Subject Name: Work Study
Subject Code: ME-473T
Faculty Name: Dr. O.P. Upadhyay
Department: Mechanical Engineering
Institute/University: FET, MJPRU, Bareilly
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Engineering: Effective Utilization of resources to do a given job.
Productivity may be defined as follows:
This above definition is applies in an enterprise or a sector of economic
activity. This term productivity can be used to asses or measure the extent to
which a certain output can be extracted from a given input.
The basic needs are fulfilled with the help of higher productivity:
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Measure of Productivity:
Partial Productivity
Overall Productivity
The higher productivity enhance the living standard of the peoples, because all
the essential services and goods are easily available in the market due to high
productivity rate.
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The factors affect the productivity are as follows:
Technical Factors: Technical factors includes the correct machine/equipment
selection, research and development, automation & computerization etc. If
the organization uses latest technology then its productivity will be high.
Production Factors: Production of all the departments should be properly
planned, coordinate and controlled. The right quality of raw materials should
be used for production. The production process should be simplified &
standardized. If everything is well it will increase the productiveness.
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Organization Factors: A simple type of organization should be used.
Authority and responsibility of every individual and department should be
clearly defined. This will increase organization productiveness.
Plant Layout Factors: The Plant layout should be properly managed to
reduce the unnecessary movement of men and materials.
Finance Factors: Productivity relies on the finance factors. They should be a
better control on fixed and working capital. They should be proper financing
planning. Capital expenditure should be properly controlled. If the finance
manage properly, the productivity of the organization will be improved.
Management Factors: The management of organization should be scientific,
professional, future-oriented, sincere and competent. Managers should posses
judgement skills and to willingness to take risk. They should make optimum
use of available resources to get maximum output at lowest cost. They should
use recent techniques for production.
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Government Factors: The management should have a proper knowledge
about the government rules and regulations. They should also maintain good
relation with the government.
Location Factors: Productivity also depends upon location factors such as
law and other situation, infrastructure facilities, nearness to market, nearness
to source of raw materials, skilled workforce etc.
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The causes of low productivity are as follows:
Inadequate Technology
Inappropriate Behavior
Inconsistency
Lack of Acknowledgement
Lack of Big-Picture View
Lack of Delegation
Lack of Involvement of Employee in Decision-Making
Poor Communication
Poor Supervision
Inappropriate Finance Utilization
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Ineffective Management & Supervision
Ineffective Organization Structure
Out Dated System
Lack of Employee Training
Employee Dissatisfaction
Lack of Employee Motivation
Lack of Clearly Defined Rules & Policies
Lack of Job & Time Management
Lack of Proper Research & Development
Inappropriate Vendors & Plant Location Selection
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Technology Based:
Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacturing, Computer
Integrated Manufacturing System: The advantages of computer based
technology are:
Speed of evaluation of alternative designs
Error reduction
Production, planning & control
Automated inspection
Robotics
Laser technology
Flexible manufacturing system.
Employee Based:
Financial & non-financial incentives at individual and group level
Employee promotion
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Job enrichment & job rotation
Worker participation in decision making
Personal development
Material Based:
Material planning and control
Purchase & logistic
Material storage and retrieval
Procurement of quality material
Waste eliminate
Material recycle and reuse
Process Based:
Method engineering and work simplification
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Job design and job evaluation
Human factors engineering
Product Based:
Value analysis & value engineering
Product diversification
Standardization & simplification
Reliability engineering
Product promotion
Management Based:
Communication in the organization
Work culture
Motivation
Promoting group activities
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Work Study: work study is the generic term for those techniques, method
study and work measurement which are used in the examination of human
work in all its contexts. And which lead systematically to investigation of all
the factors which affect the efficiency and economy of the situation being
reviewed, in order to effect improvement.
If work study results in cutting down the time of performing a certain
activity by 10 percent, merely as a result of rearranging the sequence or
simplifying the method of operation without additional expenditure, then
productivity go up by a corresponding value, that is 10 percent. To
appreciate how work study acts to cut down costs and reduce the time of a
certain activity.
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There are two industries manufacturing two types of plugs. The standard time
per piece is 1.5 minutes. The output of the two industries is 300 & 200
respectively per shift of 8 hours.
(a) What is the productivity of each per shift of 8 hours?
(b) What is the production of each per week (6 days ) on the basis of double
shift?
Solution: Industry 1 Industry 2
(a)
Productivity of Factory 1 Productivity of
Factory 2
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(b) Production of Factory 1 Production of Factory 2
= 300x6x2 = 200x6x2
= 3600. = 2400.
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Book - Introduction to Work Study by George Kanawaty
Book - Industrial Engineering & Management By O.P. Khanna
Book - Industrial Engineering & Production Management By Martand
Telsang
Internet & Research Papers - Google & Research Gate
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