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Patent Search Essentials for Engineers

The document discusses types of patent searches, including patentability searches. It covers concepts for patentability searches such as novelty, non-obviousness, and subject matter eligibility. It describes prior art categories and analyzing prior art for anticipation and obviousness. The discussion emphasizes the importance of understanding an invention's disclosure document for patentability assessments.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
19 views79 pages

Patent Search Essentials for Engineers

The document discusses types of patent searches, including patentability searches. It covers concepts for patentability searches such as novelty, non-obviousness, and subject matter eligibility. It describes prior art categories and analyzing prior art for anticipation and obviousness. The discussion emphasizes the importance of understanding an invention's disclosure document for patentability assessments.

Uploaded by

Bag Vati
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Course 

Name: Patent Search for Engineers and Lawyers 
Faculty Name: Prof. M. Padmavati, Prof. Shreya Matilal
Department : Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property 
Law,  Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Topic
Lecture : Types of Patent Search
Concepts Covered:

 Types of Patent Search

 Patentability Search

 Understanding the Invention Disclosure 

process
Types of Patent Searches
Patentability Search
Is a given invention patentable?

Validity / Invalidity Search
Is a given patent valid?

Freedom to Operate Search
Do patent rights exist on which a given product risks infringing?

Landscape Search
What technology trends that can be identified from patent data sets over a time period?
Patentability Search
Requirements for an invention under Patent Law
• In order to be patentable an invention must meet the 
requirements of 
Eligibility
Novelty
Non obviousness
Utility
Disclosure Norms
Subject Matter – Patent Eligibility
Patent eligibility: Subject matter that is open to patenting
Subject matter approach in several jurisdictions:
Inclusive or exclusive
Absolute or limited or conditional exceptions
Product
Machines
Machines or apparatus
Mechanisms
Mechanical elements
Combinations
Composition of matter
Intermixture of ingredients obtained by mechanical or chemical operations
Subject Matter – Patent Eligibility in India
‐New form of a known 
‐‐Frivolous  substance unless there is 
inventions enhanced efficacy
‐‐New product by a  Section 3 of the Indian 
‐Mere discovery  known process unless  Patents Act 1970
‐New property of a known 
or idea utility is demonstrated
substance
‐Against Public  ‐Mere admixture
‐New use of a known 
order ‐ Mere arrangement or 
process, machine or 
rearrangements
pp
apparatus

‐‐Method of agriculture or 
horticulture
‐Medical treatment 
methods for animals and 
INDIAN 
humans
PATENT
‐Plants and animals or their 
parts
‐Tradi
‐Traditional knowledge
Patentability Criteria

Non 
Novelty Utility
Obviousness
Patentability Search

It is done to identify patents 
It is also known as Novelty  and non patent literature that 
Search may affect the patentability of 
the invention

This search is necessary before 
writing and filing the patent 
specification
An invention must be new and not obvious

Prior art search is important to assess novelty 
Novelty
and non obviousness

Prior art
relation
Non-obviousness
Prior Art Categories
• In public use • Prosecution History

• Publications – Patent, NPL • Library records

• Meeting reports • Thesis

• Survey reports • Abandoned applications

• Clinical trial information if not • Internet and Secret Prior art


indicated as ‘sample’

• Oral disclosure or Traditional


Knowledge
• Defensive publications
Prior Art Categories
Scientific and technical information
•Scholarly publications: 
Handbooks, textbooks, encyclopaedias, journals, 
dissertations, conference proceedings, technical reports 
•Industry/trade publications: 
Industry reviews, disclosure publications  
•Newspapers 
•Websites 
Technology blogs, researchers’ websites
Everything which has been made 
available to the public anywhere in 
Priority /  the world, before the filing date or 
filing Date the priority date of the application 
Patent & Non‐patent  information claiming the invention
Books, journal articles, patents, conference 
proceedings, patent applications, designs, 
pamphlets, brochures, videotape, 
photographs, theses, posters, audiotape, oral  Available to Public Domain
presentations, TV interviews…….

Secret Prior art


Not Available to Public Domain
Standards of anticipation
Global enquiry for novelty
Identity 
requirement

Inherent 
anticipation

Enablement 
standard
In India a patent application will be anticipated
•Prior publication in a publication (with exceptions)

•Prior publication in a claim of a complete specification

•Prior display (with exceptions)

•Prior communication to Government (with exceptions)

•Public working

•Public knowledge
References that disclose all subject 
features of the claimed invention 

Prior art Invention

An invention shall not be 
considered new if it forms 
part of a prior art.

Novelty is lost when Identity is met

A single ‘document’ must disclose all aspects of the invention 
(i.e. an exact hit)
Non-Obviousness

An invention involves an inventive step if, having regard to prior art, it is not 

obvious to a person skilled in the art at the time of the filing date or priority 

date of the application claiming the invention
Inventive Step

Indian approach:
Sec (2) (1) ja of the Patents Act 1970 – "inventive step"
means a feature of an invention that involves technical
advance as compared to the existing knowledge or
having economic significance or both and that makes the
invention not obvious to a person skilled in the art;
Non-Obviousness

Factors considered for the determination of non obviousness: 
‐Scope and content of prior art
‐Differences between prior art and claimed invention
‐ Level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art

Secondary considerations – commercial success of invention, did 
invention satisfy a long felt need in the industry, failure of others to 
reach the solution to a problem at hand, unexpected results  
(retrospective determination of obviousness)
Non-Obviousness
Commercial success argument:
• What was the problem which the invention addressed and how
long had it existed?
• How significant was the problem?
• How widely known was the problem and how many were
seeking a solution to it?
• What other solutions were put forward before the publication of
the patentee’s development?
• To what extent were there factors which would have held back
the exploitation of the solution even if it was technically obvious?
• How well has the patentee’s development been received?
References that disclose one or 
more of the claimed features (but 
Prior art 1 not necessarily all of them)

Invention • One or more documents, taken 
Prior art 2 together, may disclose certain aspects 
of the invention (i.e. an indirect hit) 
• Must be able to identify ‘degrees of 
Prior art 3 similarity’

When multiple prior


arts can be Obviousness is met
combined to reach
the invention
Disclosure Document
Patentability criteria will be read in light of the disclosure document of the invention
•Written description
•Enablement
• Best Mode
Which means it is important to know “How much do I really need to put in the 
specification?” or how much detail needs to be put into the application to satisfy the 
description, enablement, and “best mode” requirements?

Remember that an entire patent specification is 
important for patentability searches, not only the claims 
Utility and relation to disclosure norms

Specific utility- Utility that is specific to the subject matter claimed.


This contrasts with a general utility that would be applicable to the
broad class of the invention.
A claim to a polynucleotide whose use is disclosed simply as a
“gene probe” or “chromosome marker” would not be considered to
be specific in the absence of a disclosure of a specific DNA target.
A general statement of diagnostic utility, such as diagnosing an
unspecified disease, would ordinarily be insufficient absent a
disclosure of what condition can be diagnosed
Utility 

Specific utility Credible utility

Well 
Substantial 
established 
utility
utility
Every patent must disclose general utility of the invention
Disclosure of Utility of an invention
Utility needs to be specific. 

Merely asserting that a compound is useful for the “treatment of 
diseases” and is an “anti‐tumor substance” can be an insufficient 
disclosure of utility, while a statement that the claimed compound is 
better than known anti‐tumor substances with known anti‐tumor 
activity against leukemia tumor models is adequate.
Disclosure of Utility of an invention
• Substantial utility ‐ Utility that defines a “real world” use. Utility that 
require or constitute carrying out further research to identify or reasonably 
confirm a “real world” context of use are not substantial utilities. 
•Both a therapeutic method of treating a known or newly discovered 
disease and an assay method for identifying compounds that 
themselves have a “substantial utility” define a “real world” context of 
use.
• Credible utility ‐ An asserted utility where the assertion of utility is 
believable to a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the totality of 
evidence and reasoning provided.
Disclosure of Utility of an invention

•Well‐established utility ‐ If a person of ordinary skill in the art would


immediately appreciate why the invention is useful based on the characteristics of
the invention (for example, properties or applications of a product or process),
and the well‐established utility is specific, substantial, and credible.

•Credibility is asserted from the perspective of one of ordinary skill in the art in
view of the disclosure and any other evidence of record. The records could be test
data, affidavits or declarations from experts in the art, patents or printed
publications.
Patent eligibility

Non  Utility
Obviousness
Novelty

While analysis for each is separate, one should keep in mind 
that they are linked concepts
How to perform a patentability search?
Step 1 : Identify the subject matter of the invention
Is it a product/process/system or a combination of any of  Make sure that you 
these? have understood the 
invention well and 
picked the 
Step 2: Identify the features of the invention  key/essential features 
of an invention. 
If it is a product, what are the key components of the  This is a critical step 
invention and how they structurally organized
If it is a process, what are the key steps of the invention and 
how do these steps work
If it is a system, what are the structural and functional 
components and how is the invention organized. 
How to perform a patentability search?
Step 3: Identify the keywords to carry out 
search. 
• Prior art selected must be 
Keyword combinations may be used, concept  prior to the date of 
search can also be undertaken disclosure of the invention
• Remember that novelty 
Step 4: Develop a search strategy for  enquiry is a global enquiry
identification of prior art
 Patent literature, Non patent literature
 Selection of a database
 Field of search
How to perform a patentability search?
Step 5: Identification of relevant prior art
 Screen the collected documents and identify  • Pick the prior art that is 
those closest to the invention closest to the invention
• Novelty analysis involves  
Step 6: Analyse the relevant prior art disclosure of the features of 
the invention in one single 
If all the disclosed features of an invention are  place ‐ single patent, single 
present in one single prior art, then the  publication etc.,   
invention is not novel
 If all the disclosed features of an invention are 
not present in one single prior art, then the 
invention is novel
Develop a Search Strategy

• Identify key features 
• Construct one or more possible search strings 
• Parts of patent to search 
• Determine the time interval for the search 
• How many documents would you like to have in your final set?         
All searches have limitations 
• Search issued patents only or include published applications? 
Invention Disclosure Form
Invention Disclosure Form
The purpose of the invention disclosure is to provide a record of the invention, 
and enough information to commence a patent filing. 

The key points are: 

• Identification of inventor and confirmation of employment status. 

• Date of invention, both conception and reduction to practice.

• Full description of invention, including reference to closest prior art and 
identification of the problems addressed by the invention and the solutions 
thereby afforded.
Sample Invention Disclosure Form
Invention Title..........................................................................................................

Inventor(s)................................................................................................................ 

Invention conception 
date)................................................................................................................ 

Has the invention been reduced to practice (shown to work in practice)?

If applicable, on what date was the invention reduced to practice?.......................

At invention conception date, were all inventors employed by Organization X?

Invention Disclosure (full details of the invention)

Relevant prior art
•Patent
•Non‐patent 
Sample Invention Disclosure Form
Problems
—indicate what the prior art fails to achieve, where the prior art falls short, and how this is 
relevant to the invention.

Novel features—describe the novel features of the invention, in other words, those features (or 
combination of features) that are not known in the prior art.

Advantages—describe how the invention achieves a technical advantage over the prior art.
Commercial Prospects..............................................................................................

Whether Published or Presented in any conference or disclosed to public or regulatory authority
If Yes Date of publication or presentation and disclosure
Declaration
I have read the contents of this Invention Disclosure Record and the attached document and 
request that it be submitted to and considered by the relevant management of Organization X. 
............................................................ ................ ............................................................ ................ 
Signature(s)  Date
Patentability search report
Sample Patentability search report
Sample Patentability search report : PCT
Some illustrations on how to conduct a
patentability search
Invention Area: Low Molecular 
Invention  aminoacid gelators
Disclosure

Document must be referred back to 
the inventor as the invention 
details are incomplete.

OR
Inventor proposes that 50 
different type of gelators can be 
No details of 
obtained. Further, improved anti‐ Inventor sitting
the gelators are 
inflammatory compound based 
disclosed 
gel compositions can be achieved
Invention Area:
Method of preparation of acrylate based block 
Invention  copolymers via surfactant‐free emulsion 
Disclosure
polymerization using water soluble chain transfer 
agents
Decision: 
Nanocomposite film of specific contact  Invention is not 
angle novel

Relevant prior art:
1. Claims of the WO/2006/104822 A2 cover the formation of polyacrylate with nano sized silica 
filler (Claims 1‐3)
2. WO/2005/021843 A1 discloses process of preparing superhydrophobic surface compositions 
and surfaces obtained from them by condensation or radical polymerization. 
3. Another published application WO/2007/044487 A1 describes the preparation of stable 
surfactant free dispersion of hydrophobic substances in polyacrylate derived compounds.
4. Patent WO/2000/014296 A1 titled ‘super hydrophobic coated substrates’ which discloses 
films with SHS characteristics with water contact angles.  
Invention area:  “Cleaning with bubbles”

Description: The cleaning effect by using ultrasound vibration 
and addition of abrasive particles to the fluid on metal object 
is due to the phenomena of shock wave generation and 
microjet formation, both occurring at the final stage of bubble 
collapse at elevated pressure.
Patent literature found: 
Patent No: JP2014180757 A
Title: ULTRASONIC DEBURRER

Patent No: US20180354003
Title: Device and method for deburring components ultrasound

Patent No: EP1138437
Title: Method of deburring ultrasonic devices

Patent No: US 20150298231
Title: Portable micro‐deburring component using
micro‐electrical discharge machining process
Non‐patent literature found:
Title: The use of ultrasonic cavitation peening to improve micro‐burr‐free surfaces
Title: Book: Physical Principles of Ultrasonic Technology
Chapter 3
Cavitation‐Abrasion Erosion
§ 1. Mechanism of Cavitation – Abrasion Erosion
The erosive activity of a sound field can be enhanced by the addition to the liquid of finely disperse abrasive particles 
commensurate in size with the effective range of the shock wave created by the implosion of a cavitation bubble….. Not to 
be overlooked is the fact that individual small particles falling into the zone of action of the shock waves generated by 
collapsing cavitation voids can acquire very high velocities and work additional destruction due to direct impact of the
particles against the solid surface. 
Right away it is important to mention that a significant increase in the erosion level with the addition of abrasives to the 
liquid is observed only if the static pressure is increased to definite limits, so that the shock wave intensity upon 
collapse of the cavitation bubbles and the acoustic streaming velocity are greatly increased in the liquid. 
At normal atmospheric pressure the addition of abrasive articles to the cavitating liquid does not increase 
the erosion level unless there is direct impact between the radiator and an abrasive particle caught 
between the working face of the radiator and the treated surface, as in the case of ultrasonic 
cutting.
Decision – Not Novel
Invention Area: Hand‐
operated  operated Hydraulic 
press to make tablets with 
specific xxxx compression 
force with modified dye.
Non‐patent literature found:

Hydraulic jack to removal and installation of gears, universal 
joints, pulleys, wrist pins, bending/straightening and other 
various jobs.

Features: Heavy‐duty gauge steel construction
multi‐position bed for work height adjustment
Heavy duty return springs for fast ram retraction
Reinforced head plate
Safety bypass valve assures unit will not exceed rated capacity
Easy‐to‐use, hand‐operated with pressure gauge for direct 
pressure readings.
Tables raise and lower easily with use of hand crank
Conclusion: All essential features of xxxx Hydraulic 
Shop Press are substantially there in the proposed 
invention hydraulic press machine. 

Decision: The proposed machine is found to be not 
novel and hence not potentially patentable.
Limitations
• No patentability search is ideal as all documents published may not be 
available for access. 
• A single sale, even by a small shop, is relevant to patentability. 
• No patentability search can include every publication or assure that no sale has 
occurred.
• Patent documents as part of prior art are too large at times and not all patents 
are published in English
• Every country does not have an online patent database
• The quality of a patentability search will depend on:
• The invention for which the search is being conducted
• The skill of the searcher
• The materials being searched
• The time spent on the search
Summary
Patentability search:
An invention must meet •Understanding the search subject (a product/process)
Requirements of  • Determining features for search such as, Country of 
Eligibility search, Timeline, Data type(i.e., applied or granted 
Novelty patent prior art)
Non obviousness • Searching through patent and non‐patent literature 
Utility database
Disclosure Norms • Identifying key‐features
• Developing search strategy and conducting the search
• Identifying relevant prior art of search
• Screening & analysis
• Organisation of the report
While searching:
• Identify your search strategy 
• You may need an inventor sitting to know further 
details of the invention
• Store your strategy for later reference if further 
searching is necessary 
• Report your search strategy to client as part of your 
results if applicable 
•As many searches may not yield the required results, it 
may help your client to understand the time needed on 
the search

Common questions

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Determination of 'non-obviousness' considers factors such as the scope and content of prior art, differences between the prior art and the claimed invention, and the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art at the time of filing . Secondary considerations include the invention’s commercial success, its ability to satisfy long-standing needs, and whether others failed to provide similar solutions, indicating the invention's surprising and non-obvious nature .

The enablement standard requires that a patent application include sufficient detail so that a person skilled in the art can replicate the invention without undue experimentation . This influences the drafting of a patent specification by mandating clear and thorough descriptions of the invention, including the best mode of carrying out the invention, thus ensuring that the disclosure supports the scope of the claims .

Including analysis of prior art alongside the invention's novel features in an invention disclosure form is essential to clearly outline the differences and advantages of the invention, thereby facilitating the assessment of its patentability and highlighting its technical advancements over existing solutions . This comprehensive documentation is crucial in making informed decisions on patent filing .

A validity/invalidity search focuses on specific aspects of the claim language of a granted patent and uses prosecution history to aid interpretation, aiming to find prior art that can invalidate the patent post-grant . In contrast, a general prior art search assesses the novelty of an invention pre-filing, examining broader concept aspects sourced from patents and non-patent literature relevant to the invention .

Commercial success can demonstrate non-obviousness by showing that the invention addresses a significant, well-known problem that others failed to solve, and its market acceptance indicates the technical and economic impact of the inventive step . This success implies that the invention goes beyond an obvious improvement to someone skilled in the art .

The 'novelty' requirement implies that the invention must be new and not disclosed anywhere in the world, making it a global enquiry . It is determined by examining prior art, where any prior publication, display, or knowledge of the invention before its filing or priority date can result in loss of novelty . This requirement ensures that only truly new inventions are granted patents, promoting innovation and discouraging replication of existing ideas .

Conducting a patentability search involves identifying the subject matter of the invention, its key features, and using these to develop a comprehensive search strategy across relevant patent and non-patent literature databases . It is crucial in patent filing as it determines the novelty of the invention by identifying prior art, thereby informing the applicant of the patentability and potential scope of the claims before proceeding with the application .

A validity/invalidity search supports IP due diligence by identifying potential weaknesses in a patent, such as lack of novelty or obviousness in claims that could make it vulnerable to invalidation . It helps assess the strength of a patent portfolio, potential infringement risks, and guides strategic decisions during mergers and acquisitions by providing a clear evaluation of the patent's enforceability and commercial viability .

Conducting a patentability search prior to filing is crucial as it assesses the novelty and potential patentability of an invention by identifying existing prior art, thereby guiding the applicant in crafting robust claims and ensuring they do not infringe on existing patents . It minimizes risks of rejection and helps align the application with statutory requirements .

The Indian approach defines an 'inventive step' as a feature that involves technical advancement as compared to existing knowledge or has economic significance, making the invention non-obvious to a person skilled in the art at the time of the filing date or priority date . This is significant because it distinguishes the invention from prior art, assessing its capability to contribute novel advancements or economic benefits, thereby underlying its patentability .

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