Course
Name: Patent Search for Engineers and Lawyers
Faculty Name: Prof. M. Padmavati, Prof. Shreya Matilal
Department : Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property
Law, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Topic
Lecture : Types of Patent Search
Concepts Covered:
Types of Patent Search
Patentability Search
Understanding the Invention Disclosure
process
Types of Patent Searches
Patentability Search
Is a given invention patentable?
Validity / Invalidity Search
Is a given patent valid?
Freedom to Operate Search
Do patent rights exist on which a given product risks infringing?
Landscape Search
What technology trends that can be identified from patent data sets over a time period?
Patentability Search
Requirements for an invention under Patent Law
• In order to be patentable an invention must meet the
requirements of
Eligibility
Novelty
Non obviousness
Utility
Disclosure Norms
Subject Matter – Patent Eligibility
Patent eligibility: Subject matter that is open to patenting
Subject matter approach in several jurisdictions:
Inclusive or exclusive
Absolute or limited or conditional exceptions
Product
Machines
Machines or apparatus
Mechanisms
Mechanical elements
Combinations
Composition of matter
Intermixture of ingredients obtained by mechanical or chemical operations
Subject Matter – Patent Eligibility in India
‐New form of a known
‐‐Frivolous substance unless there is
inventions enhanced efficacy
‐‐New product by a Section 3 of the Indian
‐Mere discovery known process unless Patents Act 1970
‐New property of a known
or idea utility is demonstrated
substance
‐Against Public ‐Mere admixture
‐New use of a known
order ‐ Mere arrangement or
process, machine or
rearrangements
pp
apparatus
‐‐Method of agriculture or
horticulture
‐Medical treatment
methods for animals and
INDIAN
humans
PATENT
‐Plants and animals or their
parts
‐Tradi
‐Traditional knowledge
Patentability Criteria
Non
Novelty Utility
Obviousness
Patentability Search
It is done to identify patents
It is also known as Novelty and non patent literature that
Search may affect the patentability of
the invention
This search is necessary before
writing and filing the patent
specification
An invention must be new and not obvious
Prior art search is important to assess novelty
Novelty
and non obviousness
Prior art
relation
Non-obviousness
Prior Art Categories
• In public use • Prosecution History
• Publications – Patent, NPL • Library records
• Meeting reports • Thesis
• Survey reports • Abandoned applications
• Clinical trial information if not • Internet and Secret Prior art
indicated as ‘sample’
• Oral disclosure or Traditional
Knowledge
• Defensive publications
Prior Art Categories
Scientific and technical information
•Scholarly publications:
Handbooks, textbooks, encyclopaedias, journals,
dissertations, conference proceedings, technical reports
•Industry/trade publications:
Industry reviews, disclosure publications
•Newspapers
•Websites
Technology blogs, researchers’ websites
Everything which has been made
available to the public anywhere in
Priority / the world, before the filing date or
filing Date the priority date of the application
Patent & Non‐patent information claiming the invention
Books, journal articles, patents, conference
proceedings, patent applications, designs,
pamphlets, brochures, videotape,
photographs, theses, posters, audiotape, oral Available to Public Domain
presentations, TV interviews…….
Secret Prior art
Not Available to Public Domain
Standards of anticipation
Global enquiry for novelty
Identity
requirement
Inherent
anticipation
Enablement
standard
In India a patent application will be anticipated
•Prior publication in a publication (with exceptions)
•Prior publication in a claim of a complete specification
•Prior display (with exceptions)
•Prior communication to Government (with exceptions)
•Public working
•Public knowledge
References that disclose all subject
features of the claimed invention
Prior art Invention
An invention shall not be
considered new if it forms
part of a prior art.
Novelty is lost when Identity is met
A single ‘document’ must disclose all aspects of the invention
(i.e. an exact hit)
Non-Obviousness
An invention involves an inventive step if, having regard to prior art, it is not
obvious to a person skilled in the art at the time of the filing date or priority
date of the application claiming the invention
Inventive Step
Indian approach:
Sec (2) (1) ja of the Patents Act 1970 – "inventive step"
means a feature of an invention that involves technical
advance as compared to the existing knowledge or
having economic significance or both and that makes the
invention not obvious to a person skilled in the art;
Non-Obviousness
Factors considered for the determination of non obviousness:
‐Scope and content of prior art
‐Differences between prior art and claimed invention
‐ Level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art
Secondary considerations – commercial success of invention, did
invention satisfy a long felt need in the industry, failure of others to
reach the solution to a problem at hand, unexpected results
(retrospective determination of obviousness)
Non-Obviousness
Commercial success argument:
• What was the problem which the invention addressed and how
long had it existed?
• How significant was the problem?
• How widely known was the problem and how many were
seeking a solution to it?
• What other solutions were put forward before the publication of
the patentee’s development?
• To what extent were there factors which would have held back
the exploitation of the solution even if it was technically obvious?
• How well has the patentee’s development been received?
References that disclose one or
more of the claimed features (but
Prior art 1 not necessarily all of them)
Invention • One or more documents, taken
Prior art 2 together, may disclose certain aspects
of the invention (i.e. an indirect hit)
• Must be able to identify ‘degrees of
Prior art 3 similarity’
When multiple prior
arts can be Obviousness is met
combined to reach
the invention
Disclosure Document
Patentability criteria will be read in light of the disclosure document of the invention
•Written description
•Enablement
• Best Mode
Which means it is important to know “How much do I really need to put in the
specification?” or how much detail needs to be put into the application to satisfy the
description, enablement, and “best mode” requirements?
Remember that an entire patent specification is
important for patentability searches, not only the claims
Utility and relation to disclosure norms
Specific utility- Utility that is specific to the subject matter claimed.
This contrasts with a general utility that would be applicable to the
broad class of the invention.
A claim to a polynucleotide whose use is disclosed simply as a
“gene probe” or “chromosome marker” would not be considered to
be specific in the absence of a disclosure of a specific DNA target.
A general statement of diagnostic utility, such as diagnosing an
unspecified disease, would ordinarily be insufficient absent a
disclosure of what condition can be diagnosed
Utility
Specific utility Credible utility
Well
Substantial
established
utility
utility
Every patent must disclose general utility of the invention
Disclosure of Utility of an invention
Utility needs to be specific.
Merely asserting that a compound is useful for the “treatment of
diseases” and is an “anti‐tumor substance” can be an insufficient
disclosure of utility, while a statement that the claimed compound is
better than known anti‐tumor substances with known anti‐tumor
activity against leukemia tumor models is adequate.
Disclosure of Utility of an invention
• Substantial utility ‐ Utility that defines a “real world” use. Utility that
require or constitute carrying out further research to identify or reasonably
confirm a “real world” context of use are not substantial utilities.
•Both a therapeutic method of treating a known or newly discovered
disease and an assay method for identifying compounds that
themselves have a “substantial utility” define a “real world” context of
use.
• Credible utility ‐ An asserted utility where the assertion of utility is
believable to a person of ordinary skill in the art based on the totality of
evidence and reasoning provided.
Disclosure of Utility of an invention
•Well‐established utility ‐ If a person of ordinary skill in the art would
immediately appreciate why the invention is useful based on the characteristics of
the invention (for example, properties or applications of a product or process),
and the well‐established utility is specific, substantial, and credible.
•Credibility is asserted from the perspective of one of ordinary skill in the art in
view of the disclosure and any other evidence of record. The records could be test
data, affidavits or declarations from experts in the art, patents or printed
publications.
Patent eligibility
Non Utility
Obviousness
Novelty
While analysis for each is separate, one should keep in mind
that they are linked concepts
How to perform a patentability search?
Step 1 : Identify the subject matter of the invention
Is it a product/process/system or a combination of any of Make sure that you
these? have understood the
invention well and
picked the
Step 2: Identify the features of the invention key/essential features
of an invention.
If it is a product, what are the key components of the This is a critical step
invention and how they structurally organized
If it is a process, what are the key steps of the invention and
how do these steps work
If it is a system, what are the structural and functional
components and how is the invention organized.
How to perform a patentability search?
Step 3: Identify the keywords to carry out
search.
• Prior art selected must be
Keyword combinations may be used, concept prior to the date of
search can also be undertaken disclosure of the invention
• Remember that novelty
Step 4: Develop a search strategy for enquiry is a global enquiry
identification of prior art
Patent literature, Non patent literature
Selection of a database
Field of search
How to perform a patentability search?
Step 5: Identification of relevant prior art
Screen the collected documents and identify • Pick the prior art that is
those closest to the invention closest to the invention
• Novelty analysis involves
Step 6: Analyse the relevant prior art disclosure of the features of
the invention in one single
If all the disclosed features of an invention are place ‐ single patent, single
present in one single prior art, then the publication etc.,
invention is not novel
If all the disclosed features of an invention are
not present in one single prior art, then the
invention is novel
Develop a Search Strategy
• Identify key features
• Construct one or more possible search strings
• Parts of patent to search
• Determine the time interval for the search
• How many documents would you like to have in your final set?
All searches have limitations
• Search issued patents only or include published applications?
Invention Disclosure Form
Invention Disclosure Form
The purpose of the invention disclosure is to provide a record of the invention,
and enough information to commence a patent filing.
The key points are:
• Identification of inventor and confirmation of employment status.
• Date of invention, both conception and reduction to practice.
• Full description of invention, including reference to closest prior art and
identification of the problems addressed by the invention and the solutions
thereby afforded.
Sample Invention Disclosure Form
Invention Title..........................................................................................................
Inventor(s)................................................................................................................
Invention conception
date)................................................................................................................
Has the invention been reduced to practice (shown to work in practice)?
If applicable, on what date was the invention reduced to practice?.......................
At invention conception date, were all inventors employed by Organization X?
Invention Disclosure (full details of the invention)
Relevant prior art
•Patent
•Non‐patent
Sample Invention Disclosure Form
Problems
—indicate what the prior art fails to achieve, where the prior art falls short, and how this is
relevant to the invention.
Novel features—describe the novel features of the invention, in other words, those features (or
combination of features) that are not known in the prior art.
Advantages—describe how the invention achieves a technical advantage over the prior art.
Commercial Prospects..............................................................................................
Whether Published or Presented in any conference or disclosed to public or regulatory authority
If Yes Date of publication or presentation and disclosure
Declaration
I have read the contents of this Invention Disclosure Record and the attached document and
request that it be submitted to and considered by the relevant management of Organization X.
............................................................ ................ ............................................................ ................
Signature(s) Date
Patentability search report
Sample Patentability search report
Sample Patentability search report : PCT
Some illustrations on how to conduct a
patentability search
Invention Area: Low Molecular
Invention aminoacid gelators
Disclosure
Document must be referred back to
the inventor as the invention
details are incomplete.
OR
Inventor proposes that 50
different type of gelators can be
No details of
obtained. Further, improved anti‐ Inventor sitting
the gelators are
inflammatory compound based
disclosed
gel compositions can be achieved
Invention Area:
Method of preparation of acrylate based block
Invention copolymers via surfactant‐free emulsion
Disclosure
polymerization using water soluble chain transfer
agents
Decision:
Nanocomposite film of specific contact Invention is not
angle novel
Relevant prior art:
1. Claims of the WO/2006/104822 A2 cover the formation of polyacrylate with nano sized silica
filler (Claims 1‐3)
2. WO/2005/021843 A1 discloses process of preparing superhydrophobic surface compositions
and surfaces obtained from them by condensation or radical polymerization.
3. Another published application WO/2007/044487 A1 describes the preparation of stable
surfactant free dispersion of hydrophobic substances in polyacrylate derived compounds.
4. Patent WO/2000/014296 A1 titled ‘super hydrophobic coated substrates’ which discloses
films with SHS characteristics with water contact angles.
Invention area: “Cleaning with bubbles”
Description: The cleaning effect by using ultrasound vibration
and addition of abrasive particles to the fluid on metal object
is due to the phenomena of shock wave generation and
microjet formation, both occurring at the final stage of bubble
collapse at elevated pressure.
Patent literature found:
Patent No: JP2014180757 A
Title: ULTRASONIC DEBURRER
Patent No: US20180354003
Title: Device and method for deburring components ultrasound
Patent No: EP1138437
Title: Method of deburring ultrasonic devices
Patent No: US 20150298231
Title: Portable micro‐deburring component using
micro‐electrical discharge machining process
Non‐patent literature found:
Title: The use of ultrasonic cavitation peening to improve micro‐burr‐free surfaces
Title: Book: Physical Principles of Ultrasonic Technology
Chapter 3
Cavitation‐Abrasion Erosion
§ 1. Mechanism of Cavitation – Abrasion Erosion
The erosive activity of a sound field can be enhanced by the addition to the liquid of finely disperse abrasive particles
commensurate in size with the effective range of the shock wave created by the implosion of a cavitation bubble….. Not to
be overlooked is the fact that individual small particles falling into the zone of action of the shock waves generated by
collapsing cavitation voids can acquire very high velocities and work additional destruction due to direct impact of the
particles against the solid surface.
Right away it is important to mention that a significant increase in the erosion level with the addition of abrasives to the
liquid is observed only if the static pressure is increased to definite limits, so that the shock wave intensity upon
collapse of the cavitation bubbles and the acoustic streaming velocity are greatly increased in the liquid.
At normal atmospheric pressure the addition of abrasive articles to the cavitating liquid does not increase
the erosion level unless there is direct impact between the radiator and an abrasive particle caught
between the working face of the radiator and the treated surface, as in the case of ultrasonic
cutting.
Decision – Not Novel
Invention Area: Hand‐
operated operated Hydraulic
press to make tablets with
specific xxxx compression
force with modified dye.
Non‐patent literature found:
Hydraulic jack to removal and installation of gears, universal
joints, pulleys, wrist pins, bending/straightening and other
various jobs.
Features: Heavy‐duty gauge steel construction
multi‐position bed for work height adjustment
Heavy duty return springs for fast ram retraction
Reinforced head plate
Safety bypass valve assures unit will not exceed rated capacity
Easy‐to‐use, hand‐operated with pressure gauge for direct
pressure readings.
Tables raise and lower easily with use of hand crank
Conclusion: All essential features of xxxx Hydraulic
Shop Press are substantially there in the proposed
invention hydraulic press machine.
Decision: The proposed machine is found to be not
novel and hence not potentially patentable.
Limitations
• No patentability search is ideal as all documents published may not be
available for access.
• A single sale, even by a small shop, is relevant to patentability.
• No patentability search can include every publication or assure that no sale has
occurred.
• Patent documents as part of prior art are too large at times and not all patents
are published in English
• Every country does not have an online patent database
• The quality of a patentability search will depend on:
• The invention for which the search is being conducted
• The skill of the searcher
• The materials being searched
• The time spent on the search
Summary
Patentability search:
An invention must meet •Understanding the search subject (a product/process)
Requirements of • Determining features for search such as, Country of
Eligibility search, Timeline, Data type(i.e., applied or granted
Novelty patent prior art)
Non obviousness • Searching through patent and non‐patent literature
Utility database
Disclosure Norms • Identifying key‐features
• Developing search strategy and conducting the search
• Identifying relevant prior art of search
• Screening & analysis
• Organisation of the report
While searching:
• Identify your search strategy
• You may need an inventor sitting to know further
details of the invention
• Store your strategy for later reference if further
searching is necessary
• Report your search strategy to client as part of your
results if applicable
•As many searches may not yield the required results, it
may help your client to understand the time needed on
the search