BS IN MEDTECH
LABORATORY GRAM
MOLECULAR
WEIGHT
NO R M A L I TY
MATHEMATICS
AND CALCULATIONS
MT4 INTERNSHIP
OBJECTIVES:
THE TUTEES ARE EXPECTED TO:
1. KNOW THE DIFFERENT LABORATORY MATHEMATICAL
EQUATIONS
2. LEARN AND UNDERSTAND HOW TO SOLVE VARIOUS
LABORATORY EQUATIONS
3. APPLY AND CARRY OUT CALCULATIONS OF
LABORATORY EQUATIONS
PART 1
A percent solution is determined in the same manner regardless
PERCENT of whether weight/weight, volume/volume, or weight/volume
units are used.
SOLUTIONS Percent implies “parts per 100,” which is represented as percent
(%) and is independent of the molecular weight of a substance.
%WEIGHT/WE IGH T ExaMPLE # 1
MS OF S
RO
ALUTI ON)
RAMS OF SOLUTE / G
=(G
X 100%
or ic ac id (u sing 12 M HCl),
To make up 100 g of a 5% aqueous soluti on of hy droc hl
t expr es se d as a de cim al . Th e ca lculation
multiply the total amount by the percen
becomes
5% = 5/100
= 0.050
Therefore, 0.05 0 × 10 0 g = 5 g of 12 M HC l
th e an sw er is to set up a ra tio so that
Another way of arriving at
5/100 = x/100
x=5
VOLUM E ExaMPLE # 2
WEIGHT/ L OF SOLUTION)
E / M
= (GRAMS OF SOLUT
X 100%
term for a pe rc en t solu tion is w ei gh t pe r vo lum e, w hich is
Th e most freque nt ly used %
lu en t. To m ak e up 1,0 00 m L of a 10
often expressed as grams per 100 mL of the di e calcul at ions be com e
(w/v) solution of NaOH, use th e prec ed in g ap pr oa ch . Th
10/1 00 = 0. 10 x 1,0 00 = 10 0 g
(% expressed as a de cim al ) (t otal am ou nt )
or
10/100 = x / 1,000
x = 100
1,0 00 m L vo lu m et ric Clas s A flas k and di lute
Therefore, add 100 g of 10% NaOH to a e w at er .
to the calib ration m ark w it h reag en t gr ad
V O LU M E ExaMPLE # 3
VOLUME/ TION)
S/ML
OLUTOF
E SOLU
= (ML OF
X 100%
Make up 50 m L of a 2% (v /v) co nc entr ated hy droc hlor ic
acid solution.
2/100 = 0.02 × 50 = 1 mL
or
2/100 = x/50
x=1
L Clas s A volu m etric fl as k, ad d 1 m L of
Therefore, add 40 mL of water to a 50 m it h re ag en t gr ade water.
ca libra ti on m ark w
concentrated HCl, mix, and dilute up to the
Remember, always add acid to water!
Let's test what you have learned!
1. What is the percent by mass of rubbing alcohol in a solution that contains
275 g of rubbing alcohol in 500 g of solution?
2. If the density of the above solution is 0.857 g/mL, what is the percent
(m/v) of rubbing alcohol?
3. What is the percent by volume in a solution that contains 350 mL of rubbing
alcohol 500 mL of solution?
PART 2
GRAM MOLECULAR WEIGHT
MOLES
MOLARITY
NORMALITY
EXAMPLE #4
GMW= ATOMIC MASS+ ATOMIC MASS+ATOMIC MASS+...
EIGHT OF THE FOLLOWING COM POUNDS:
OBTAIN THE FORMULA W
A. H202 B. HC O3
GMW= H2 + 02 GMW= H + C + 03
= (1.01) 2 + 16 (2) = 1.01 + 12.01 + 16 (3)
= 2.02 + 32 = 1.01 + 12.01 + 48
= 34.02 = 61.02
Exercise:
What is the formula weight of Ba(OH)2?
EXAMPLE #5
MOLES = GRAMS / GRAM MOLECULAR WEIGHT
*G/GMW = GRAMS/(GRAMS/MOLE)
HOW MANY MOLE S ARE THERE IN A 182.7 g O F KO H?
2. su bs ti tu te th e form ula:
1. find the GMW of KOH:
M OLE S = GR AM S / GM W
GMW = K + O + H / 56 .11 g/ mol
= 39.1 + 16 + 1.01 = 18 2.7 g
= 3.26 m ol of KO H
=56.11 g/mol
Exercise:
How many moles are there in a 237.56 g of BaCl2?
EXAMPLE #6
*if moles = g / gmw,
MOLARITY = MOLES / LITER then molarity = (g / gmw) / liter
a solution cont ai ning 9 9 g of H2 S04 in 1.2 Lite r of solvent:
Determ ine the m olar ity of
2. su bstitu te the form ula fo r m oles :
1. find the gmw of H2SO4:
gmw = H2 + S + O4 m oles = g / gm w
= (1.01) 2 + 32.06 + (16) 4 = 9 9 g/ 98. 08 g/ m ol
= 98.0 8 g/ mol = 1. 01 m ol
3. substitute the formula for molarity:
M = moles / liter Exercise:
= 1.01 mol / 1.2 L Find the molarity of a 2 L solution
= 0.84 M which contains 86 g of NaOH.
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
GRAMS = GMW X MOLES
MOLES = MOLARITY X LITER
LITER = MOLES / MOLARITY
EXAMPLE #7
Y= [GRAM/(GMW/VALENCE)] / LITER
NORMALIT
0 mL solu tion th at co ntains 116 g of HC l?
What is the normality of a 90
3. convert 900 mL to liters:
[Link] the gmw 900mL/1 x 1L/1000mL = 0.9 L
gmw = H + Cl
= 1.01 + 35.45 4 . su bstitu te th e fo rm ula for no rm ality :
= 36.46 g/mol N = [g/(gmw/v)]/L
= [1 16g of HC l / (36.4 6 g/ m ol/1 )] / 0 .9 L
2. determine the valence of the = 3.53 N
compound: HCl = 1 Exercise:
Calculate the normality of a 1.5 mL
solution containing 375 g of Ba(OH)2?
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION
GRAMS = N OR MA LIT Y x (GM W /V) x LIT ER S
LITERS = [GR AM S/ (GM W / V)]/N ORM A LITY
MOLAR IT Y = N ORM A LITY / V ALE NC E
NORM A LIT Y = M OLAR IT Y x VA LEN CE
OTHER FORMULAS
CREATININE CLEARANCE
OSMOLALITY
CREATININE CLEARANCE Where in...
Ucr = Urine creatinine
Ccr = [(Ucr x {Vur/24h}) / Pcr] x 1.73/A Vur = Volume of urine
Pcr = Plasma creatinine
example: 1.73/A= normalization factor for BSA
Ucr = 117 mg/dL BSA = body surface area
Vur = 1,580 mL
24 hours = 1440 minutes
Pcr = 1.1 mg/dL
BSA = normal
Ccr = [(117mg/dL x 1,580 mL/1440 min)/ 1.1 mg/dL]
= 116.70 mL/min
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
NORMAL VALUES
Female: 88-128 mL/min
Male: 97-137 mL/min
Vur = Ccr x P x 1440min) / (1.73/A) x Ucr
Pcr = U x V x (1.73/A) / Ccr x 1440 min
SERUM OSMOLALITY
2Na + Glucose (mg/dL)/20 + BUN(mg/dL)/3 = mOsm/kg
1.86Na + Glucose(mg/dL)/18 + BUN(mg/dL)/2.8 + 9 = mOsm/kg
Normal value: 275-295 mOsm/kg
PART 3
DILUTIONS
- SIMPLE DILUTIONS
- SERIAL DILUTIONS
- COMPOUND DILUTIONS
Dilutions
It refers to the process of adding additional solvent to a
solution to decrease its concentration. This process keeps the
amount of solute constant, but increases the total amount of
solution, thereby decreasing its final concentration.
Simple Dilutions
A simple dilution is one in which a unit volume of a liquid
material of interest is combined with an appropriate volume
of a solvent liquid to achieve the desired concentration.
EXAMPLE #1
Sample volume: 1mL
Diluent volume: 1 mL
Total volume: 2 mL
Dilution: 1:2
Dilution Factor: 2
Concentration: 1/2 = 0.5
EXAMPLE #2
Sample volume: 1 mL
Diluent volume: 9 mL
Total volume: 10 mL
Dilution: 1:10
Dilution Factor: 10
Concentration: 1/10 = 0.01
EXAMPLE #3
Sample volume: 3 mL
Diluent volume: 9 mL
Total volume: 12 mL
Dilution: 1:4
Dilution Factor: 4
Concentration: 1/4 = 0.25
exeRCISE #1
Sample volume: 5 mL
Diluent volume: 20 mL
Total volume:
Dilution:
Dilution Factor:
Concentration:
exeRCISE #1
Sample volume: 5 mL
Diluent volume: 20 mL
Total volume: 25mL
Dilution: 1:5
Dilution Factor: 5
Concentration: 0.04
exeRCISE #2
•Suppose you must prepare 400 ml of a
disinfectant that requires 1:8 dilution from
a concentrated stock solution with water.
Sample volume:
Diluent volume:
Total volume:
Dilution:
Dilution Factor:
Concentration:
exeRCISE #2
•Suppose you must prepare 400 ml of a
disinfectant that requires 1:8 dilution from
a concentrated stock solution with water.
Sample volume: 50mL
Diluent volume: 350 mL
Total volume: 400mL
Dilution: 1:8
Dilution Factor: 8
Concentration: 0.125
COMPOUND Dilutions
•A previously diluted solution is further diluted by adding
more diluent.
EXAMPLE #1
•Solution A’s dilution is 1:100. 2 mL of solution
A is mixed with 8 mL reagent. Find the new
dilution, dilution factor, and concentration.
Sample volume: 2mL
Diluent volume: 8 mL
Total volume: 10mL
Initial Dilution: 1:100
New dilution: 1:10
Final dilution: 1:1000
Dilution Factor: 1000
Concentration: 0.001
exeRcise #1
•Solution A’s dilution is 1:20. 5 mL of solution A
is mixed with 15 mL reagent. Find the new
dilution, dilution factor, and concentration.
Sample volume: 5 mL
Diluent volume: 15 mL
Total volume: 20 mL
Initial Dilution: 1:20
New dilution:
Final dilution:
Dilution Factor:
Concentration:
exeRcise #1
•Solution A’s dilution is 1:20. 5 mL of solution A
is mixed with 15 mL reagent. Find the new
dilution, dilution factor, and concentration.
Sample volume: 5 mL
Diluent volume: 15 mL
Total volume: 20 mL
Initial Dilution: 1:20
New dilution: 1:4
Final dilution: 1:80
Dilution Factor: 80
Concentration: 0.0125
Serial Dilutions
•A serial dilution is simply a series of simple dilutions which
amplifies thedilution factor quickly beginning with a small
initial quantity ofmaterial.
It refers to the process of ading additional solvent to a
solution to decrease its concentration. This process keeps the
amount of solute constant, but increases the total amount of
solution, thereby decreasing its final concentration.
EXAMPLE #1
Determine the dilution factor and concentration of
each tube with a final dilution of 1:4096.
Tube # amount of solute amount of diluent dilution factor
concentration
Tube 1 _____ ______ _____ _____
Tube 2 ______ _____ _____ _____
Tube 3 _____ _____ _____ _____
Tube 4 _____ _____ _____ ______
Tube 1:
Dilution Factor= 1:8
Serum= 1 part
Diluent= 7 parts
Concentration= 1/8 = 0.125 =0.12
Tube 2
Dilution Factor: 1:8 x 1:8 = 1:64
Serum: 1 part from Tube 1
Diluent: 7 parts
Concentration= 1/64 = 0.015625 = 0.02
Tube 3
Dilution Factor: 1:64 x 1:8 = 1:512
Serum = 1 part from Tube 2
Diluent= 7 parts
Concentration = 1/512 = 0.00195 = 0.002
Tube 4
Dilution Factor = 1:512 x 1:8 = 1:4096
Serum = 1 part from Tube 3
Diluent = 7 parts
Concentration = 1/4096 = 0.000244 =0.00024
OTHER FORMULAS
PROPORTIONS
Proportions
Proportions are used to determine a quantity from a given
ratio. It is used when reagents are prepared by adding a
specific amount of one solution to a specific amount of
another solution.
EXAMPLE #1
EXERCISE
A buffer is made by adding together 3 parts of solution A, 2
parts of solution B, 2 parts solution C. How much each of the
solutions would be required to make 4900mL of the buffer?
EXERCISE
Total Parts = 3(A) + 2(B) + (2) = 7 Total Parts
4900mL/7 = 700mL per Part
Part A= (3)(700) = 2100 mL
Part B = (2)(700) = 1400 mL
Part C = (2)(700) = 1400mL
2400+1400+1400 = 4900mL
EXERCISES
set up 4 test tubes with the following dilution factors in order
1: 4; 1:20; 1:100; 1:400
What will be the concentrations in order of tubes 1 to 4?
_____ _____ _____ _____
EXERCISES
set up 4 test tubes with the following dilution factors in order
1: 4; 1:20; 1:100; 1:400
What will be the concentrations in order of tubes 1 to 4?
_____ _____ _____ _____
Tube 1: 0.25
Tube 2: 0.05
Tube 3: 0.01
Tube 4: 0.0025
EXERCISES
set up 5 test tubes with the following dilution factors in in
order 1: 2; 1:10; 1:20; 1:100; 1:200. tube 1 uses 1 mL of specimen.
Tubes 2 to 5 contain 2 mL each of diluent.
What will be the concentrations in order from tubes 1 to 5?
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____
EXERCISES
set up 5 test tubes with the following dilution factors in in
order 1: 2; 1:10; 1:20; 1:100; 1:200. tube 1 uses 1 mL of specimen.
Tubes 2 to 5 contain 2 mL each of diluent.
What will be the concentrations in order from tubes 1 to 5?
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____
Tube 1: 0.5
Tube 2: 0.1
Tube 3: 0.05
Tube 4: 0.01
Tube 5: 0.005
EXERCISES
set up 5 test tubes with tube 1 containing 1 mL plasma. Final
dilution is 1:16,807.
The concentrations in order from tubes 1 to 5 will be
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____
EXERCISES
set up 5 test tubes with tube 1 containing 1 mL plasma. Final
dilution is 1:16,807.
The concentrations in order from tubes 1 to 5 will be
_____ _____ _____ _____ _____
Tube 1: 0.14
Tube 2: 0.020
Tube 3: 0.0029
Tube 4: 0.00042
Tube 5: 0.000059
THANK YOU!
References:
Bishop, M., Fody, E., & Schoeff, L. (2013).
Clinical chemistry: Principles, techniques, and
correlations, seventh edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
