the cells
leading to decrease the conversion efficiency, according to dual sun company the photovoltaic
panel only generates 20% of electricity through the operation; the remaining 80% is heat.
(dualsun, n.d.), each kelvin of temperature absorbed by PV cell decreases the efficiency by
0.2%-0.5% from over all conversion efficiency.

Previous work on design and development of Pvt system:

Badran (1979) built an unconventional flat plate collector in which the heat is directly transferred
from a flat galvanized plate (absorber plate) to water flowing under it by a mean of a wire mesh.
This technique eliminated the losses due to fin efficiency factor which was responsible of
reducing the efficiency of the conventional flat plate collector by 92-98 %. It was found that the
efficiency factor equals to unity when black liquid was used. This reflected positively on the
collector efficiency.
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Badran and Najjar (1993) built a new design of flat-plate collector that does not have finned
tubes to conduct heat to the water from the absorber plate. They named this system the inverted
water trickle method. Heat was conducted to the water directly from the absorber plate through
tricking it at the back of the
absorber plate by means of a
wire mesh that was fixed on
the back of the absorber plate.
This technique was
used to prevent the water
from falling off the absorber
plate due to surface tension
between the wire mesh and the water. This system performance was tested, and it showed a
better thermal efficiency from the conventional flat-plate collector by 15%.

Figure 3 PVT un finned tubes

Herrando et al (2014) developed a hybrid PV/T water model which consists of a PV/T collector,
warm water storage tank, auxiliary heater, recirculation pump, and connecting pipes. This
version overall performance changed into investigated thru analyzing the effect of protecting
issue of the solar collector with PV module and the collector waft rate. This observe concluded
that the use of hybrid PV/T structures are appropriate for the availability of both power and
warm water immediately within the domestic quarter in uk. Such device can offer fifty one
percent and 36% of the total demand of electricity and hot water respectively. This end result is
accomplished when the PV/T collector is absolutely covered with PV module and the flow rate is
20 l/hr. besides, the examiner protected the environmental factor. The examiner located that such
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hybrid PV/T structures can store up to 16 tonnes of CO2 over lifetime of two decades which
36% higher than the 11.8 tonnes of CO2 saved when using a stand-on my own PV module.

The usage of warmness pump systems for building offers cooling and heating area at the same
time. The aggregate of those structures considered relatively new to the market and take gain of
all advantage of every system. the use of PVT with warmness pumps isn't always common in
literature; however, some thrilling studies had been carried out. Tsai [10] studied a revolutionary
PVT heat pump device for warm water manufacturing. The collector is the evaporator of the
system, and the condenser is located inside the hot water storage tank. The very last
consequences proved very good operation of this system with the power output from PVT to be
ok for the compressor wishes. top et al. examined various sun collector systems in order to
acquire zero strength consumption for a single own family building in Norway. The studied
structures have been an aggregate of sun thermal and PV, a mixture of blanketed PVT and PV,
and a system with only PV. The very last results proved that the device with handiest PV is the
one that gets closest to attaining internet 0 electricity balance

Inside the literature, there are numerous studies linked to PV power and warmth pump coupling.
Air source warmness pumps, ground-source heat pumps, solar-assisted heat pumps, and twin-
source warmth pumps have been collated and examined for different climates. within the
beginning, it's far crucial to signify that the water source heat pumps” sun and floor” carry out
higher than air source warmth pumps. especially, the coefficient of overall performance (COP) in
water source heat pumps is about four to 5 [11], at the same time as for air source warmth pumps
are about three [12].

moreover, sun et al. [13], as compared an air source heat pump with a sun-assisted heat pump
heating system and discovered that the second performs higher in all-weather situations.

various studies have focused on the aggregate of solar energy with ground source warmness
pumps to attain an excessive COP on the days with high sun irradiation. Mehrpooya et al. [14]
and Zhu et al. [15] studied this system above in addition to flat plate creditors FPC and each
reached an annual COP of approximately 4.2.
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dual-source heat pumps which use warm water and ambient air energy were additionally studied
by means of various researchers. Sammouda and Chargui and [16] employed the TRNSYS
application to simulate a residential residence coupled with a dual-supply warmness pump and
concluded that a higher temperature of hot water enriches the performance of the device and
might deliver COP values top than 6.

Wang et al. [17] studied a singular solar PVT air dual-warmth-supply composite heat pump hot
water system. on this machine, atmosphere air and warm water are the heat resources for the heat
pump which finally proved to have a lovely efficiency. The COP become calculated to be ranged
from 3 to 4, acting higher than normal air source heat pumps.

The utilize of PVT with warmness pumps is not regular in literature; but some thrilling research
have been carried on. Tsai [18] studied a modern PVT heat pump system for warm water
production. The condenser is positioned inside the hot water storage tank and the collector is the
evaporator of the device. The final outcomes proved a excellent operation of this device with the
electricity output from PVT to be enough for the compressor needs. accurate et al. [19] examined
extraordinary sun collector systems to continue with 0 power intake for a single-own family
constructing in Norway. The studied structures had been a mixture of sun thermal and PV, a
combination of protected PVT and PV, and a system with best PV. The outcomes proved that the
system with only PV is the only that gets closest to achieving a net-0 electricity balance.

Calise et al. [20] studied with TRNSYS a poly generation system the use of PVT coupled with
warmth pump and adsorption chiller for producing heating, cooling, home warm water, and
electricity. The ideal accumulating location become proved to be approximately 25 m2 and this
system can be beneficial while the preliminary cost could be reduced by approximately 50%.
furthermore, the utilize of PVT with water source warmth pumps has been called a promising
generation via other researchers [21–22].

In different studies, sun-assisted warmness pump structures with FPC have been investigated
efficiently. Kuang et al. [23] investigated the thermal overall performance of a SAHP system
with FPC and water storage tank because of the iciness in north China. Svard et al. [24]
described a brand-new layout procedure for sun-assisted warmth pump systems for space heating
functions. They stated that the potential of warmth pumps is a critical parameter of the device,
Photo Voltic Heat Pump System for residential building
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and it extensively influences the total system overall performance.

Another important part of the research has been focused on the direct expansion of solar-assisted
heat pumps [25– 26]. The use of a water source heat pump with evacuated tube collectors was
studied by Caglar and Yamali [27] and the results proved that COP is approximately 6. This is a
relatively high-cost system that can be used in regions with rough winter conditions, where the
heating load is large, and the energy saving will be greater.
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The use of the photovoltaic with heat pumps is analyzed less than the other solar collectors
because these collectors do not produce useful heat. However, Ochs et al [28] investigated the
optimum share of PV and solar thermal collectors in combination with air source heat pumps or
groundwater heat pumps. They finally concluded that the building stores, the electricity price,
and the PV cost are parameters that influence this comparison. In this study, the use of FPC, PV,
and PVT collectors with heat pumps is analyzed. Four systems are introduced and tested
energetically, and the system performance is introduced for a range of grouping areas in each
case study. The financial sustainability of every system is a decision parameter and for this
reason, a basic financial evaluation is presented in this study. A sensitivity analysis towards
electricity cost takes place because this parameter varies a lot over the last years, especially in
Greece. More specifically, PV coupled with an air source heat pump, FPC with a water source
heat pump, PVT with water source heat pump and the combination of PV-FPC with a water
source heat pump are the examined systems which are compared. This study comes to
summarize all the ordinary solar-assisted heat pump systems, something that is not clearly
presented in the current literature.
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CHAPTER THREE

METHODS / PROCEDURES

The hybrid photovoltaic and thermal structure for simultaneous electric and thermal energy
production is nothing new but the control design is developing rapidly. The main structure is a piping
system where the fluid flow medium is installed in the lower parts of the unit between the air cavities
under the sheathing of the thermal insulation material. The liquid is intentionally detonated by a
control system once the temperature rises to a certain level. Therefore, it is important to design the
control element to ensure successful thermal energy extraction.
To analyze the design performance of the new PVT collector (thermal and electrical), we designed a
system in the same location and orientation, consisting of thermal collectors connected to one storage
tank, and a new PVT collector connected to another storage tank. Storage and the photovoltaic panel
(with the same characteristics as the photovoltaic panel used in the PVT collector) is installed only in
a place adjacent to other systems. Our approach to this is to carry out an empirical work of the three
different modules. The first is photovoltaic panels without a thermal collector, the second is a thermal
collector without photovoltaic energy and the third is photovoltaic panels with a thermal collector
(PVT). Data collection and analysis of potential weather conditions, such as solar radiation and wind
Photo Voltic Heat Pump System for residential building
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speed. An experimental study of the thermal and electrical efficiencies of a PVT system and their
comparison with a thermal collector and a separate photovoltaic panel.

3.1 Examined building

3.1.1. General Details:

The examined building is a simple building with Average Ceiling Height (3.2 m) and Building
Weight (146.5 kg/m²).

The area of each room is as follows:

Room Area in (m²)
Room1 14.9
Room2 15.2
Room3 16.0
Room4 17.5
Room5 11.8
Room6 50.3
Room7 46.2

3.1.2. Internals information for each room:

Fixture Type for all room are Recessed (Unvented) and the following table show this information
for each room (Wattage (Overhead Lighting), Occupancy (number people), Task Lighting
(Wattage), Electrical Equipment (Wattage):
Room Wattage verhead Occupancy (number Task Lighting Electrical Equipment
Lighting) people) (Wattage) (W/m²)
(W/m²) (Watts)

Room1 13.00 5.0 15.0 220.00

Room2 10.00 2.0 15.0 9.00

Room3 10.00 2.0 15.0 11.00

Room4 10.00 2.0 15.0 12.00

Room5 10.00 2.0 15.0 111.00

Room6 10.00 24.0 15.0 11.00

Room7 10.00 10.0 15.0 40.00

Now we are talking about the walls, windows, and doors of each room, but before that we will learn
about the types of walls, windows and doors used:

i. Walls:
Outside Surface color: Medium
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Absorptivity: 0.675

Overall U-Value: 0.570 (W/m/k)

ii. Doors:
Gross Area: 4.5 m²

Door U-Value: 6.0 (W/m/k)

iii. windows (double glazed):

Gross Area: 2.6 m²

Overall U-Value: 3.2 (W/m/k)

Overall shade coefficient: 0.400

Room1:

Exp. Wall Gross Area (m²) Window 1 Qty. Window 2 Qty. Door 1 Qty.

S 11.2 1 0 0

W 13.6 1 0 0

Room2:

Exp. Wall Gross Area (m²) Window 1 Qty. Window 2 Qty. Door 1 Qty.

N 12.5 1 0 0

Room3:

Exp. Wall Gross Area (m²) Window 1 Qty. Window 2 Qty. Door 1 Qty.

S 12.8 1 0 0

E 12.8 1 0 0

Room4:
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Exp. Wall Gross Area (m²) Window 1 Qty. Window 2 Qty. Door 1 Qty.

E 14.7 1 0 0

Room5:
Exp. Wall Gross Area (m²) Window 1 Qty. Window 2 Qty. Door 1 Qty.

E 7.5 0 0 1

Room6:
Exp. Wall Gross Area (m²) Window 1 Qty. Window 2 Qty. Door 1 Qty.

W 13.1 0 1 0

Room7:
Exp. Wall Gross Area (m²) Window 1 Qty. Window 2 Qty. Door 1 Qty.

S 9.9 1 0 0

3.2 Heat Pump

A heat pump is a device that uses the refrigeration cycle to transport thermal energy from a cooler
to a warmer region to warm the interior of a building or to heat domestic hot water, being the
opposite direction in which heat transfer would take place without the application of external power.

The most common types of heat pumps used are:

 Air source heat pump
The air source heat pump is a reversible heat pump that employs the same vapor-compression
refrigeration method and external heat exchanger with a fan as air conditioners to use the outside air
as a heat source while heating and as a heat sink when cooling. Air-to-air heat pumps are simpler
devices and provide hot or cold air directly to the one or two internal spaces.

 Water source heat pump

Water source heat pumps take heat from a body of water and convert it to energy that may be used
to heat your home. They collect heat from a water source such as: a river, lake, large pond, or
borehole using a system of submerged pipes containing a working fluid.
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In this project the water source heat pump was selected because water transfers heat more
efficiently than air. A lack of humidity translates to a lack of efficient heating and long lasting:
water-source heat pump systems have a lifetime of 20-25 years.
When comparing the performance of heat pumps the term performance is preferred to (efficiency),
with coefficient of performance (COP) being used to describe the ratio of useful heat movement per
work input and the efficiency of a heat pump.

Figure (1): shows the results of a study about performance comparison between the water source
heat pump and air source heat pump.

Figure 3.1: Air source and water source heat pump heating performance for various values f heat
source temperature.[1]

COP is defined as the relationship between the power (kW) that is drawn out of the heat pump as
cooling or heat, and the power (kW) that is supplied to the compressor. When calculating the COP
for a heat pump, the heat output from the condenser (Q) is compared to the power supplied to the
compressor (W).

Q
COP= (3.1)
W

To choose the suitable pump for the system, the following must be calculated:

 Flow rate ¿)
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Q. = A ×V (3.2)
d 2 2
A: area of the pipe = π × ()
2
[m ] (3.3)

V: speed of liquid (water) in the pipe [m/s].

(Q. ): the quantity of liquid (water) flowing through the pipe in a certain timespan [m¿¿ 3 /h]¿.

 Pressure drops (hp)

Water losses dynamic energy owing to friction between pipe walls and plant accessories (elbow curves,
valves, etc.). Unless otherwise indicated we can assume that hp will be equivalent to 20% of hg.

 Geometrical Height (hg)

The distance between the water level in the sump and the most unfavorable water input point in terms of
geometrical height (m).

hg = hs + hi (3.4)
hs (Suction head): The height between the water level in the sump and the suction port of the pump (m).
hi (Delivery head): The maximum possible height between the delivery port of the pump and the water outlet
point (m).
 Residual Pressure (hr)
Pressure required at the most unfavorable water inlet point (TAP) (20 m unless otherwise specified).

 Total water pressure head in meters (ht)

ht = hg + hp + hr (m). (3.5)

3.3) PVT System

The PVT system modelled in this project is showed in Figure below. the system is taken from Al
Bsoul and Badran in their study the performance of the improved PV/T trickle system, This PV/T
system can be operated depending on the function that is required from it, whether it is needed to
 Photo Voltic Heat Pump System for residential building
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generate electricity and to heat water on one hand or to generate electricity and desalinate water on
the other hand. So, this project will be done based on first mode the thermal or collector mode.

In the collector mode, a collector with wooden frame and a black mono-crystalline cells and a black
sheet PV panel, as an absorber plate, showed a better thermal efficiency than the one with blue mono-
crystalline cells and a white back sheet PV panel. The increase in thermal efficiency reached up to 4%
and 20% with and without glazing respectively. In addition[29], the replacement of the wooden frame
with a polyurethane foam frame showed a bonus improvement in the thermal efficiency.

The PV/T trickle systems of the Al Bsoul had shown an excellent performance in the studies, which made
them a very good alternative for the conventional flat plate collector and the plain PV panel in the future.
They combine the two in one device. This Improvement came to continue the series of studies to improve
the performance of the PV/T trickle system.
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Table 3.1 The physical properties and the geometrical characteristics of the PV module
Electrical Symbol Value Units
characteristics
Maximum System Vdc 1000 Volts
Voltage
Open Circuit Voltage Voc 37.72 Volts
Short Circuit Current Ics 8.76 Amperes
Rated Voltage @ Vrated 30.31 Volts
maximum power
Rated Current @ Irated 8.25 Amperes
maximum power
Rated Maximum Power P 250 watt
@ STC
Module efficiency η 15.3%
STC: solar Irradiance 1000 W/m2
AM: 1.5
Temperature: 15 C A black and bluish-
black mono-crystalline
PV module

Table 3.2 The physical properties and the geometrical characteristics of the PVT module
Parameter Symbol Value Units
Collector area 1.64 m^2
Collector perimeter 5.28 m
Collector thickness 0.10 m
Transmittance of glass 0.87 Dimensionless
Absorptance of PV 0.903 Dimensionless
panel
Emittance of PV panel 0.80 Dimensionless
Emittance of glass 0.88 Dimensionless
Tilt angle of the 45 Degree
collector
Thermal conductivity of 0.16 W/m.K
the insulation (Wood)
Back insulation 0.025 M
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thickness
Edge insulation 0.025 M
thickness
Wind speed 2 m/s
Rated Maximum Power Pmax 173.77 watt
@ STC
Rated Voltage @ 23.87 volt
maximum power
Rated Current @ 7.28 Amp
maximum power

3.4 Performance study of solar absorption cooling installation

The huge economical and change of average living standards in our modern lives is accompanied
with increasing in buildings energy consumption. Large portion of this energy is air conditioning
especially in public buildings, typical air conditioning systems is based on the use of electricity
in order to power a compressor to compress gas (usually refrigerant) in order to absorb heat and
decrease the space’s temperature.

Our dependence on air conditioning and new standards of being in an air-conditioned space lead,
not only to huge electricity demand to power the conditioning systems, but also in power peaks
that needs to be covered in the very hot days, this sometimes can cause blackouts of electricity
due to not being able to cover these power peaks.

The dominated technology used in cooling spaces is electricity driven with potential harm to
global warming.

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the total energy needed in air conditioning
will triple by 2050 [1], this can be justified by the increasing number of people interested in
comfort cooling.

Cooling by using solar technology can be very useful to limit the huge demand of electricity
needed to power system elements that’s used in air conditioning, main reasons to be interested in
this technology:

1. The use of natural cooling fluids ( H 2 O∨NH 3 ¿.

2. Lower power peaks and less general consumption of electricity.

3. Typically more economical while providing the ability to store solar heat that can be
for cooling.

There has been a huge advancement in the solar panels technology, however, the number of
installed solar thermal system that is used for cooling is relatively low, that can be justified by
the following reasons:
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1. Low power output relative to input (low efficiency).

2. Geographical limitations.
3. High initial capital required.

3.4.1 System Description

Typical heat driven absorption coolers are usually used in large spaces, with high
required cooling load. But recently more use of this application was implemented
around the world. main components of such systems can be divided into:

 Solar collectors
 Absorption unit
 Hot water storage

Figure3.2 Main components of solar absorption cooling system

The conversion of sun’s radiation to heat happens in the solar panels, this heat is stored in
the systems liquid (water or ammonia usually). The fluid is driven by a pump through in
the chiller to exchange heat with another unit that’s connected to the cooling space.

But for a system to be fully reliable in terms of cooling ability, these kinds of systems
usually must contain a backup heater.
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The absorption cycles are considered to be an old technology, as they function the same
way as typical refrigeration cycles, but the key difference is the use of a thermal compressor
that’s equipped with absorber and a generator instead of a conventional compressor.

The absorption cooling systems consists of the following:

 A fluid to be pumped from the absorber through a heat exchanger towards the generator.
 Part of this fluid passes through the condenser, what’s left goes into the absorber
 The fluid condensates in the condenser, to a space using cooling water.
 The condensate fluid goes back to the evaporator at low pressure to repeat the cycle
again.
 In the evaporation process, the fluid being vaporized at low pressure to increase its ability
to absorb heat.

Figure 3.3 Schematic of the absorption chilling cycle [3]

3.4.2 Technical challenges

Solar thermal cooling systems are an old technology as discussed earlier, thus they have
effectiveness problems in taking advantage of power input, along with other obstacles, this can
affect the reliability of such systems, these obstacles are discussed below:
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 Heat rejection: the impact of high space temperature where heat rejection occurs can be
summed in two points, (1) magnifying the actual cooling load of the area that’s being
cooled, (2) lowering the total heat transfer of cooling towers.
In the process of heat transfer, high temperatures at condenser and absorber, lead to
having high temperature to drive the heat out. working the chillers at high temperatures
has the main limitation of crystallization. much work was put to deal with this problem.
For example, the use of chemicals, use of heat transfer enhancers or increasing the
absorber pressure.
for hot spaces, even if there was no shortage of water, various treatments have to
considered to water before being used in the evaporative towers, affecting the costs
greatly.

 Compactness: economical wise, the cost of heat exchangers is the leading obstacle of
cooling technology of this type, yet absorption systems biggest problems is having more
components compared to other systems used for cooling spaces.

 Capacity: power output capacity for market absorption coolers is more than 0.3 MW.
But the use of conventional rolled copper tubes, in small scales provides less than 0.2
kW, making it more expensive. yet they have higher pressure drops.

3.4.3. Energy Use

As mentioned earlier effectiveness is a major drawback in these systems, our main
goal in these systems is to increase its efficiency, reduce capital costs and reduce
electricity consumption to drive the pumps.
We can define the thermal COP as the ratio of the cooling capacity (Qcold ¿to the total
heat input (Qinput ¿

Q cold
CO Pthermal = (3.6)
Qheat

The electrical power required to drive the pumps, that’s used to drive the heat, or any
other components of the system.
To consider this electrical power, we can define a CO Pelectrical to be the ratio of the
cooling capacity to the total electrical power consumption W electric

Q cold
CO Pelectrical = (3.7)
W electric
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We also need to define the solar fraction (SF) which is usually expressed as the ratio of
Qsolar to total heat.
Q solar
SF= (3.8)
Qheat
In our system of absorption cooling, the total driving heat is the sum of Qsolarand the heat
from a backup source:
Qheat =Qsolar +Qbackup (3.9)

Our Energy demand on the cooling system (PE), called primary energy. Needs to consider
the electricity demand (W electric /ηe) and the backup heating Qheat (1−SF )/ηbackup.
The PER ( primary energy rate) reduces to:
Q Q cold
PER= cold = (3.10)
PE Q heat (1−SF)/ηbackup +(W electric / η e )

Compared to conventional cooling systems, absorption units can be more effective when
its PER is higher than the typical compression systems.
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CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This experiment was carried out as follow according to Albsoul:

The PV/T trickle systems and the plain PV panel were installed on a fixed 45 degrees on a
tilted steel base. And they all were oriented due south in order to get the best solar irradiance
harvesting.
Water inlet flow rate is fixed at 0.033 liter/min for both PV/T systems using floating ball type
flow meter.
The ambient temperature, PV panel temperature, inlet and outlet water temperature were
determined using a K-type thermo-couple. Each thermocouple was calibrated using Hg thermo-
meter. (Appendix C)
The thermal collector mode test followed the ASHRAE standard 93-2003. This standard is
applicable only if the solar irradiance is above or equal to 800 W/m2 and the wind speed is
below 2 m/s.
The highest solar irradiance can be obtained at noon. So, to achieve the best thermal
performance the data were collected at 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM (Day Saving Time) every 15
minutes. Then the average for a five collected data was computed.

According to his research the collector with a black mono-crystalline solar module as an
absorber, adding fins to the heat-exchanger tube and using polyurethane foam instead of wood
frame showed the better performance than other so according to this conclusion our design will
be based on this improvement so its parameter as follow: -
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Table 4.1 : summary data for maximum electrical power point without glazing
Date I V P G ηe l

2
(amp) (Volt) (Watt) (W/m )

29/7/2015 6.78 25.35 171.87 877 0.1195

30/7/2015 6.69 27.10 181.30 909 0.1216
1/8/2015 6.21 27.08 168.17 888 0.1155
2/8/2015 6.23 25.5 158.87 832 0.1165
3/8/2015 6.71 23.24 155.94 819 0.1160

Table 4.2 : summary for overall efficiency of the PV/T trickle systems without glazing
(Ti-Ta)/G η0 ηth
C.m2/W
0.0017 0.7381 0.6172
0.0065 0.6779 0.5524
0.118 0.5831 0.4674
0.0144 0.5477 0.4297
0.0156 0.4911 0.3771

Table 4.3 : Summary data for the PV/T trickle system without glazing
Date Ta (C) Ti (C) To ΔT Tpm
29/7/2015 29.0 30.5 36.9 6.4 50.9
30/7/2015 30.7 36.6 42.6 6 54.5
1/8/2015 33.9 44.4 49.3 4.9 61.0
2/8/2015 34.5 46.5 50.8 4.2 57.3
3/8/2015 37.0 49.8 53.4 3.7 58.8

4.1 Loads Result from Hourly Analysis Program (HAP)

Using hourly analysis software, we got many results for loads throughout the year.
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 General Information

Calculation Months:  January to December

Number of zones: (7)

Floor Area: (171.9 m²)

Location: Amman, Jordan

 Air System Type: (WSHP)

Table 4.4 Zone Sizing Data

Maximu Maximu
Zone
m m
Minimu
Cooling Design Heating Floor
m
Sensible Airflow Airflow Time of Load Area Zone
Zone Name (kW) (L/s) (L/s) Peak Load (kW) (m²) L/(s-m²)

Zone 1 5.4 406 406 Aug 1200 1.5 14.9 27.25

Zone 2 1.1 85 85 Jul 1300 1.4 15.2 5.57

Zone 3 1.6 121 121 Aug 1100 1.8 16.0 7.57

Zone 4 1.4 108 108 Jul 1200 1.6 17.5 6.16

Zone 5 2.5 184 184 Jul 1500 2.1 11.8 15.56

Zone 6 5.0 371 371 Jul 1200 3.2 50.3 7.38

Zone 7 4.6 346 346 Aug 1100 2.5 46.2 7.50

Table 4.5 Terminal Unit Sizing Data – Cooling

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Total Sens Coil Coil Water Time

Coil Coil Entering Leaving Flow of
Load Load DB / WB DB / WB @ 5.6 °K Peak
Zone Name (kW) (kW) (°C) (°C) (L/s) Load

26.3 / 13.4 /
Zone 1 6.4 5.7 - Jul 1200
17.6 12.6

27.0 / 14.2 /
Zone 2 1.5 1.2 - Jul 1300
18.8 13.5

26.5 / 14.1 /
Zone 3 2.0 1.6 - Jul 1300
18.4 13.4

26.6 / 13.9 /
Zone 4 1.9 1.5 - Jul 1200
18.5 13.1

25.9 / 13.8 /
Zone 5 2.7 2.4 - Jun 1500
17.6 13.0

27.7 / 13.8 /
Zone 6 7.2 5.6 - Jul 1200
19.0 13.1

26.5 / 13.6 /
Zone 7 6.0 4.9 - Jul 1100
18.3 12.8

Table 4.6 Terminal Unit Sizing Data - Heating, Fan, Ventilation

Heating Htg Coil
Heating Coil Water Fan OA Vent
Coil Ent/Lvg Flow Design Fan Fan Design
@10.0
Load DB Airflow Motor Motor Airflow
°K
Zone Name (kW) (°C) (L/s) (L/s) (BHP) (kW) (L/s)

Zone 1 2.4 22.1 / - 406 0.000 0.000 32

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Heating Htg Coil

Heating Coil Water Fan OA Vent
Coil Ent/Lvg Flow Design Fan Fan Design
@10.0
Load DB Airflow Motor Motor Airflow
°K
Zone Name (kW) (°C) (L/s) (L/s) (BHP) (kW) (L/s)

27.4

20.6 /
Zone 2 1.6 - 85 0.000 0.000 10
37.4

21.5 /
Zone 3 2.0 - 121 0.000 0.000 10
36.5

21.1 /
Zone 4 1.8 - 108 0.000 0.000 10
36.1

22.8 /
Zone 5 2.2 - 184 0.000 0.000 6
33.7

18.7 /
Zone 6 4.9 - 371 0.000 0.000 75
30.8

21.0 /
Zone 7 3.5 - 346 0.000 0.000 39
30.1

Table 4.7 Space Loads and Airflows

Cooling Time Air Heating Floor
Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space
Mul
Space Name (kW) Load (L/s) (kW) (m²) L/(s-m²)
t.

Zone 1

room-1 (kitchen) 1 5.4 Aug 406 1.5 14.9 27.25

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Cooling Time Air Heating Floor

Zone Name / Sensible of Flow Load Area Space
Mul
Space Name (kW) Load (L/s) (kW) (m²) L/(s-m²)
t.

1200

Zone 2

room 2 1 1.1 Jul 1300 85 1.4 15.2 5.57

Zone 3

Aug
room 3 1 1.6 121 1.8 16.0 7.57
1100

Zone 4

room 4 1 1.4 Jul 1200 108 1.6 17.5 6.16

Zone 5

room 5 1 2.5 Jul 1500 184 2.1 11.8 15.56

Zone 6

room 6 1 5.0 Jul 1200 371 3.2 50.3 7.38

Zone 7

Aug
room 7 1 4.6 346 2.5 46.2 7.50
1100

The maximum loads in Cooling process, where the total equal: 27.7 (kW) = 7.87 ton =8 ton

4.2 Design Pvt heat pump system for residential building

The results have been found by using GeoT*SOL program and PV*SOL.
GeoT*SOL is a dynamic simulation program for professional planning, calculation and design of
geothermal/ solar systems.
Pvt panel selected: M3 375 L Landscape from triple solar company
Specifications:
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 PVT heat pump panels for heat and electricity

 Brine system for water / water heat pump
 Gas-free and energy-neutral heating and hot water
 Quality certificate Solar Keymark
 Gas-free and energy-neutral heating and hot water
 Modular system for large and small roofs
 Silent solution for when an outdoor unit is not an option.

Triple Solar® heat pump panels are connected to a brine/water heat pump, just like a ground source heat
exchanger for geothermal energy.

Figure 4.1 :Pvt heat pump system

Table 4.8 : M3 375 L Landscape Pvt Specifications.

Overall dimensions (mm) 1791 x 1055 x 65
Weight (kg) 27
Overall surface (m2) 1.89
PV panel material Glass
Heat exchanger tube Copper
Heat exchanger fin Aluminum
Surface treatment Black powder coating
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Table 4.9 : PV panel Specifications

Manufacturer BISOL (EU)
Type Monocrystalline half cut cell Duplex
Nominal power (W) 375
Short circuit current (A) 11.40
Short circuit voltage (V) 41.9
MPP current (A) 10.75
MPP voltage (V) 34.9
Solar cell efficiency (%) 21.7
Module efficiency (%) 20.2
Temperature range (°C) - 40 – + 95

Table 4.10 : Heat exchanger collector Specifications

Meander tube (mm) 12 x 0.3
Header tube (mm) 22 x 1.0
Volume fluid (L) 3
Heat exchanger tube Copper
Heat exchanger fin Aluminum
Thickness fin (mm) 0.18
Maximum pressure (bar) 6
Specific flow (L/min) 2 – 4 per panel
Heat exchange capacity Air to liquid, U value 62
W
( ∗k ¿
m2
Optical Efficiency (%) 47
2 177
Heat capacity ( KJ /( m ∗K ))

Site data
Climate data:
Climate data record: Amman (Shafa Badran)
Annual sum of global irradiation: 2,077,720 Wh/m²
Longitude: -35.98 ° E
Latitude: 31.98 ° N

Domestic Hot Water

Average daily usage: 160 l
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Target temperature: 54 °C
Cold water temperature in February: 15.5 °C
Cold water temperature in August: 20.5 °C
One-way length of piping system: 10 m
Temperature spread supply/return: 5.0 K
Specific losses: 0.30 W/(m*K).

Space Heating
Heated useable area: 172 m²
Indoor temperature: 23.0 °C
Heating limit temperature: 10 °C
Feed/Return of low temperature loop: 35.0/28.0 °C.

1. Heat pump system with combination tank and Pvt panel support (water to water).

Figure 4.2: Heat pump system with combination tank and Pvt panel support (water to water).

System components:

Heat pump
Manufacturer: Standard
Construction type: Water/water
Nominal heating power: 19.0 kW
Electrical nominal output: 3.1 kW
Power of heating element: 9.0 kW
Mode of operation: mono energetic / parallel
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Heating element out of service above: -5.0 °C

Groundwater
Minimum groundwater temperature: 8.0 °C on 03/01
Maximum groundwater temperature: 12.0 °C on 09/01
Power input of the groundwater pump for continuous operation after start-up: 150 W
Groundwater pump volume flow: 4,480 l/h

Combination tank
Manufacturer: Standard
Model: Standard Speicher
Volume: 750 L
Tank losses: 2.40 kWh/d

Solar Loop
Manufacturer: GASOKOL GmbH
Construction type: Flat-plate collector
Number: 12
Gross surface area (total): 20.16 m 2
Inclination (tilt angle): 30 °
Orientation (north=0°, east=90°): 180 °
Azimuth (south=0°, west=90°): 0 °

Results of the annual simulation

Utilized energy / Year

Space Heating: 14,808 kWh
Domestic hot water: 2,400 kWh

Energy generated / Year

Supplied by heat pump: 13,499 kWh
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Supplied by elec. heating rod: 793 kWh

Supplied by solar system: 4,453 kWh

Seasonal Heat Performance Factors (from simulation)

SPF of heat pump: 5.5
SPF of heat pump system: 4.3
SPF generator system (HP + solar thermal): 5.4

Power consumption / Year

Heat pump: 2,476 kWh
Heating element: 793 kWh
Auxiliary energy: 119 kWh
Solar loop pump: 91 kWh

Losses / Year
Tank losses: 797 kWh
Fraction of solar tank losses: 317 kWh
Solar loop piping indoors: 545 kWh
Solar loop piping outdoors: 102 kWh

Primary energy savings and CO2 prevention

Primary energy savings: 19,404 kWh
CO2 emissions avoided: 4802 kg/year.
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Figure 4.3 :Generated energy and performance factor

2. Heat pump system with combination tank and Pvt panel support (Brine to water) ground.

Figure 4.4 : Heat pump system with combination tank and Pvt panel support (Brine to water)
ground.
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System components:

Heat pump
Manufacturer: Standard
Construction type: Brine/Water
Nominal heating power: 18.0 kW
Electrical nominal output: 4.2 kW
Power of heating element: 9.0 kW
Mode of operation: mono energetic / parallel
Heating element out of service above: -5.0 °C.

Geothermal collector
Area: 200.0 m²
Laying depth: 1.5 m
Groundwater depth: 10 m
Nominal output of brine pump: 264 W
Brine pump volume flow: 4,230 L/h
Spec. heat capacity: 1.5 MJ/(m³*K)
Conductivity: 0.4 W/(m*K)

Combination tank
Manufacturer: Standard
Model: Standard Speicher
Volume: 750 L
Tank losses: 2.40 kWh/d

Solar Loop
Manufacturer: GASOKOL GmbH
Construction type: Flat-plate collector
Number: 12
Gross surface area (total): 20.16 m 2
Inclination (tilt angle): 30 °
Orientation (north=0°, east=90°): 180 °
Azimuth (south=0°, west=90°): 0 °
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Results of the annual simulation

Utilized energy / Year

Space Heating: 14,775 kWh
Domestic hot water: 2,374 kWh

Energy generated / Year

Supplied by heat pump: 10,283 kWh
Supplied by elec. heating rod: 3,842 kWh
Supplied by solar system: 4,607 kWh

Seasonal Heat Performance Factors (from simulation)

SPF of heat pump: 3.8
SPF of heat pump system: 2.1
SPF generator system (HP + solar thermal): 2.8

Power consumption / Year

Heat pump: 2,679 kWh
Heating element: 3,842 kWh
Auxiliary energy: 166 kWh
Solar loop pump: 92 kWh

Losses / Year
Tank losses: 789 kWh
Fraction of solar tank losses: 315 kWh
Solar loop piping indoors: 540 kWh
Solar loop piping outdoors: 101 kWh

Primary energy savings and CO2 prevention

Primary energy savings: 6,010 kWh
CO2 emissions avoided: 1487 kg/year
Max. power extracted from the ground: 27,615.50 W
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Figure 4.5 :Generated energy and performance factor

3. Grid-connecting PVT system with electrical application and heat pump.

Figure 4.6 :Photovoltaic System Diagram

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Consumption:

Total consumption: 7200 KWh.

Number of panels: 12
PV Surface: 20.16 m 2
Thermal System:
Thermal demand: 2354KWh
Combination tank
Manufacturer: Standard
Model: Standard Speicher
Volume:160 L
Tank losses: 2.40 kWh/d

Heat pump:
Type: 10KW
COP: 3.8

Results of the annual simulation

PV System:
PV Generator Output: 4.50 kWp
[Link] Yield: 1992.63 kWh/kWp
Performance Ratio (OR): 88.26%
PV Generator Energy (AC grid). 9030 kWh/Year
Direct Own Use: 2902 kWh/Year
Heat pump: 65kWh/Year
Grid Feed-in. 6063 kWh/Year
CO2 Emissions avoided: 4214 kg/Year
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Figure 4.7 : PV Generator Energy (AC grid)

Appliances:
Appliances. 7200 kWh/Year
Standby Consumption (Inverter). 63 kWh/Year
Heat pump 610 kWh/Year
total Consumption. 7873 kWh/Year
covered by PV power. 2967 kWh/Year
covered by grid. 4907 kWh/Year
Solar Fraction. 37.7%

Figure 4.8 :Total consumption

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Thermal system:
Heating demand. 2354 kWh/Year
Thermal losses. 418 kWh/Year
Total heat demand. 2772 kWh/Year
covered by boiler. 17 kWh/Year
covered by heat pump. 2755 kWh/Year
Electrical energy consumption of the heat pump. 610 kWh/Year
of which is solar. 65 kWh/Year
Solar Fraction (Thermal system): 10.5%
CO2 Emissions avoided: 377 kg/Year.

Figure 4.9 :Total Heat Demand

Use of PV Energy:

Figure 4.10 :Use of PV Energy

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4.3 Economic Analysis

The economic analysis of the Pvt heat pump system will be analyzed based on the cost of the
components of the Pvt heat pump system and the manufacturing cost of it in addition to the
payback rate of this system.
4.3.1 Cost
1. System (1): Heat pump system with combination tank and Pvt panel support (water to water):

Cost = (PVT panels +Heat Pump + combination Tank +Ground Water) = 7,200$ (4.1)
Heating Price = 0.122 $/KWh

2. System (2): Heat pump system with combination tank and Pvt panel support (Brine to water) ground:

Cost = (PVT panels +Heat Pump + combination Tank +Geothermal collector) = 8,500$

Heating Price = 0.165 $/KWh

3. System (3): Grid-connecting PVT system with electrical application and heat pump:

Cost = (PVT panels +Heat Pump + combination Tank) = 6,750$

Heating Price = 0.163 $/KWh

4.3.2 Payback Rate:

The period of time elapsed before an investment is recouped.

Payback Rate = (cost of the system) / (Annual Electricity costs) (4.2)

Payback Rate for system (1) = (7,200$/1750$/Year) = 4.11 Year

Payback Rate for system (2) = (9,000$/1750$/Year) = 5.2 Year

Payback Rate for system (3) = (6,750$ /1750$/Year) = 3.8 Year.

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DISCUSSIONS

 After designing three systems and finding the cost of each system and the payback rate, it was
found that the cost of the systems: system (1) = 7,200$, system (2) = 8,500$, system (3) =
6,750$.
Payback Rate for system (1) = 4.11 Year
Payback Rate for system (2) = 5.2 Year
Payback Rate for system (3) = 3.8 Year.
system (3) is better in terms of cost because it has the lowest cost and recovery rate.

 The use of heating systems that depend on burning fuel leads to harmful gas emissions such
as CO2, burning 1 L of gasoline produces approximately 2.3 kg of CO2. Therefore, the use of
Pvt heat pump system is ideal to reduce CO2 emissions because it depends on solar energy,
which is clean energy and does not require fuel combustion.
The amount of CO2 emissions avoided:
System (1) = 4802 kg/year.
System (2) = 4214 kg/Year.
System (3) = 377 kg/Year.
According to the results, system (1) is the best system in reducing CO2 emissions.

 Looking at the heating prices for the three systems in the table below and comparing these
results, it was found that the first system is the best and lowest heating price than the rest of
the systems.

Table: Heating prices for the three systems

System Number Heating Price ($/KWh)

System (1) 0.122 $/KWh
System (2) 0.165 $/KWh
System (3) 0.163 $/KWh

 After designing the Pvt heat pump systems, the results showed that Pvt heat pump system
reduces energy losses (Electrical + Heating) due to the heat transfer through water then the
hot water is used in domestic water in building and in the heat pump, on the other hand the
panels temperature drops, and the efficiency of panels increase.
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4.4 Machine Maintenance

As with most electronic equipment it is suggested servicing is carried out regularly to
ensure the system maintains is its maximum running efficiency in terms of reliability and
operation. By investing in planned preventative maintenance programmed it will lead to ensure
that the equipment operates at its maximum efficiency coupled with optimum reliability and
reduced running costs. Relying on a reactive strategy is a short-term solution that can prove
costly in the long term. The idea of preventative maintenance is to stay the devices up and
running all time with no surprise collapse.

Generally regarding heating and cooling system scheduling the preventative maintenance
is recommended to be twice a year: once within the spring for the cooling equipment and again
within the fall for the heating equipment. this can be also an honest time to ask questions on the
system and produce up other problems which may have to be examined. The procedure for
maintenance heat pump is as following: -

 Changing filters: remove and replace air filters in the system quarterly, semi-annually, or
at least once a year, depending on the environment.
 Check coils and fans: cleaning them periodically for proper ventilation;
Fans and coils are exposed to dust and grime buildup.
 Clean the fins: by use a vacuum cleaner for this step.
 Inspect outdoor pumps and fluid coolers: You need to inspect and perform preventive
maintenance on the fluid cooler/cooling tower annually, ensure proper water chemistry,
and that boilers and condenser water pumps are working properly.

A photovoltaic thermal system is one of the most environmentally friendly options for
obtaining electricity and heated water however, their efficiency depends on correct maintenance
and cleaning. The preventive maintenance for PVT as follow: -

• Maintenance of the energy generation system. By removing, once a month, any objects or dirt
that would affect the proper functioning of the solar panels. the upkeep of the generation system
includes removing both dust and pollution debris which may cause a discount within the current
and generate hot spots.

• Visual inspection to detect degradation within the photovoltaic system. you'll have to ensure the
cells on the photovoltaic panels aren't broken or deformed in any way. Ideally, this inspection
should be dispensed every two months.

• Checking the supports. Photovoltaic panels are usually mounted on structures manufactured
from aluminum profiles and stainless-steel screws that don’t require any anti-corrosion
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maintenance. Even so, a minimum of once a year, it's advisable to test the realm where the solar
array structure is fixed to the roof and its water tightness.

• Revision of the inverters. The solar inverters are the foremost delicate part of the photovoltaic
system, and need more comprehensive maintenance consisting of:

– Reading the archived data and therefore the fault memory once a month.

– Replacing the filter pads and protective air inlet and outlet grilles twice a year.

– Cleaning the inverter, checking the wiring and switches, checking the temperature of the
connections, and checking for damaged/corroded parts a minimum of once a year.

4.5 Machine Failure

There are lots of reasons why the cooling mode won’t work, or the system won’t
maintain comfort zones within the building. Water sourced heat pumps can experience some
problems.

This includes:
• Bad contractors or dead capacitors
• Bad fan motor
• Refrigeration leaks
• Scaled/dirty cooling coils
• Tripped breaker

Regarding to PVT system the main problems that could happened as follow: -
• Inverter problems most of inverter issues are literally thanks to the solar battery having
a defective panel or cable and therefore the inverter detecting this.
• Electrical problems: 6% of individuals had some type of electrical problem in step with
Bright Green Renewables.
• Cracked or broken panel glass.
• Delamination and internal corrosion. If moisture finds its way into the panel, it can
cause internal corrosion. To avoid this issue, make sure that the panels are keeping out air and
water which all the components of the solar array are laminated under vacuum pressure.
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CHAPTER FIVE

IMPACT OF ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS

Just like any advancement in modern technology there are advantages and disadvantages when it
comes to solar panels. These positives and negatives can be economic, social, or environmental
among other things. One thing is certain however, its disadvantages are less than the
conventional fossil fuel alternative because there are practically no green gas emissions from
using solar panels as an energy source.

Solar panels can look less attractive when we investigate what it takes to accomplish dependence
on a large scale. one of the problems is space, it requires more land than any other energy
alternative to create and sustain energy for larger projects which may not always be available.

Another problem is solar panels may not be compatible with all countries, mainly because of e
waist disposable, e waist contains high level of toxic and ignitable chemicals like cadmium. not
all countries can effectively dispose of such waste, and so countries without developed e waste
disposal systems may suffer as a result, furthermore these chemicals pose a threat to workers in
solar panel creation long and short-term health.

5.1 environmental impact of manufacturing solar panels

Electricity is the driving force in the production of solar panels, so what impact does the
production have depended on the source of this electricity. Renewable energy or fossil fuel, with
the later posing a much higher threat to the environment.
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Figure 5.1 components of a solar panel

Figure 1 shows the components of a solar panel, these components are assembled but not created
in one place, glass is the most dominant component followed by aluminum and polymers, the
rest of the components each contributes 1% or less.

Some gasses like phosphine can be flammable and toxic because of the safe working producers
these gases pose a threat not in the assembling process but after in carrying, handling, or
accidents caused by users. where the gases can find their way out of the panel in the case a panel
gets broken or there is a deficit panel.

In addition to these gases there is some materials that need to be cleansed because of its
hazardous effect before it can be used in the panel. Carbon footprint of manufacturing depends
on the mix used to generate electricity. the more fossil fuel, the bigger the footprint is, scientists
expect the carbon footprint to be reduced 40% in the upcoming years as renewable energy
becomes the main source of electricity.

5.2 environmental impact of heat bumps

Heat bumps have a couple of different types, each type has its advantages and disadvantages, and
each has its uses that differ from the other but shares the same core function, these types are
classified based on which heat source are they designed for. In evaluating the environmental
impact, the most important this to consider in heat emitted and heat fluctuation.

Heat bumps run on electricity and the generation of it results in the emission of gas that could be
dangerous to the environment this is a source of impact that needs to be considered. Different
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technologies emit different quantities of green gas from the generation of electricity, fossil fuel
generated electricity will have a much higher greenhouse gas emission than hydropower.

System efficiency in producing power also is a factor here, the less efficient the system or
mechanism is, the more greenhouse gas is emitted. For example, a low Global Warming
potential refrigerant will lead to lower green gas emitted only if the system in which it is used in
is efficient.

Figure 5 Calculated TEWI based on national emission factors

In figure 2 we see Norway is the least contributor to greenhouse gas emissions because of its use
of hydropower in generating electricity for the bumps.

5.3 social impact of solar panels

The positives of solar panels are undeniable and its contributions in reducing global warming are
increasing, however like with everything else there are some negatives that hinder the expansion
of solar panel plans and/or negatives that affect society. An aforementioned negative is land:
land is resource, and it should be used efficiently, there is a pretty good argument that solar
energy is an efficient use of land, however, agriculture is too there is a constant competition for
land by these two, not only the installation of solar panels require land but there is a requirement
for energy storage to sustain and store the energy which requires more space that might not be
available.
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There is also a health risk involved in producing solar panels, this might increase sickness and
death among workers and create a negative image of solar panels in the eyes of the public which
will create a pushback against their production, this might be especially true with solar panels
than with other industries because this industry is new and is still expanding, and the public
knowledge about it is still limited.

A great positive for solar panels is they can be applied more easily to off grid areas and
developed countries, bringing electricity to third world countries is one of the major goals of
Human rights institutions and solar panels can help greatly in achieving that, changing the lives
of millions in the upcoming years.

The creation of plants to develop solar panels create jobs for people socially this will reduce the
impact of depression, anxiety that arise from unemployment issues, offering careers and purpose
will reduce crime and violence this also has an economic analysis which will be discussed next.

5.4 economic impact of solar panels

As mentioned in 5.3 solar panels will create more jobs to help reduce unemployment, reducing
unemployment is directly tied to GDP increase, although this will likely take a long time to
happen, it eventually will as the industry become solid and expands, countries with a competitive
advantage in making solar panels will produce more and so they will be able to export more to
other countries increasing the exporting country’s GDP and providing the importing country with
an alternative to fossil fuels which will the environment too .

More jobs mean more income and more income means more expenditure and that will also
increase GDP in the long run. As the industry expands investors will want to invest in a life
altering industry, responsible government will sponsor expansion efforts and encourage safe
production, both parties will further be improving GDP.

Gross Domestic Product is the most wildly used measure for a country’s productivity and growth

GDP=C+I+G+NX

C: consumption

I: Investment

G: Government spending

NX: Net Exports

Solar panel Industry will help in each component of GDP and that will have a dramatic effect on
the country’s Economic growth in the long run.
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panel industry will remain limited until we find cheaper way to Make Solar panels, this could
take a long time because even if one country can produce all the parts in town, it may not be able
to produce enough to push the industry to its full potential, it may be a long time before other
countries can produce the parts necessary at a reasonable price so the industry can blossom and
consumers can actually afford the products in their desired quantities.

Figure 5.3 solar panel prices 1985-2011

Land requirement fits the theme here too, solar panels projects need plenty of land and land can
be very costly creating very high upfront costs and deterring small entrepreneurs and companies
from entering the market. Despite this and as the industry grows the cost of solar panels is
decreasing more and more as figure 3 shows.

As much as exporting solar panels or solar panel parts can be economically beneficial to
exporting countries, importing can be economically expensive because of high production costs
and monopolies, the overall economic welfare will be heavily in favor of first world countries
who have access to more human and capital resources.
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CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The design of the hybrid thermoelectric collector is designed in this thesis. The main intention
was a hybrid accumulator design and an electro-optical system with high performance and high
efficiency.

The proposed system can perform the integrated function instead of two separate systems, one of
which is electrical the other is thermal, also has compatibility in installation with construction,
insulation, structural elements and more. The evolution of thermoelectric collectors has been
studied, some of which designed features, some of its revised features, more consistent and
integrated architectural design was found to be competitive and profitable.

The best choice among the many modules in the review is the hybrid PV-t panels; this design is
suitable for buildings; its cost is adequate and there is a great possibility of modification and
construction of the new system in it.

The manifold is designed to be suitable for ceiling mounting with easy structure, which is
integration of the photovoltaic panel with the thermal collector. Parallel tubes were used under
the photovoltaic panel so that the water runs through it.

The photovoltaic panel covered two thirds of the upper surface of the collector, while the third
part remained as a thermal side.

The analysis was carried out on the collector parameters, such as thermal and electrical
efficiency, fill factor, the maximum power point, open circuit voltage and short circuit current,
inlet and outlet water of the complex.

The results show that the thermal efficiency of both complexes is very close to each other.
Although the traditional thermal collector on sunny days has a high-water temperature (50 ° C),
and the difference between the internal and external water temperatures of both collectors is
approximately equal. But in unclear days and solar radiation not exceeding (250 W / m2) inlet
and outlet water temperatures in both are close to each other. The electrical efficiency of PVC
and PV-T has reached a good ratio more than (9%) by the amount of electrical energy generated
by it at different solar radiation value. Electrical efficiency was affected by high values of solar
irradiance that exceeded (850 W / m2).

Depending on the amount of solar radiation that reaches it. Sometimes up to (95 watts) when
solar radiation more than (850 W / m2). This energy can be used to operate electric heaters that
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heat water in tank when needed. The temperature of PV-T was higher than that of traditional
photovoltaic panel, especially in high solar radiation.

The traditional photovoltaic panel was exposed to air that the plate is constantly cooled, while
PV-T is placed directly on paraffin wax, which also tubes surrounded. Effect of increasing the
temperature of PV, PV-T, water outlet and paraffin wax as solar radiation increases, the
temperature of these parameters increases with increasing solar radiation.

One of the most important characteristics of the integrated PV-T complex is that we can obtain
thermal and electricity at the same time and using the same area. It is more efficient than
building two separate systems, one is electric, and the other is thermal, which means double the
cost, and the need will be for larger areas.

Recommendations:

- In the experiment carried out, it was not possible to evaluate the effect of thickness suitable
paraffin wax material under the photovoltaic panel to allow greater heat transfer from the
photovoltaic panel, the bottom of the plate for the tubes and from there to the water. Therefore, it
is recommended that the thickness of the paraffin wax at the base of the board must be taken into
account.

We recommend building the following models and conducting a comparative study between
them, in order to determine which, one is more efficient and effective than the other.
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[2] Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), Annual Reports, Amman,
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[12] L. Cabrol, P. Rowley, Towards low carbon homes – A simulation analysis of

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APPENDICES

A. Project Logbooks (sorted chronically)

B. Raw Data (if applies)
C. Long Processed Data (if applies)
D. Long Mathematical proofs (if applies)
E. Code (if applies)
F. Datasheets (if applies)
G. Project CD Soft Copy