EXPERIMENT-8
AIM-To study the ꞷT (speed - torque) characteristics
for different types of loads.
Speed – torque characteristics of various types of loads and drives motors:
Classification of load torques:
1. Active Load torques
2. Passive Load torques Active Load Torques: Load torques which have the
potential to drive the motor under equilibrium conditions are called active load
torques. Load torques usually retain sign when the drive rotation is changed.
Passive Torque: Load torques which always oppose the motion and change
their sign on the reversal of motion are called passive load torques. Torque due
to friction cutting – Passive torque. Components of load torques:
1. Friction Torque (TF) The friction torque (TF) is the equivalent value of various
friction torques referred to the motor shaft.
2. Windage Torque (Tw) When a motor runs, the wind generates a torque
opposing the motion. This is known as the winding torque.
3. Torque required to do useful mechanical work (Tm) Nature of the torque
depends of type of load. It may be constant and independent of speed, some
function of speed, may be time invariant or time variant.
The nature of the torque may change with the change in the loads mode of
operation. Characteristics of different types of load: In electric drives the
driving equipment is an electric motor.
Selection of particular type of motor driving an m/c is the matching of speed-
torque characteristics of the driven unit and that of the motor. · Different
types of loads exhibit different speed torque characteristics. · Most of the
industrial loads can be classified into the following 4 general categories:
1. Constant torque type load.
2. Torque proportional to speed (generator type load)
3. Torque proportional to square of the speed (fan type load)
4. Torque inversely proportional to speed (constant power type load)
1. Constant Torque Characteristic:
The speed – torque characteristic of this type of load is given by T=K. Working
motor have each mechanical nature of work like shaping , cutting, grinding or
sharing, require constant torque irrespective of speed. Similarly cranes during
the hoisting. Similarly cranes during the hoisting and conveyors handling
constant weight of material / unit, time also exhibit this type of characteristics.
Torque proportional to
Separately executed dc generators connected to a constant resistance load,
eddy current brakes and calendaring m/cs have a speed torque characteristics
m/cs have a speed – torque characteristics given by T= Kw.
Torque propositional to square of the speed:
Load Torque Square of speed Example: Fans, Rotary pumps, compressors, ship
propellers. The speed – torque characteristics of this type of load is given by
Torque inversely propositional to speed:
· In such types of loads, torque is inversely proportional to speed or load power
remains constant. · E.g.: Lathes, boring m/cs, milling m/cs, steel mill coiler and
electric traction load. · This type of characteristics is given by · Most of the load
require extra effort at the time of starting to overcome static friction. In power
application it is known as brake away torque and load control engineers call it
“stiction”. Because of stiction, the speed torque characteristics of the load is
modified near to zero speed. Joint speed – torque characteristics Equilibrium
speed of motor-load system can be obtained when motor torque equals the
load torque. Electric drive system will operate in steady state at this speed,
provided it is the speed of stable state equilibrium. Concept of steady state
stability has been developed to readily evaluate the stability of an equilibrium
point from the steady state speed torque curves of the motor and load system.
In most of the electrical drives, the electrical time constant of the motor is
negligible compared with the mechanical time constant. During transient
condition, electrical motor can be assumed to be in electrical equilibrium
implying that steady state speed torque curves are also applicable to the
transient state operation.
Now, consider the steady state equilibrium point A shown in figure below
Now consider equilibrium point B which is obtained when the same motor
drives another load as shown in the figure. A decrease in speed causes the load
torque to become greater than the motor torque, electric drive decelerates
and operating point moves away from point B. Similarly when working at point
B and increase in speed will make motor torque greater than the load torque,
which will move the operating point away from point B.