.:: Reduction in Relative and Adverbial Clauses ::.

Reduction in 7- ----- a conservative point of view, he

was bothered by the proposal for more
Relative and Adverbial Clauses spending on federal social programs.

1- ----- a needle in a haystack would be A) Adopted

easier than what we're trying to do. B) To adopt
C) To have adopted
A) To be finding D) Adopting
B) Being found E) Being adopted
C) Having found
D) Finding 8- ----- in an interesting conversation, I
E) To have been found allowed my scheduled appointment
time to pass unnoticed.
2- Her most important achievement was
----- the national championship. A) Having absorbed
B) Absorbed
A) to be won C) Absorbing
B) winning D) Be absorbed
C) to have been won E) To be absorbed
D) being won
E) won 9- ----- to the ground, the young man lost
consciousness.
3- Children ----- to music early develop
strong intellectual skills. A) Throwing
B) To be thrown
A) introduced C) Be thrown
B) to introduce D) To throw
C) to be introducing E) Having been thrown
D) introducing
E) having introduced 10- ----- college standards, the students
realized that they hadn't worked hard
4- ----- a gymnast, Lynn knew the enough in high school.
importance of exercise.
A) Facing
A) To have been B) Faced
B) Been C) To be faced
C) For being D) Be faced
D) Have been E) To be facing
E) Having been
11- The crying boy, ----- by the bully, began
5- The student ----- in charge of the class to fight.
was unable to keep order.
A) angering
A) leaving B) to be angered
B) having left C) angered
C) left D) having angered
D) to be left E) to have been angered
E) was left
12- The girls, ----- by the police car's
6- ----- out as an army officer, Karen's headlights, quickly came down from the
father was frequently transferred. school's roof.

A) Starting A) be frightened
B) Started B) having frightened
C) Being started C) to be frightened
D) To start D) frightened
E) To be starting E) to be frightening

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 .:: Reduction in Relative and Adverbial Clauses ::.

13- ----- very softly, the boy lulled his baby 19- ----- for the bus to arrive, the couple
brother to sleep. thought about their vacation.

A) Sung A) Waited
B) Singing B) Being waited
C) Having been sung C) Waiting
D) To sing D) Having waited
E) To be singing E) To be waiting

14- ----- by the article, Drake decided to 20- Scientists are fascinated by the Aurora
write a letter to the editor. Borealis ----- near the Arctic Circle.

A) Angered A) located
B) Being angering B) locating
C) To be angered C) to locate
D) Having angered D) to be located
E) To have been angered E) having been located

15- ----- down the street, we noticed the 21- The small child, ----- another story,
street lamps come on. caused problems for kids in his class.

A) Walked A) fabricated
B) Being walked B) fabricating
C) Having walked C) being fabricated
D) To have been walking D) to have fabricated
E) Walking E) to be fabricating

16- It was satisfying to have finished the 22- ----- many years ago, the log cabin still
test, and Mike, ----- a few extra minutes, stood up to intense weather.
decided that checking his answers
would be a good idea. A) Crafting
B) Be crafted
A) having C) Crafted
B) have D) To craft
C) has E) Having crafted
D) had
E) to have 23- The audience, ----- in awe by David
Copperfield, could only guess at what
17- The bedcovers ----- near the window was to come next.
belong to a woman from New
Hampshire. A) holding
B) be held
A) displaying C) to be held
B) having displayed D) held
C) displayed E) having held
D) to be displaying
E) having been displaying 24- ----- to the radio commentary, the fans
became shocked when their best player
18- A cruise ship ----- toward us created a was kicked out of the game.
powerful wake.
A) Listened
A) headed B) Being listened
B) being headed C) Listening
C) to head D) Having listened
D) heading E) To listen
E) to be heading

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 .:: Reduction in Relative and Adverbial Clauses ::.

25- The buildings ----- by Frank Lloyd 31- The book ----- to the library sale was
Wright were the most popular. worth a small fortune.

A) were constructed A) donating

B) constructed B) to be donated
C) having constructed C) to have donated
D) to be constructed D) donated
E) are constructed E) having donated

26- The road, ----- by the freshly fallen 32- The golfer ----- in the paper as the
snow, was impossible to see. leader decided to drop out of the
tournament.
A) obscuring
B) be obscured A) listing
C) having obscured B) be listed
D) obscured C) listed
E) to have obscured D) having listed
E) to be listing
27- The young boy loved the stuffed animal
----- to him by his aunt. 33- The thief ----- for the robbery shot at the
security guard.
A) giving
B) gave A) arrested
C) to give B) arresting
D) having given C) be arrested
E) given D) to have arrested
E) having arrested
28- ----- the delays on everything from the
weather to funding, the contractors 34- The flag ----- in the wind is inspirational.
failed to finish.
A) waved
A) Blamed B) to be waved
B) To blame C) waving
C) Blaming D) to have waved
D) Being blamed E) waves
E) To have blamed
35- ----- with the opportunity to learn,
29- ----- with their lack of attention, the Christine took the internship in New
teacher instructed her students to put York.
their heads on their desks.
A) Delighting
A) Frustrated B) To delight
B) Having frustrated C) To be delighting
C) Frustrating D) Delighted
D) To have frustrated E) Having delighted
E) To be frustrated
36- The kittens ----- under the bed have
30- ----- her eyes to block out the glare, refused to come out.
Sally hurried toward the shady spot in
the park. A) crouched
B) to be crouched
A) Covered C) having been crouched
B) Covering D) to have crouched
C) To cover E) crouching
D) To be covered
E) To have covered

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 .:: Reduction in Relative and Adverbial Clauses ::.

37- The swimmer, ----- by the need to be the 43- A railroad, ----- railway in Great Britain,
best in the world, made himself sick is a form of land transportation in which
with anxiety. a permanent roadway with parallel rails
provides a track for cars ----- by
A) having driven locomotives.
B) to be driven
C) driven A) calling / to draw
D) to have driven B) to be called / drawing
E) drove C) called / drawn
D) call / draw
38- The marathon runner, ----- to the edge E) being called / having drawn
of endurance, collapsed at the finish
line. 44- ----- the vast majority of our engineering
efforts, we felt we needed to focus on
A) pushing our salesmanship.
B) pushed
C) to be pushing A) To be completed
D) to have pushed B) Completed
E) having pushed C) To be completing
D) Being completed
39- The old man, now ----- , turned into one E) Having completed
of the vibrant shops.
45- He has extensive experience and
A) limping knowledge in software and electrical
B) limped engineering, ----- enterprise software.
C) to limp
D) be limped A) designing
E) having limped B) to design
C) are designing
40- Mr. Dennis, ----- the class, pored over D) to be designed
his archaeology notations. E) being designed

A) instructed 46- All notifications and all information -----

B) being instructed by the OIE to the Veterinary
C) having instructed Administration shall be regarded as -----
D) to be instructed to the country concerned.
E) to instruct
A) sent / having been sent
41- The would-be lawyers ----- the text were B) sending / being sent
all dumbfounded by its complexity. C) to send / to be sent
D) being sent / having sent
A) to read E) to have sent / be sent
B) reading
C) to be reading 47- The British found that more than sixty
D) read percent of the side effects were due to
E) have read the wrong blood -----.

42- ----- shy and reserved, the young lass A) be administered

seemed even more attractive to him. B) having been administered
C) having administered
A) Appeared D) to be administered
B) To appear E) administer
C) To be appearing
D) Appearing
E) To have appeared

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 .:: Reduction in Relative and Adverbial Clauses ::.

48- Immediately after the voting and the 54- Although ----- by the news, he was
results ----- , the new Committee shall determined not to panic.
take up office.
A) shaking
A) to have been announced B) to be shaken
B) announcing C) to have shaken
C) being announcing D) shaken
D) having announced E) having shaken
E) having been announced
55- ----- in a similar job for many years, he
49- With the rates for taxes ----- as well, this found it easy to settle into his new post.
makes the public transport
system a much more cost effective and A) To work
safer method of travelling. B) Having worked
C) Worked
A) be increasing D) To be working
B) to increase E) To have worked
C) to be increased
D) having been increased 56- People ----- to go on the trip should sign
E) to be increasing their names below.

50- He seemed visibly upset by some of the A) wish

things ----- on the field. B) wishing
C) to wish
A) to be said D) having wished
B) say E) to be wished
C) saying
D) being said 57- The major, ----- his full dress uniform,
E) having said cut a dashing sight.

51- ----- in the first match, the champion A) worn

was determined to win the second. B) to wear
C) to be worn
A) Defeating D) having been worn
B) To defeat E) wearing
C) To be defeated
D) Having defeated 58- While ----- in Paris, he got to know many
E) Defeated other young artists.

52- The old house, ----- for over two A) live

decades, was in a terrible state. B) to live
C) having lived
A) abandoning D) lived
B) abandoned E) being lived
C) to abandon
D) to be abandoned 59- If not ----- the camera for a longer
E) to have abandoned period, remove the battery.

53- The weather ----- so nice, they decided A) used

to go to the seaside. B) to use
C) using
A) is D) be used
B) being E) being used
C) be
D) was
E) to be

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 .:: Reduction in Relative and Adverbial Clauses ::.

60- ----- hands with everyone present, she 66- ----- an entertaining evening, the arena
went and sat by herself. was soon filled with eager spectators.

A) Shaking A) Anticipated
B) To shake B) To be anticipated
C) Shaken C) Anticipating
D) To be shaken D) To anticipate
E) Having been shaken E) Having been anticipated

61- After ----- the director, I was introduced 67- He looked through the book, ----- from
to his secretary. time to time at his watch.

A) met A) glanced
B) having met B) to glance
C) being met C) being glanced
D) to be met D) glancing
E) having been met E) having glanced

62- The driver, ----- from hours behind the 68- ----- by all his friends, he decided to
wheel, slumped over the dashboard. become a monk.

A) exhausting A) Rejecting
B) be exhausted B) To reject
C) having exhausted C) To be rejected
D) to have been exhausted D) Having rejected
E) exhausted E) Rejected

63- When ----- , this animal can be 69- Most of the people ----- to the party
dangerous. didn't turn up.

A) cornering A) inviting
B) to corner B) invited
C) cornered C) to be invited
D) be cornered D) have been invited
E) to be cornered E) to invite

64- In ----- the company’s policy, three 70- Their reputation as winners ----- by
areas of improvement were identified victory, the New York Liberty charged
by the committee into the semi-finals.

A) reviewed A) securing
B) to be reviewed B) to secure
C) reviewing C) having secured
D) having been reviewed D) secured
E) have reviewed E) be secured

65- ----- by the news, we headed for the 71- Nearly ----- at St. George, we
nearest farmhouse. considered to interrupt our journey but
the tanks were still half full and we were
A) Disconcerted challenged by the big valley that opens
B) To have been disconcerted before us.
C) To be disconcerted
D) Disconcerting A) arrived
E) Having disconcerted B) being arrived
C) to arrive
D) to be arriving
E) arriving

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 .:: Reduction in Relative and Adverbial Clauses ::.

72- The two superstars signed autographs 78- Charlie spent the entire afternoon -----
into the night, their faces ----- happily. after his daughters.

A) beamed A) running
B) beaming B) run
C) to beam C) to run
D) being beamed D) having run
E) to have beamed E) to be running

73- Her plan ----- child care won wide 79- ----- the disguise of a matador, the
acceptance among urban politicians. tourist was able to sneak into the arena
without paying.
A) being subsidized
B) having subsidized A) Used
C) to subsidize B) To use
D) to have been subsidized C) To be used
E) to be subsidizing D) Having been used
E) Using
74- The pond, ----- over since early
December, is now safe for ice-skating. 80- His major achievements ----- around
him, the executive officer retired.
A) frozen
B) freezing A) collapsed
C) to freeze B) to collapse
D) being frozen C) being collapsed
E) to have frozen D) collapsing
E) having been collapsed
75- The best thing about ----- in this project
is that I can apply what I learned to a 81- “Proposition 215” is a two-year-old law
real application. ----- to allow seriously ill people in
California to use marijuana as
A) involving medicine.
B) to involve
C) having involved A) intending
D) being involved B) to intend
E) having been involving C) being intending
D) to be intended
76- The stone steps, ----- down by E) intended
generations of students, needed to be
replaced. 82- ----- in battle, MacArthur received the
first Purple Heart medal.
A) wearing
B) to be worn A) Having injured
C) having worn B) Be injured
D) to have worn C) Injuring
E) having been worn D) To be injured
E) Having been injured
77- ----- her tires and blasting her horn,
Jenny took off in a cloud of dust and 83- Our rooms, ----- over several years, still
smoke. hold the charm and character of many
centuries ago.
A) Screeched
B) Being screeched A) having been renovated
C) Screeching B) renovating
D) Having been screeched C) to be renovated
E) To screech D) having renovated
E) being renovated

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 .:: Reduction in Relative and Adverbial Clauses ::.

84- ----- this scheme at three different 90- ----- Swahili with the speed and
stages of its development, we feel eagerness of a child longing to talk to
bound to express a more general people other than her parents, I loved
concern that the project still does not everything about Kenya.
feel like a coherent whole.
A) Learning
A) Seen B) Having seen B) Having learned
C) To be seen D) To have see C) To have learned
E) Being seen D) Learned
E) To be learnt
85- ----- in student council is a great way to
show future employers or colleges that 91- ----- to attack humans and boats, blue
you care about your world. sharks are considered to be a
dangerous species.
A) Involving
B) Being involved A) To have been known
C) To involve B) Knowing
D) To be involved C) Be known
E) Having involved D) Have been known
E) Having been known
86- ----- all over the mountain, Mike told
Larry that he did not see Jane 92- In the past four years, he has been
anywhere. taking things easy, the active
management of the business ----- by Mr.
A) Searching John.
B) To be searched
C) Having searched A) to be assuming
D) Having been searched B) to assume
E) Searched C) having been assumed
D) having assumed
87- There have only been five specimens of E) assuming
this mammal found in Ohio, the first -----
in Darke County the early 1970s. 93- Statistics ----- by the National Education
Association revealed that seventy
A) being found percent of American colleges offer
B) to be finding remedial English classes -----
C) finding composition.
D) to have been found
E) having been found A) to be reported / be emphasized
B) reported / emphasizing
88- ----- off relations with her dad due to an C) having reported / to be emphasized
unpleasant incident involving her D) having been reported / emphasize
mother, Jane returned home after an E) reporting / emphasized
eight-year absence, with her young son.
94- ----- for five awards, singer Loretta
A) Having broken Lynn won for Best Country Album for
B) Broken Van Lear Rose.
C) To have been broken
D) Breaking A) Nominating
E) To have broken B) To be nominating
C) To have been nominated
89- ----- for several hours, the corporal on D) Having nominated
guard and another sentry had dozed E) Having been nominated
off.

A) Sat
B) To have been sitting
C) Having been sitting
D) To be sitting
E) To sit

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 .:: Reduction in Relative and Adverbial Clauses ::.

95- ----- down the ages by the various

civilisations of Anatolia, the davul is
one of the very oldest instruments.

A) Using
B) Being used
C) To have been used
D) Having been used
E) Having used

96- The trial court, ----- with Villamar's

version of the incident, convicted her
for serious illegal detention and less
serious physical injuries.

A) not having been convinced

B) not convincing
C) not to be convinced
D) not having convinced
E) not being convicting

97- ----- in battle before, they were totally

unprepared for what awaited them.

A) Not ever been

B) Not ever being
C) Not to have ever been
D) Not having ever been
E) Not to be ever been

98- ----- seriously about the problem, I am

assured that neither I will solve it nor
will anybody else.

A) Being thought
B) Be thought
C) Thought
D) Having been thought
E) Having thought

99- ----- in a dream that a deluge would

desolate the earth, Noah built a raft on
which he saved himself, his family and
all animals.

A) To have been warned

B) Having been warned
C) Being warned
D) Warning
E) To have warned

100- The painting has a very strong

Japanese/Chinese feel to it, with the
foreground ----- mostly wet in wet.

A) painting
B) to be painted
C) having been painted
D) having painted
E) to have painted

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 .:: Reduction in Relative and Adverbial Clauses ::.

Reduction in
Relative and Adverbial Clauses
1 D 26 D 51 E 76 E
2 B 27 E 52 B 77 C
3 A 28 C 53 B 78 A
4 E 29 A 54 D 79 E
5 C 30 B 55 B 80 D
6 A 31 D 56 B 81 E
7 D 32 C 57 E 82 E
8 B 33 A 58 C 83 A
9 E 34 C 59 C 84 B
10 A 35 D 60 A 85 B
11 C 36 E 61 B 86 C
12 D 37 C 62 E 87 E
13 B 38 B 63 C 88 A
14 A 39 A 64 C 89 C
15 E 40 C 65 A 90 B
16 A 41 B 66 C 91 E
17 C 42 D 67 D 92 C
18 D 43 C 68 E 93 B
19 C 44 E 69 B 94 E
20 A 45 A 70 D 95 D
21 B 46 A 71 E 96 A
22 C 47 B 72 B 97 D
23 D 48 E 73 C 98 E
24 C 49 D 74 A 99 B
25 B 50 D 75 D 100 C

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