BLOOD AND IMMUNITY
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Blood Plasma
Blood Cells
Blood Types
The Immune System
Word Parts Pertaining to Blood and Immunity
Clinical Aspects: Blood
Clinical Aspects: Immunity
Labeling Exercise
OBJECTIVES
After study of this chapter you should be able to:
1. Describe the composition of the blood plasma.
2. Describe and give the functions of the three types
of blood cells.
3. Label pictures of the blood cells.
4. Explain the basis of blood types.
5. Define immunity.
6. Identify and use roots and suffixes pertaining to the
blood and immunity.
BLOOD
Blood circulates through the vessels, bringing oxygen and
nourishment to all cells and carrying away waste products.
Blood Plasma: plasma is about 90% water . The 10%
contains nutrients, electrolytes, gases, albumin(protein),
clotting factors, antibodies, wastes, enzymes, and
hormones.
Blood cells: The blood cells are:
1- erythrocytes (red blood cells-RBCs)
2- leukocytes (white blood cells- WBCs)
3- platelets (thrombocytes).
All blood cells are produced in red bone marrow.
ERYTHROCYTES
The major function of erythrocytes is to carry oxygen to
cells. This oxygen is bound to an iron-containing
pigment within the cells called hemoglobin.
LEUKOCYTES
There are five different types of leukocytes:
*granulocytes: have visible granules in the cytoplasm
when stained; there are three types of granulocytes:
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
* Agranulocytes: do not have visible granules when
stained. There are two types of agranulocytes:
lymphocytes and monocytes.
FUNCTION OF WBCS
White blood cells protect against foreign substances.
Some engulf foreign material by the process of
phagocytosis.
others function as part of the immune system.
Neutrophils: phagocytosis
Eosinophils: allergic reactions
Basophils: allergic reactions
Lymphocytes: immunity (T cells & B cells)
Moncytes: phagocytosis
PLATELETS
are fragments of larger cells formed in the bone marrow.
Platelets are important in hemostasis, the prevention of
blood loss(bleeding).
a component of which is the process of blood clotting,
also known as coagulation.
BLOOD TYPES
the most familiar are the ABO and Rh blood groups.
The ABO system includes types A, B, AB, and O.
The Rh types are Rh positive (Rh+) and Rh negative
(Rh−).
Compatible blood types are determined by cross-
matching.
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Immunity: is the protection against disease.
Types of immunity:
1- Innate Immunity: innate defense mechanisms are inborn
non-specific
2- Adaptive Immunity: is acquired during life and is
specific.
WORD PARTS PERTAINING TO BLOOD
AND IMMUNITY
suffix meaning example Definition of
examples
emia,* -hemia condition of blood pachyemia thickness (pachy-)
of the blood
decrease in, deficiency of
-penia deficiency of leukopenia leukocytes in the
blood
formation, production of
-poiesis production hemopoiesis blood cells
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
1. hyperalbuminemia : excess albumin in the blood
2.hypoproteinemia____________________________
3. cytopenia __________________________________
4. thrombocytopenia___________________________
5. erythropoiesis ___________________________
ROOTS FOR BLOOD AND IMMUNITY
Root meaning example Deffinition of example
myel/o bone marrow myelogenous originating in bone marrow
profuse flow (-rhage) of blood
hem/o, hemat/o blood hemorrhage
condition of increased red
blood cells
erythr/o, red blood cell erythrocytosis
erythrocyt/o production of white blood cells
leuk/o, leukocyt/o white blood cell leukopoiesis immature lymphocyte
lymph/o, Lymphocyte Lymphoblast pertaining to dissolving a
lymphocyt/o Blood clot
deficiency of platelets in
thromb/o blood clot thrombolytic theblood
production of immunity
thrombocyt/o platelet, thrombocytopenia
thrombocyte
immun/o immunity, Immunization
immune system
The suffix -osis added to a root for a type of cell means
an increase in that type of cell in the blood. Use this
suffix to write a word that has the same meaning as
each of the following:
1. Increase in red blood cells erythrocytosis
2. Increase in monocytes in the blood
__________________________________
3. Increase in platelets in the blood
__________________________________
4. Increase in granulocytes in the blood
__________________________________
5. Increase in lymphocytes in the blood
__________________________________
Word building. Write a word for each of the following
definitions:
Tumor of bone marrow(-oma)
__________________________________
1. Immature leukocyte
__________________________________
2. Decrease in red blood cells
__________________________________
3. Study of blood (-logy)
__________________________________
4. Formation (-poiesis ) of a blood clot
__________________________________
5. Formation (-poiesis) of bone marrow
__________________________________
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF BLOOD
Anemia: is defined as an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin
in the blood
Aplastic anemia: anemia caused by bone marrow faluire
Nutritional anemia: result from deficiency of vitamin B12 or
folic acid (a B vitamin), or most commonly, iron.
Sickel cell anemia: mutation alters the hemoglobin molecule so
that it precipitates when it gives up oxygen and distorts the red
blood cells into a crescent shape
Thalassemia: hereditary diseases appears in Mediterranean
populations.
Hemorrhagic anemia: results from blood loss
CLINICAL ASPECT OF IMMUNITY
Hypersensitivity : is a harmful overreaction of the
immune system, commonly known as allergy.
Immunodeficiency: refers to any failure in the immune
system. This may be congenital (present at birth) or
acquired .
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ) is
acquired by infection with HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus ), which attacks certain T cells.
Autoimmunedisorder:
A disease that results from an immune response to one’s
own tissues
FILL IN THE BLANKS:
1. The liquid fraction of the blood is called
__________________________________.
2. The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that
carries oxygen is called
__________________________________.
3. The cell fragments active in blood clotting are the
__________________________________.
4. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin combined with
__________________________________.
5. Disorder involving lack of hemoglobin in the blood
__________________________________.
The suffixes -ia, -osis, and -hemia all denote an increase in
the type of cell indicated by the word root.
Define each of the following terms:
1. eosinophilia
________________________________
2. erythrocytosis
__________________________________
3. thrombocythemia __________________________________
4. neutrophilia
__________________________________
5. monocytosis
__________________________________
ADJECTIVES.
Use the ending -ic to write the adjective form of each of
the following words:
1. eosinophil __________________________________
2. thrombocyte
__________________________________
3. leukemia
__________________________________
4. hemolysis
__________________________________