Prepared by: Mr.
Mahmood Khan- Not to
copied or shared
Ch-10-Shells
Internal forces tension, compression and shear inside the plane of the shell;
Internal stresses are known as membrane stresses;
Shell designed to resist these forces with no or least bending;
Good as roof structure with uniform distributed loading;
Can’t resist concentrated load (e.g. impact loads)
1
Ch-10-Shells
Figure: 10.1- Egg shell is very efficient
because of its doubly curved form;
Its structural and material efficient with
shell thickness to length ratio 1: 230;
Egg is good only for uniform loads not for
concentrated load because it can’t resist
bending forces;
Figure: 10.2- Walnut is two shells;
The edges are thicker to resist applied load
and deformation(breakage);
Figure: 10.3- Sea Shell is doubly curved
forms and thickened edges for stability and
strength;
Corrugation for bending resistance;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
2
copied or shared
Ch-10-Shells
Typical Shell
Shapes:
Synclastic (Domes);
Developable (Cones,
Cylinders, Barrels);
Anticlastic (Saddle
shapes, conoids,
hyperbolic
paraboloids, &
hyperboloids);
Free Forms
(Mathematically
derived)
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
3
copied or shared
CH-10-Shells
Synclastic Shells;
Types (Domes) are doubly curved
with similar curvature in each
direction.
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
4
copied or shared
CH-10-Shells
Developable
Types : Cones, Cylinders,
Barrels:
Are singly curved;
Straight in one direction;
and
Curved in the other;
Can be formed from
bending a single sheet
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
5
copied or shared
CH-10-Shells
Anticlastic Shells
Types: Saddle shapes,
conoids, hyperbolic
paraboloids, &
hyperboloids;
Doubly curved;
Opposite/ Different
curvature in each direction;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
6
copied or shared
CH-10-Shells
Free Forms
Types are Mathematically
derived;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
7
copied or shared
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
copied or shared
CH-10-Shells
Extremities of the shell
8
CH-10-Shells
Singly Curved Shell Structures
Barrel shells: Developable shell types,
commonly used shapes like semi-circular
and parabolic. Barrel shells resist tension
unlike classic barrel vaults. Barrel shells can
be supported from four corners only unlike
barrel vaults needing continuous support.
Two types of Singly Curved shells:
Long barrel and Short barrel shells;
Structural Behaviour of barrel shells:
Depends on their length or dimension on
their longitudinal axis;
Short barrel shells are short and long barrel
have long length;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
9
copied or shared
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
copied or shared
CH-10-Shells
Structural Behaviour of barrel shells
Depends on their length or dimension on their
longitudinal axis;
Long barrel: have long length figure 10.5;
Transfer loads through shear to supports;
Beam like: Compression top & Tension Bottom
figure 15.18;
Diaphragm action of shell resist to horizontal &
vertical shear bending.
10
CH-10-Shells
Structural Behaviour of barrel shells:
Short barrel shells are short figure 10.7;
The distance between Arches is less
then the span of each arch;
Loads are transferred by slab action to
supports with membrane stresses in slab
at times;
Supported at strengthened corner
supports ; as
Stiffened arch ;
Stiffened beam;
Span
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
11
copied or shared
CH-10-Shells
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
12
copied or shared
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
copied or shared
Ch-10-Shells
Edge Conditions
13
Ch-10-Shells
Edge Conditions
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
14
copied or shared
CH-10-Shells
Anticlastic Shells
Hyperbolic paraboloid:
Doubly curved
a and b is parabolic
curves;
c is hyperbolic curve;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
15
copied or shared
CH-10-Anticlastic Shells
Hyperbolic Paraboloid (HP)
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Generation
Ruled shapes because straight
lines can be drawn on their
surfaces;
Surface can be generated by
moving straight line;
The most popular portion of HP.
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
16
copied or shared
Ch-10-Anticlastic Shells
HP
(Figure.10.11)-Applied loads
cause tension 90 degrees to
supports;
Compression parallel to
supports;
And Shear;
Membrane forces uniformly
distributed in the plane of the
shell to the edge of the shells;
Edge beams transfer to
support the forces and loads
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
17
copied or shared
Ch-10-HP shells
Combination
Figure.10.12 - Two
intersecting HP;
Forces are intersecting &
balance;
Transferred to supports;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
18
copied or shared
Ch10-Anticlastic Shells
Basic HP & combinations
Figure 10.13 shows variations of four
hyperbolic paraboloids;
One support;
Two supports;
Four supports;
Figure 10.14- Shaded area is one basic
Hyperbolic paraboloid;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
19
copied or shared
Ch-10-Anticlastic
HP Structural behaviour
(Figure.15.33):
Stress in saddle shells
is related to direction
of curvature;
Compression stresses
follow convex
curvature- arch
action;
Tension stresses
follow the concave
curvature- suspension
action
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
20
copied or shared
Ch-10-Anticlastic
HP Structural behaviour
(Figure.15.43):
Umbrella geometry of
four hypars with centre
column;
The edges are straight
lines making square or
rectangular shape;
Tension- suspension;
Compression- arch
action
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
21
copied or shared
Ch-10-Anticlastic
Torus
Figure 10.15-A form similar to an
inverted HP is a curved cylindrical
shell;
Generated with straight lines;
Parabolic form;
Load uniformly;
Force distribution arch like &
membrane;
Free edges stiffened;
Trust- tie rods in two directions;
Bending buckling resistance- by double
curve form;
Strength & stiffness is by Geometry
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
22
copied or shared
Ch-10-Anticlastic
Torus
Figure 10.16: Curved cylindrical shell;
Membrane stresses in some loading
condition Is like long barrel vaults;
Doubly curved arch;
Highly resistant to buckling due to
geometry;
Thrust- Ties and buttresses at base
Very Stable shell
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
23
copied or shared
Ch-10-Anticlastic
Conoids
Figure 10.17: Conoids shell;
Form shallow saddle shapes
generated ;
Straight lines drawn between one
curved edge and one straight edge;
Membrane stress distribute forces
from surfaces to stiffened edges;
Thrust resist by ties
Roof structure
Tie rods
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
24
copied or shared
Ch-10-Anticlastic
Conoids
Figure 15.30: Conoids
shell & Load
distribution;
Surface generation by
moving straight line
along straight path and
the other end on curved
path;
Arch action-
compression;
Suspension behaviour-
Tension;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
25
copied or shared
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
copied or shared
Ch-10-Dome shells
Larger spans;
Material efficient;
Shell dome - resist
tension;
Stress in two directions;
Arch lines & hoops lines;
26
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
copied or shared
Ch-10-Dome shells
Hemispherical dome
Arch lines are semicircular & buckle
upwards;
Buckling upwards happens in
hemispherical shell domes & resisted
45 degrees below the horizontal by
tension on hoops lines;
Shallow domes in hoop compression
only;
Deep shell dome below 45 degrees in
hoop tension & above hoop on the arch Compression
lines is compression only;
Shell dome line of transition is 38
degrees with horizontal for self
weighted; Tension
Shell domes differ from vault domes; 45°
Tension;
Weight surcharge;
Funicular for various loading
27
Ch-10-Dome shells
Load Distribution (LD)
LD in shallow dome in membrane
surfaces;
Only compression;
Transferred to edges of shell;
Hemispherical shell domes-
circumferential tension at base;
Thrust due to arch action
resisted by steel tension rings in
thick edges of base;
Shell dome on columns require
more reinforcements- figure 15.5
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
28
copied or shared
Ch-10-Dome shells
Load Distribution
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
29
copied or shared
Ch-10-Dome shells
Thrust Resistance
Deep dome less thrust
than shallow domes;
In Deep dome shells more
hoop tension ;
In shallow dome shells
tension ring with thick
base edge;
On columns- ring beams-
figure 15.7
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
30
copied or shared
Ch-10-Dome shells
Thrust Resistance
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
31
copied or shared
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
copied or shared
Ch-10-Dome shells
Types
32
Ch-10-Hyperboloid shells
Hyperboloids a shell revolution
figure 10.21;
Hyperboloid curve;
Load distributed by membrane
stress in the shell;
Tension rings are needed for
stability at both ends;
Bending & thrust resolved by ties
rods and edge beams;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
33
copied or shared
Ch-10-Hyperboloid Shells
Hyperboloids a shell figure
10.22;
Portion of the Hyperboloids
can be used as cantilever;
Loads distributed by
membrane surface
(stresses);
Tension and compression;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
34
copied or shared
Ch-10-Shells
Lateral stability (LS)
Shells establish LS by geometry;
Shells establish LS by use of material at egdes;
Number of shells in have LS by interaction;
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
35
copied or shared
Ch-10-Shells/ Examples
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
36
copied or shared
Ch-10-Shells
HP Examples
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
37
copied or shared
Ch-10-Shells / HP Examples
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
38
copied or shared
Ch-10-Shells/ Torus Examples
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
39
copied or shared
Ch-10-Shells/ Hyperboloid Examples
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
40
copied or shared
Ch-10-Shells/ Short-Barrel Examples
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
41
copied or shared
Resources
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
Prepared by: Mr. Mahmood Khan- Not to
42
copied or shared