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9th GRADE BIOLOGY UNITS

UNIT I: BIOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF LIFE

*COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING

THINGS

*MAIN COMPONENTS OF LIVING THINGS

UNIT II:THE WORLD OF LIVING THINGS

*THE CELL

*CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

ASSESMENT CRITERIA

DURING THE LECTURE

PARTICIPATION IN THE CLASS

HAVE YOUR PEARSON BOOK
LISTEN
TAKE NOTES
ASK GOOD QUESTIONS
ASSESMENT CRITERIA
AFTER THE LECTURE
MAKE A REVISION (read the chapter from your book and ask your
teacher the misunderstood parts to make it clear!)
MASTERING BIOLOGY web site do the HW ,listen to the tutorials
Learn to make self-study
VIP 9 books( read the same unit and answer the related questions to
make your self ready for the pop-up Quizes )

PERFORMANCE HOMEWORK
ASSESMENT CRITERIA
1st ORAL MARK AND 3rd ORAL MARK
PARTICIPATION
HOMEWORKS (VIP and worksheets )
MASTERING BIOLOGY HW
QUIZES,LAB WORK
2ND ORAL MARK
PERFORMANCE HOMEWORK
EXPLORING LIFE
 Introduction
Red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) are well adapted for life in the
mountainous forests of Asia.
Their cinnamon red and white coat camouflages them with the red
mosses and white lichens of their environment.
Their long bushy tail provides warmth during the winter.
A bony projection in their wrist helps them grasp one of their
favorite foods, bamboo.

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 Introduction
Giant pandas live in similar regions in Asia.
Are they closely related to red pandas?
Scientists once thought so but have since reclassified red pandas into
their own family.
Despite their distinct lineages, the red panda and the giant panda
do have something in common—they are both at risk of going
extinct in the wild.

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FIG U RE 1.0_1
Chapter 1: Big Ideas

Biology: The Scientific The Process of

Study of Life Science

Five Unifying Themes

in Biology
 BIOLOGY
THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY
OF
LIFE
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BIOS: LIFE

LOGOS: THINKING REASONING

SO : BIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF LIFE

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 WHAT IS LIFE?
Checkpoint questions;

*How would you define life?

*What are the characteristics or common properties of

living organism?

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 COMMON
PROPERTIES
OF
LIFE
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FIG U RE 1.1
Reproduction
Order Growth and
development

Response to the Energy processing

environment

Evolutionary adaptation
Regulation
order

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reproduction

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growth and development

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energy processing

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regulation

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response to the environment

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evolutionary adaptation

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cellular structure

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 excretion

sweat
Falling leaves

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 including nucleic acids

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 1.2 Biologist Arrange The Diversity Of Life Into Three
Domains
Taxonomists name species and classify them into broader groups.
Although the debate continues, there is consensus among biologists
that life can be organized into three higher levels called domains.

Domains Bacteria and Archaea contain organisms with simple cells.

Domain Eukarya includes various protists and the kingdoms Fungi, Plantae,
and Animalia.

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FIG U RE 1.2
Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea

Colorized SEM 10,000×

Colorized SEM 7,500×
Bacteria Archaea
Domain Eukarya

LM 340×

Protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

 1.2 Biologist Arrange The Diversity Of Life Into Three
Domains
Checkpoint question: To which of the three domains of life do we
belong?

[Link]
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 1.3 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: In Life’s Hierarchy Of Organization,
New Properties Emerge At Each Level

Biologists study life across a very broad range of scales, from the molecules in
a cell to the entire living planet.
They divide this vast scope of biology into a series of structural levels.
Emergent properties result from the specific arrangement and interactions
among component parts.

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 [Link]
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FIG U RE 1.3_1

1. Biosphere
Florida

2. Ecosystem

3. Community

4. Population
FIG U RE 1.3_2_1

5. Organism
FIG U RE 1.3_2_2

5. Organism

6. Organs and organ

systems
FIG U RE 1.3_2_3

5. Organism

6. Organs and organ

systems

7. Tissue
FIG U RE 1.3_2_4

5. Organism

6. Organs and organ

systems

7. Tissue
Nucleus

8. Cell
DNA Nerve cell

9. Organelle
FIG U RE 1.3_2_5

5. Organism

6. Organs and organ

systems

7. Tissue
Nucleus

8. Cell
DNA Nerve cell
Atom

10. Molecule 9. Organelle

FIG U RE 1.3

1. Biosphere
Florida

2. Ecosystem
5. Organism

6. Organs and organ

systems

3. Community 7. Tissue
Nucleus

4. Population 8. Cell
DNA Nerve cell
Atom

10. Molecule 9. Organelle

 1.3 VISUALIZING THE CONCEPT: In Life’s Hierarchy Of Organization,
New Properties Emerge At Each Level
Checkpoint question: Which of these levels of biological
organization includes all of the others in the list:
cell, molecule, organ, tissue?

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WHAT DO THESE ANIMALS DO?
 1-FEEDING AND NUTRITION
Nutrition / Feeding is needed for metabolic activities and energy.

Some organisms can produce their own Some organisms can not produce their own
food. food and must eat plants or animals for
We call them authotroph (Producers) energy. We call them heterotroph
(Consumers)

[Link]
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 WHY DO THEY FEED?
to get energy to regulate cellular processes
to take organic materials for cell structure
to form new cells
2-RESPIRATION
All organisms need energy
They obtain this energy from cellular respiration
In cellular respiration the chemical bond energy in
food materials are converted into a form that
organisms can use which is the ATP molecule

Lets see the kinds of cellular respiration

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

A) Aerobic Respiration
B) Anaerobic Respiration
C) Fermentation
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Happen in organisms living in oxygen rich places
Food is broken down by using oxygen
Large amounts of ATP is obtained
Happen in cytoplasm and mitochondrion

[Link]
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Happen in bacteria in oxygen poor places
More ATP is obtained when compared to fermentation
No Oxygen is used
Happen in the cytoplasm and cell mebrane

[Link]
• FERMANTATION
• An anaerobic pathway for breaking down glucose
• Very little amount of ATP is obtained
• Happen in cytoplasm
• No Oxygen
- Lactic Acid Fermantation
Muscle cells and yougurt bacteria
- Ethyl Alcohol Fermantation
Some yeast ,bacteria
 3- GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH
To increase in size and number of cells
So that the organism will increase the chance of
survival
DEVELOPMENT
Ability to do something
–Development includes muscle coordination and
control, growth in size and in proportion, both
controlled by DNA.
WHERE DO THE ELEPHANTS GO?
HOW CAN THEY MOVE?
4-MOVEMENT
All organisms move even plants move
They move
To find food
To escape from the enemies
To find shelter
To mate
Euglena and bacteria move by the help of flagellum

Euglena

[Link] bacterium
Birds can fly
Amoeba move by forming false feet

Amoeba
 5-EXCRETION
To give out the waste materials produced as a
result of metabolic activities or excess
substances like water or ions
Paramecium use contractile vacuole to give out
extra water

[Link]
 WHAT DO WE EXCRETE?
CARBONDIOXIDE Through lungs
UREA, AMONIA By urination
WATER AND MINERALS Urination or through skin
and lungs
UNDIGESTED FOOD Digestive tract
feces
Strawberry Plant get rid of excess water by guttation
 6-REPRODUCTION
Producing members like ourselves
One celled organisms simply divide into two
Human beings have a pregnancy time of 40 weeks
then have birth
Did you know
In sea horses the males become pregnant
[Link]
 KINDS OF REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Does not involve meiosis and SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
fertilization(have mitosis) Involve meiosis ,formation of
Only one parent is involved gametes and fertilization
No new gene combinations Two parents are involved
Ex:Bacteria divide in to two Involve new genetic
combinations
 A sea star reproducing asexually via fragmentation and
regeneration of the body from the fragmented arm

[Link]
7-SENSITIVITY AND RESPONSE
Organisms respond to the changes in their
environment
The responses change according to the stimulus
EUGLENA MOVE TOWARDS LIGHT
[Link]
–Response to the environment—an ability to respond
often results in movement

The leaves of a sun flower turn towards the sun

 8-HAVING CELLULAR STRUCTURE
organısms are made up of cells
cells are the structural and functional units of life
 9-HAVING AN ORGANIZATION

Whether organisms are unicellular or multicellular they

have an organization
In unıcellular organısms in side the cell there are functional
organelles each doing their own job
 LETS SEE THIS ORGANIZATION IN PARAMECIUM
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CELL PARTS?
IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS THERE IS A LEVEL OF
ORGANIZATION

 Cells
 Tissues(cells having same
functions)
 Organs(different tissues come
together to perform a
function)
 Systems(different organs
come together to perform a
function)
 Organism
10- INCLUDING NUCLEIC ACIDS:

- All living things have complex structural organization

based on instructions contained in DNA molecules.
 11- METABOLISM
Metabolism is a collection of chemical reactions which occurs in the
cell or body.

The chemical reaction can be anabolic or catabolic;

Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.

Catabolism(cut) is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones.

[Link]
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 12 - ADAPTATION
Living things can adapt to changes in their environment. So that their
quality of life will increase.
Ex:Bukalemun changing its color(camouflage)
Ex: Red Panda’s adaptation for the cold

[Link]
Let’s make a revision
Common features of living things

Class Study
BRANCHES
OF
BIOLOGY
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Today biological researchs has come a long way towards the
understanding of life;
Animals, Plants, Evolution, Genetic, Space Science…etc.
and create solutions to the problems like;
Environmental pollution, Pandemi, Cancer… etc.
by the help of it’s subdivisions.
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HISTORY
OF
BIOLOGY

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Starts with agriculture and medicines in ancient Egypt, India and China.
Remember mummies

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 In the fourth century Greek philosopher ARISTOTLE classified organisms on
structure and function. (animals with blood / without blood)

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LEANARDO DA VINCI and MICHELANGELO studied human
anatomy with detailed drawings

Anatomical Drawing The Skull Drawing

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 A sketch of the human heart

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Main studies in biology starts after the invention of light
microscope with GALILEO

TELESCOPE
Made of wood, copper and paper
GALILEO

GALILEOS
MICROSCOPE

LENS OF TELESCOPE
ROBERT HOOKE used the term cell in his studies with cork cells

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ANTHONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK studied single celled organisms

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CAROLUS LINNEAEUS formed his own classification system
He is founder of modern taxonomy

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CHARLES DARWIN formed the theories of evolution and
published his famous book “ORIGIN OF SPECIES”

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GREGOR MENDEL Used the term “GENE” as the unit of inheritance

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LOUIS PASTEUR found the vaccine for rabies , disproved
abiogenesis.

[Link]

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Sir ALEXANDER FLEMING found penicilin

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WATSON and CRICK formed the DNA model

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WILHELM RONTGEN used X rays for treatment

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In 1997 clonning of Dolly by Dr . IAN WILMUT

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Branches and History of Life Worksheet