Basic Calculus

Second Quarter
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DERIVATIVES  Extremum of f occurs to xo if either

maximum or the minimum occurs at xo
Chain Rule
Fermats Theorem
If f and a are functions where g is
differentiable at x and f is differentiable at Let f be a continuous on an open interval I
dy containing xo. If f has an extremum at xo,
g(x) then ( f ∘ g )=f ' (g ( x )) ⋅g ' ( x) (OR
dx then xo must be a critical point of f
derivative ng labas times derivative ng loob)
Extreme Value Theorem
ex. f(x)=(5x-1)2;
f’(x)=[2(5x-1)](5)=10(5x-1)=50x-10 Let f be a function which is continuous on a
(yung purple yung derivative ng function sa closed and bounded interval [a,b], then the
labas while yung green yung derivative ng extreme values of f always exist, and they
function sa loob) occur either at the endpoints or at the critical
points of f
Higher Order Derivatives
Implicit Differentiation
Dito, magdidifferentiate ka lang nang paulit-
ulit depende sa kung ilang beses mo siya As you all know, yung mga ginagawa natin
ididifferentiate. earlier na differentiation is explicit
differentiation. So ano naman itong
d '' d 2 y ( 2)
f ' ( x )= y ' = ''
f ( x ) = y = 2 =f ( x) implicit? Dito, ang derivative ng y (or any
dx dx variable na babanggitin sa problem) is equal
Remember: f(2)(x) is DIFFERENT from sa derivative times y’. Ganto siya
f2(x). f(2)(x) is read as “the second derivative symbolically:
of x” while f2(x) is read as “the square of the dy n
function of x” or simply “f square of x”.
( y ) =n y n−1 ⋅ y '
dx
Same goes with the third, fourth, or nth
derivative of the function. Parang ang nangyari, kapag sa explicit, you
differentiate it as it is kasi yung function
Ex. f(x)=(2x+1)5 naman ang kinukuhanan mo ng derivative,
f’(x)=5(2x+1)4(2)=10(2x+1)4 pero sa implicit, may mamumultiply pang y’
f’’(x)=40(2x+1)3(2)=80(2x+1)3 which is implying the derivative of y itself.
Usually kasi kapag may equation ka and
Optimization idk this legit im sorry
both sides have values, you use implicit
This consists of maximizing or minimizing a differentiation since itong y’ lagi yung
real function by systematically choosing hinahanap. Gets?
input values from within an allowed set and
Ex.
computing the value of the function.
dy
xy−x +3 y 2=7 ( xy−x +3 y 2 )= dy (7 )
Critical Points Where Extrema Occur dx dx
Let f be a function that is continuous on an x y ' + y−1+ 6 y y ' =0 x y ' +6 y y ' =1− y
open interval I containing x ' 1− y Isa-isa kong
y ' ( x +6 y )=1− y y =
x+ 6 y
 We say that xo is a critical point of f(x), ieexplain kada term sa equation:
if f1 (xo) = 0 or f1 (xo) is DNE
 The maximum occurs at xo if the value Sa xy, gumamit diyan ng product rule
of f(xo) is the largest among all other (uv’+u’v) para makuha yung derivative
niya. As defined kanina, differentiate mo
functional values on I
yung y which is equal to one tapos times y’,
 The minimum of f occurs at xo if either
kaya naging xy’. Di pa tapos, meron pa yung
the value of f(xo) is the smallest among sa second term ng derivative na u’v.
all other functional values on I Maiiwan yung y then multiply sa derivative
ng x which is 1, kaya y na yung second

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 Basic Calculus
Second Quarter
wala ako naintindihan dito sorry

term. Therefore, the derivative of xy is To make it simple, antidifferentiation is

xy’+y. reversing a derivative to its original state.
Kumbaga you have this certain function, and
Sa 3y2 naman, edi kinuha mo derivative
instead of getting its derivative like we
which is 6y, tapos multiply y’, kaya naging
always do, we will treat that function as the
6yy’. Then yung mga natira, madali na lang
derivative itself, and ang gagawin is to know
yan.
the function before we arrived with that
After madifferentiate lahat, since y’ ang derivative.
hinahanap natin, isolate y’ sa left side tas
May theorem na kapag kumukuha ng
yung walang y’ sa right side ng equal sign
antiderivative ay mag-aadd ng C sa function.
ilalagay. Tas factor out y’ dun sa left side
Bakit C? It’s because we treat it as an
then divide both sides by x+6y, then charan!
arbitrary constant. Kaya C at hindi definite
Nakuha mo na yung hinahanap mong y’.
value ang nilalagay is because we never
Related Rates isa pa to grrrr know the real value of that constant bago pa
siya idifferentiate. Ang derivative naman ng
A related rate problem involves two or more lahat ng constants is 0, so hindi talaga
quantities that may vary w/ time and an necessary na may value ang C.
equation that expresses some relationship
between these equations, often the formulas Remember:
for x and y as function of t are unknown. Antidifferentiation = Integration

Ex. A 13-m ladder is leaning against a So ang general formula for getting the
vertical wall with its foot on the same antiderivative (or integral, whatever works
horizontal plane as the base of the wall if the for you) is:
lower end of the ladder is moving away
from the wall horizontally at 4 meters per ∫ f ( x )dx=F ( x ) + c
minute. How fast is the top of the ladder The expression F(x)+c is called general
descending when the lower end is 5 m from antiderivative of f while each antiderivative
the wall? of f is called a particular antiderivative of
13 m f.

Y Theorems

1. ∫ dx=x+ c
n x n+1
5m 2. ∫ x dx= +c
n+1
dx m dx dx 3. If a is any constant and f is a function,
=4 x 2+ y 2=1322 ⋅ +2 y =0
dt s dt dt then ∫ af ( x)dx=a ∫ f (x) dx
dx 4. If f and g are functions defined on the
−x
dy dt s ubstitute x=525+ y 2=169 same interval, then
=
dt y
dy −5 (9) −20 dy =−5 m/s
∫ [f ( x ) dx ± g ( x ) dx]=∫ f ( x)dx ± ∫ g(x )dx
y=12 mfind = = 1 −1
dt 12 12 dt 3 5. ∫ x n dx= ( n−1 ) x n−1 ; n ≠ 1
INTEGRATION
Integration by Substitution
Antidifferentiation
Suppose we are given an integral of the form
A function F is an antiderivative of the
function f on the interval I if F’(x)=f(x) for
∫ f ( g( x )) ⋅ g '( x )dx. We can transform this
into another form by changing the
every value of x in I. (Anuraw?)
independent variable x to u using the
substitution u=g(x). In this case,

@denisimendioli
 Basic Calculus
Second Quarter
wala ako naintindihan dito sorry

du Ex.
=g' ( x ) dx . Therefore,
dx 5 2

∫ f ( g( x )) ⋅ g '( x )dx=f (u) du ∫ ( x +1 ) dx¿ x2 + x+ c

−2

A simpler explanation would be that the 52 (−2 )2 25+10 4−4

complicated functions within an integral can
be denoted by u para less hassle sa pagkuha
¿
2 ( )(
+5 −
2
+ (−2 ) ¿ )(2
−
2)( )
35
ng antiderivative. Tapos, kukunin din yung ¿
2
derivative ng u so that maisubstitute siya sa
given na problem. Then kapag simple na ang Una muna, get the antiderivative of x+1. So
lahat, proceed sa pag-evaluate. nakuha natin yung antiderivative, now use
24
the antiderivative para maisubstitute yung
Ex. ∫ 18 x √6 x 3 +5 dxlet u=6 x 3 +5 mga values na nandun sa integral sign.
5
5
Disregard yung +c when doing this process.
u4
1 4 Then solve lang nang solve then yay may
2 4 ¿
du=18 x dx ∫ √ u du∫ u du 5 4 + c 4 u
¿ +c sagot na. The definite integral from -2 to 5
5
4 of x+1 is 35/2. Remember: upper limit
5
4 minus lower limit.
¿ (6 x 3 +5) 4 +c
5
Separable Differential Equations
1. A differential equation (DE) is an
equation that involves x, y and the
derivatives of y.
2. The order of a differential equation
pertains to the highest order of the
derivatives that appears in the DE.
3. DE is separable if it can be expressed as
f(x)dx=g(y)dy, where f and g are
functions of x and y respectively.

Definite Integrals
Yung mga integrals na ginagawa kanina pa
are not just integrals. They are called
indefinite integrals because it possesses the
arbitrary constant c. Meaning, hindi mo
alam yung value, kaya indefinite. Dito
naman sa definite integrals, laging
numerical value ang lumalabas na sagot – no
variables and such.
b

∫ f ( x )=F ( x ) ba =F ( b )−F (a)

|
a

Kaya nasa taas si b instead of a ay dahil a is

the lower limit and b is the upper limit of
the integral. Laging mas malaki si b kesa
kay a, kaya bottom si a and top si b. Now
how do you solve those kinds of problems?
Here’s an example:

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