FOOTBALL
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to
varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal.
Unqualified, the word football normally means the
form of football that is the most popular where the
word is used. Sports commonly called football .
include association football (known as soccer in
some countri es).
Measurement of football fiel d and
specification of sports equipments-
1 . Length of field- 100 to 130 yards
2. Breadth of field- 50 to 100 yards
3. Circumference of football- 27" to 28"
4. Weight of football- 14 to 16 ounces
5. No. of players in football field- 11 + ?extra= 18 players
6. No. of players maybe substituted in one mach- 3
7. Duration of match- two halves of 45 minutes each
8. Interval- 5 or 10 minutes each
9. No. of officials- 4(1 referee, 2 linesman, 1 table
official)
1 o. Height of goalpost- 2.44 m
Height of corner flag- 5 feet
ules of Football-
1. Playing fiel d- The soccer field, or football pitch, is
flexible in size. It is 100 to 130 yards (90-120m) long
and 50 to 100 yards (45-90m) wide. In international
play the field dimensions are a bit stricter in that the
length must be 110 to 120 yards (100 - 11 Om) long
and 70 to 80 yards (64 - 75m) wide.
2. The goal area- Two lines are drawn at right angles to
the goal line, 5.5m from the inside of each goalpost.
These lines extend into the field of play for a distance
of 5.5m and are joined by a line drawn parallel with
the goal l'ne. The area bounded by these lines and
the goal I ne ·s t e goal area.
The c alty area- The penalty area or 18-yard box
is an area of an association football pitch. It is
rectangular and extends 16.5m to each side of the
goal and 16.5m in front of it. Within the penalty area is
the penalty spot, which is 11 m from the goal line,
directly in-line with the centre of the goal.
4. The flag posts- oc . a I as .5rn (5ft) h"gh
1 t be placed at
at a h end
JD!JDtlJtton 1s requested .
.,,..,,.,.,,,.,_ces have been committed.
- The match consists of two
each with the interval of 5 to
• . • he game- A kick-off starts
.,
• . • •• a es of extra time and
•• • • ••• • red. Free kicks
• • ,- • s oal k .........
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. • - -
• • • •
12. Direct free kick- A direct kick is awarded to the
opposing team if a player commits any of the
following seven offences in a manner considered by
the referee to be careless, reckless or using excessive
force:
• Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent
• Trips or attempts to trip an opponent
• Jumps at an opponent
• Charges an opponent
• Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent
• Pushes an opponent
• Tackles an opponent
A direct kick is also awarded to the opposing team if a
player commits any of the following three offences:
13. Holds an opponent
14. Spits at an opponent
15. Handles the ball deliberately (except for the
goalkeeper within his/her own penalty area)
1 I d" ect free tick- An indirect kick is awarded to
the opposing team if a goalkeeper, inside his own
penalty area, commits any of the following offences:
Touches the ball again with his/her hands after
he/she has released it from possession and before it
has touched another player
Touches the ball with his/her hands after it has been
deliberately kicked to him/her by a teammate
,,,,.el
ball with his/her hands after
ft directly from a throw-in by a teammate.
~rect kick is also awarded to the opposing team if, in
opinion of the referee, a player:
• Plays in a dangerous manner
• Impedes the progress of an opponent
• Prevents the goa lkeeper from releasing the ball from
his/her hands
• Comm its any other offence, not previo usly mentioned
w ith the direct kick rule, for which play is stopped to
caution or send off a player.
17. Penalty kick- A penalty kick is a method of
restarting play in association football, in which a
player is allowed to take a single shot on the goal
while it is defended only by the opposing team's
goalkeeper. It is awarded when a foul punishable by a
direct free kick is committed by a player in their own
penalty area.
18. Throw-in- A throw-in is awarded to the
opponents of the player who last touched the ball
when the whole of the ball passes over the touchline,
on the ground or in the air. A goal cannot be scored
directly from a throw-in.
19. Goal kick- A goal kick is awarded to the
defending team when the whole of the ball passes
over the goal line, on the ground or in the air, having
last touched a player of the attacking team, and a
goal is not scored.
20. Substitution- 3 players can be substituted in a
match.
21. Corner kick- A corner kick is the method of
restarting play in a game of association football when
the ball goes out of play over the goal line, without a
goal being scored and having last been touched by a
member of the defending team. The kick is taken from
the corner of the field of play nearest to where it went
out
Fundamental skills of Football-
1. Kicking-
• Instep kick- The single most important
kicking skill in soccer is the instep drive, also
known as the instep kick or the "laces'' kick.
The instep drive uses the quadriceps
muse es of the thigh to provide the most
powerf kick available in the game, forcing
e op of the foot ("nstep) to propel (drive)
a o ard J'.
A drop kick is used by
r the ball as far downfield as
the ball is dropped out of the Na
and is airborne at contact. The drop kick is a
ball that is dropped by the goalie and is then
kicked just after striking the ground called a
half-volley shot in other sports.
bling- Dribbling is how soccer players
ition the ball from one end of the field tq
r, weave in and out of the defense, an~
a chance at scoring a goal. Speed, balan
agility, and body control are e ·,..-...,.,...,
·~ a soccer player su
chnique and is used by
m tch.
4. Tackling- Tackling means making effort to take
the possessions of the balls that is in control of
an opponent player.
• Block tackle- The block tackle is an
essential skill for winning the ball back in
football. It is mainly used when confronting
an opponent head on and it is important to
complete it with good timing and technique
to prevent injury or fouls.
• Slide tackle- It is completed with one leg
extended to push the ball away from the
opposing player.
5. Passing- Passing the ball is a key part of
association football. The purpose of passing is to
p possession of the ball by manoeuvring it on
the ground between different players with the
objective of advancing it up the playing field.
• Short pass and long pass- Long pass and
short pass fi lters are two distinct types of
specialized optical filters. Long pass filters
transmit electromagnetic radiation with long
waveleng ths while blocking shorter
wavelengths. Short pass filters do the
opposite: they pass short wavelengths and
block longer ones.
Badn1inton
Badminton is a racquet sport played using
racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net.
Although it may be played with larger teams, the
most common forms of the game are ''singles"
(with one player per side) and "doubles'' (with two
players per side). Badminton is often played as a
casual outdoor activity in a yard or on a beach~
formal games are played on a rectang ular indoor
court. Points are scored by striking the
shuttlecock with the racquet and landing it within
the opposing side's half of the court.
Measurements-
1 _Size of court for doubles- 44*20 feet
2 _Size if court for singles- 44*17 feet
3 _Width of net- 2 feet 6 inches
4 Height of net from center- 5 feet
5 : Height of net from poles- 5 feet 1 inch
6. Weight of shuttle- 4. 74 to 5.0 grams
7 N0 of feathers in shuttle- 14 to 16
· th of feathers- 2.5 to 2.75 inches
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In singles, a badminton court is 13
and 5.18m (17ft) wide. The width e
(20ft) in doubles. The net is 1.55m (5ft 11n
the ends and 1.52m high (5ft) where it dips ht
die. A serve must pass the short service
ich is 1.98m (6.5ft) from the net.
- -
~
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:
=r
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- A match consist•
points. Every time there ra a
a point scored. The side winning a fil
nt to its score. At 20 all, the side which gal
·nt lead first, wins that game.
·ce court errors- A service court error has b
e when a player has served out of turn, h
lerved from the wrong service or standing on
ng service court while being prepared to rece
service and it has been delivered.
before the opponent is ready.
service action (not a conti
7. Lets- A 'let' may be given for any unforeseen or
accidental occurrence. The rules of badminton
consider the following as 'lets': - If a shuttle is caught
in the net and remains suspended on top or, after
passing over the net, is caught in the net, it shall be a
'let' except on service.
8. Duties of referee-
• Producing schedule and order of play.
• Amendments to the draw and schedule.
• The smooth running of play on the day.
• Liaison with Umpire and Line Judge managers.
• The correct implementation of regulations and
the Laws of Badminton.
• Completion of a tournament report.
9. Duties of umpire- The umpires have an authority
over a specific badminton match. He is in the charge
of the court as well as the surroundings.
1 O. Duties of line judge- They are responsible for
monitoring the service, side lines, and baseline during
a match. The role in the game is such that a line
judge must decide and announce - by verbal call and
hand signals for badminton - whether the shuttle has
landed inside or outside of the boundary lines.
11. Duties of service judge- The Service Judge,
when appointed, shall administer any change of
hutt e under the Umpire's instruction and ensure that
ce quantity of shuttles is readily available
throughout the match rn order to avoid delays dunng
play.
Fundamental skills-
1. Stroke- A stroke is the swinq rnrJt1on of r_;ur [Link]:-~t
arm . It is not a shot. We need pror;r;r stroV8s to
execute certain shots.
• Forehand stroke- Forehand stroVE.s are hit vvith
the front of the hand leading (like hitting vvith the
palm).
• Backhand stroke- backhand strokes are hit vvith
the back of the hand leading.
2. Dropshot- It is a soft badminton shot performed from
the Rear Court. It travels down steeply and land at
your opponent's forecourt.
3. Block- The block shot is used to counter a smash. It
helps you gain an advantage in the rally as you force
your opponent to move to the forecourt after the
smash and drop or clear.
4. Forehand smash- The smash shot is hit w ith power
and speed downward into the opponent's court. The
n I a d the steepness of the shuttlecock's