PROBLEM SOLVING NOTES:

[Link] of Programming language

[Link] Thereja "Programming in c" (Text Book)
3.20CA2002(subject Lab code), 20ca2003(lab code)
[Link] Generation: ML(1950)
[Link] for programming
2.
[Link] generation: AL
[Link] programming language
[Link] when compared to ML
[Link] Generation: Programming language
[Link] and easy for programming
[Link] level language
[Link] and Compiler are the translators to Machine language
[Link] are portable
[Link] Generation:Very High Level Language
[Link] are non procedural
[Link] easy and useful
[Link] Generation:
[Link] visual tools to develop a program
[Link] s are widely used in Artificial intelligence
[Link] include Prolog,OPS s, Mercury
[Link]:-
[Link] Analysis
[Link] the program/software has to be built
[Link] the identified requirement
 [Link] functionality, capability, performance, availability of harware
and software
[Link]
[Link] documentation in the previous phase act as an iinput to
the design phase
[Link] phase is broken down into modules
[Link] modules is specified in the form of algorithm, flowcharts or
pseudo code
[Link] phase specifies how the programs/software will be built
[Link]
[Link] algorithm are converted into program code using high
level language
[Link] the programming language
[Link] is compatible with the hardware
[Link]
[Link] the modules are tested together to ensure that all the oveerall
system works well as a whole product
[Link] integration of modules are done there may be nug this is
tested
[Link] with the large number of varied inputs known as test data
[Link] Deployment, training and support
[Link]
[Link]:-
[Link]
[Link] the value
[Link] the Value
[Link]
[Link] chart:-
[Link] with symbols(pictorial representation)
[Link] code:-
[Link] of a program
[Link] CLassroom CODE ---flbgqpm
[Link], Flow chart, Pseudo code
[Link] an algotithm to find out area of a circle?
[Link] 1:start
[Link] 2:Get value for r (input operation)
[Link] 3:Calculate Area=Pi*r*r (Processing)
[Link] 4:Print Area (Output operation/Execution)
[Link] 5:End
[Link] about Raptor tool(Download it)
[Link] an algorithm to print "Welcome" Message.
5.,, ,, ,, name and regno
6.,, ,, ,, Address
7.,, ,, ,, Multilply 2 numbers
8.,, ,, ,, Perform Basic arithmetic operation
9.,, ,, Calculate the distance travelled by a vechile by providing speed
and time
[Link] Statement
[Link] code:-
[Link] in books
[Link] like programming
3.
[Link] a code forcalculating the price of a product afteradding sales taxto its
original price
[Link] the price of the product
[Link] the sales tax rate
3.
[Link] of errors:-
[Link]-Time-
[Link] when program is executed
[Link] occurs when the program performs some illegal operations
like
[Link] number by 0
[Link] file that already exist
[Link] of free memory space
[Link] square or log of -ve nos.

[Link]-time Errors:-
[Link] errors:-
[Link] of c programming lang are violated
2. int a: //syntax error
[Link] errors:-
[Link] with the rules of the programming but not
meaningful to the compiler
2.a*b=c//Does not seem correct
[Link] errors:-
[Link] are unexpected and undesirable output
[Link] detected/occurs due to incorrect statements
3.c=a+b//to be
4.c=a*b//mistake
[Link] errors:-
[Link] when the linker is not able to find the function
definition
[Link]
[Link] included #include<stdio.h>
[Link]
 [Link]
[Link] converts High level language into Machine level language
[Link] handling
[Link]:(Comes under Syntax Error)
Datatype variablename;
eg:
int a;
[Link] Error:-
no meaning to the compiler
eg:
a*b=c/no meaning
C=a*b/more meaning (a is operand, * is operator)
[Link] error:-
can'tbe detected by compiler
eg:
C=a+b/to be done
C=a*b/by mistake
[Link] Error:-
occur when the linker isnot able to find the function definition
eg:
Printf
not included #include<stdio.h>
[Link] and debugging approaches:-
[Link] tests- Checks the single module
[Link] test- Two units are combined and checked
[Link] Test- To test the entire system
[Link] approaches:-
 [Link] force
[Link] tracking
[Link] elimination

1.C programming:-
1.C was devolpedin 1970 by Dennis ritchie
[Link] of c
[Link]-Algorithmic language
[Link]-Basic combined programming language
3.B-Ken Thompson
4.C-Traditional C
5.K&RC
[Link] C
7.C89
8.C95
9.C99
[Link] high level language
[Link] 32 keywords
[Link] is structured programming language

[Link] file(extension .c), header file(extension.h),object file([Link]),

executable file([Link])
[Link] file(string.h, stdlib.h,stdio.h,math.h,alloc.h,conio.h)

[Link] section
[Link] line comment(//), [Link] comment(/*....)
[Link] section(preprocessor directive)
ex., #include <stdio.h>
[Link] section
ex.,# define PI 3.14
[Link] declaration section
[Link] function
{
Declaration part
Executable part
}
7. cc greet.c
8. ./[Link]
9. nano display.c
[Link] (online coding resource)
[Link] set in C
[Link] in C language
[Link] and data types
[Link] Data Types in C:-
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] a variable:-
syntax-:- datatype variablename,
Eg. int a;, float g;
[Link] a program to assign a interger value!
[Link]- printf("control string", variablename);
[Link] data types in c:-
[Link]
 [Link]
[Link]
[Link] stores characters
[Link] of data type:-
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] format
[Link] float or double values are stored in memory?
MSD-----------------------------LSB
[Link] point must be converted binary
[Link] the converted binary to normalize form(format= [Link]
bit*2exponent)
[Link] bias to exponent
[Link] function
[Link] programming on [Link]

[Link] output statements in c:-

[Link] source of data as well as the destination of data (stream)
[Link] Stream, Binary stream
eg:- Keyboard-->
[Link]("control string",variable list); ---> syntax
[Link] test
[Link] program:-
1.
// welcome message
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf("Welcome to C programming");
}

2.

// arithmetic operations
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,a1,b1,a2,a3,b2,b3;
printf("enter the value of a and b");
scanf("%d%d,&a,&b);
printf("Add=%d",a+b);
printf("enter the value of a1 and b1");
scanf("%d%d,&a1,&b1);
printf("Sub=%d,a1-b1);0
printf("enter the value of a2 and b2");
scanf("%d%d,&a2,&b2);
printf("Multi=%d,a2*b2);
printf("enter the value of a3 and b3");
scanf("%d%d,&a3,&b3);
printf("Div=%d,a3/b3);
}

[Link]()-
[Link]:-
 scanf("conrtl str1,,,")
[Link] prototype of the control string can be
%[*][width][modifiers]type
[Link] to use a scanf function
[Link] programms
Write a program to print circumference of a circle (2*3.14*radius)
#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

int rad;
float PI = 3.14, area, ci;

printf("\nEnter radius of circle: ");

scanf("%d", &rad);

area = PI * rad * rad;

printf("\nArea of circle : %f ", area);

ci = 2 * PI * rad;
printf("\nCircumference : %f ", ci);

return (0);
}
Write a program to convert fahrenheit to degree celsius
#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
 float celsius,fahrenheit;

// Reads temperature in fahrenheit

printf("\nEnter temperature in Fahrenheit:");
scanf("%f",&fahrenheit);

// Fahrenheit to celsius conversion formula

celsius=(fahrenheit - 32)*5/9;
// Print the result
printf("\nCelsius = %.3f",celsius); //.3f means correct to 3 decimal places

Write a program to find a distance between two points

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>

int main()
{
float x1, y1, x2, y2, distance;

printf("Enter point 1 (x1, y1)\n");

scanf("%f%f", &x1, &y1);

printf("Enter point 2 (x2, y2)\n");

scanf("%f%f", &x2, &y2);

distance = sqrt( (x2 - x1)*(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)*(y2 - y1) );

printf("Distance between (%0.2f, %0.2f) and (%0.2f, %0.2f) is %0.2f\n", x1,

y1, x2, y2, distance);
 return 0;
}
write a program to print the ascii value of a character
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char c='A';
printf("%d",c);
printf("\n%c",c);
}

[Link] in C:-
1. A + B ==> where + is operator, A,B are operands
2. Arithmetic operator
+,-,*,/,% (modulus) finds remainder
3. Relational operator
<(less than),>(greater than),<=(less than equal to),>=(greater than
equal to)

4. Equality operator
==, !=, returns 1 if true, o if false
5. Logical operator
AND(&&), OR(||), NOT(!) returns results as true or false

[Link] operator:-
they act as single operands
Unary Minus(-)
 a=-(b)
increment operator (++)
Prefix operand ++a
postfix....... a++
Decrement operator (--)

[Link] operator orternanry operator

(exp1)? exp2 : exp3
if true and goes to 2 and 3
int a=25, b=10
(a>b)? printf("A is greater than B"): printf("B is greater than A")
[Link] operator:-
&(binary AND),|(Binary OR),^(Binary XOR),`(Binary one
compliment),<<(Binary Left shift),>>(Binary right shift)

[Link] operator: -
1. =,+=,-=,*=,/=,%=,**=
[Link] operator
[Link]
4. 3*4%5/2
12%5/2
2/2
1
Write a program to calculate the bill amount for an item given it's quantity sold,
value,discount,tax!
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
 int q,v,d,t,Amt;
printf("Enter the quantity%d",q);
scanf("\n%d",&q);
printf("\nEnter the Value%d",v);
scanf("\n%d",&v);
printf("\nEnter the Discount ",d);
scanf("\n%d",&d);
printf("\nEnter the Tax ",t);
scanf("\n%d",&t);
Amt=q*v-d+t;
printf("\nThe net amount of the products are %d",Amt);
}

[Link] conversion and type casting: -

[Link] conversion is done implicitly
[Link] done by the programmer
3.
[Link] = int(9.5)
[Link]=(int)12.3/(int)4.2
[Link]=(int)(a+b)
a=500, b=70
[Link] a program to convert an integer into the coressponding floating number

[Link] to scopes of variables

[Link] Scope
{} local variable
[Link] scope
 goto label has function scope
eg:

int main()
{
Loop:
..
..
goto Loop;
return0
}
[Link] scope
can access a variable through out the program
[Link] Scope
static
6. Storage class
Where the data is stored
how long the storage allocation continue
where the variable can be accessed
variable is automatically initialized

1. Write a program to check the given number is odd or even

[Link] of Storage class <storage_class_specifier><data type><variable name>

[Link]
Default storage class for variable declaration inside a block
Eg:
auto int x;
 [Link]
Stored in CPU, Maximum size of the variable will be equal to the
register size
Eg;
register int x;
[Link]
Global variable,it's not initialized, will be initialized to zero
Eg:
extern int x;
[Link]
Static variables have life time over the entire program
Eg:
statics int x=10;
[Link] control statements:-
if statement: -
if(test expression)
{
sate 1:
...
sate n:
}
if else statement: -
if(test expression)
{
sate 1:
}
else
{
 sate 2:
}
statement x:
if else if statement
switch statement
2. did some programming

Today we did programming but suddenly something happened to ma’am she left!

Iterative Statement:
A statement to be printed more than 1 time.
For loop
While loop
Do-while loop
Four essentials elements in loop
Loop control variable
Initialization: Initial value
Condition
Step value: Increment value
While LOOP:
Syntax:
While(condition)
{
Statement;
}
Statement x:
 Ex:
#include<stdio.h>
void main ()
{int i=1;
while(i<=5)
{
printf(“\nHello”);
i++;
}
}
Do-While LOOP:
Syntax:
Statement x;
Do
{
Statement block;
} while (condition);
Statement y;
Ex:
#include<stdio.h>
Void main ()
{int i=1;
Do
{
Printf(“\nHello”);
i++;
} while(i<=5);
 }
// Program to print numbers from 1 to 10 using WHILE LOOP and DO-WHILE
LOOP

WHILE LOOP DO-WHILE LOOP

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main() int main()
{ {
Int i=0; Int i=0;
While(i<=10) Do
{ {
printf (“\n %d”,i); printf(“\n %d”,i);
i=i+1; i=i+1;
} } while(i<=10);
Return 0; Return 0;
} }

For loop:
Syntax
For (initialization; condition; increment/decrement/update)
{
Statement block;
}
Statement y;
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
int i, n=5;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf(“\nhello”);
}

LAB Session:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
int a,b,c,d;
float r1,r2;
printf("Enter values for a,b,c: ");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
d=(b*b) - (4*a*c);
if (d==0)
{
r1=-b/(2*a);
r2=r1;
printf("The roots are real and equal");
printf("\nThe root is %f",r2);
}
else if(d > 0)
{
r1= (-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
r2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
printf("The roots are real and unequal");
printf("\nRoot 1 is%f",r1);
 printf("\nRott 2 is %f",r2);
}
else
{
r1=-b/(2*a);
r2=sqrt(-d)/(2*a);
printf("The roots are imaginary");
}
}

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float weight,height,metric_height,bmi;
printf("Enter your weight in kilograms and height in centimetres : " );
scanf("%f%f",&weight,&height);
metric_height=height/100;
bmi=weight/(metric_height*metric_height);
if (bmi<15)
printf("Starvation");
else if (bmi>15.0 && bmi<17.6)
printf("Anorexic");
else if (bmi>17.5 && bmi<18.6)
printf("Under weight");
else if (bmi>18.5 && bmi<25.0)
printf("Ideal");
else if (bmi>24 && bm
i<30.0)
printf("Over weight");
else if (bmi>29 && bmi<40)
printf("Obese");
else
printf("Morbidly obese");
}

Nested Loop:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=1;j<=1;j++)
{
printf("%d",j);
}
}
}

Break and continue:

Syntax:
break;
 continue;

Break:

Continue:
Goto Statement:
Used to transfer toa specific label
Label must reside in the same function
The syntax for goto statement
goto label:

Write a program to print the series 1 + ½ + 1/3

Function:
1. Pre-defined
2. User-defined
An example for User-Defined function:

Function Components:

Void main()- does not return any value

Function Declaration:

Function Definition:

Ex Program:
#include<stdio.h>
void add(int,int);
void main()
{
 int a,b;
printf("\nEnter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
add(a,b);
printf("\nEnd of program");
}

void add(int a,int b)

{
int z;
z=a+b;
printf("%d",z);
}

Functions:
1. Pre-defined
2. User defined
Ex:
#include<stdio.h>
void greet();
void main()
{
greet();
}

void greet()
{
printf("Welcome");
}
Output:
Welcome
#include<stdio.h>
float area(float w,float l);
void main()
{
float a,w,l;
printf("Enter width: ");
scanf("%f",&w);
printf("Enter length: ");
scanf("%f",&l);
a=area(w,l);
printf("\n%f",a);
}
float area(float w,float l)
{
return w*l;
}

#include<stdio.h>
double power(double a, double b);
void main()
{
double a,b,p;
printf("Enter two numbers : ");
scanf("%lf%lf",&a,&b);
p=power(a,b);
printf("%.2lf",p);
}

double power(double x, double y)

{
double f=1;
int i;
for (i=1;1<abs(y)+1;i++)
{
f=f*y;
return f;
 }
}

How to pass argument through function?

1. Call by value (no affects outside)

2. Call by reference (affects outside)

Recursion:
Infinite Execution:
void main()
{
printf(“hai\n”);
main();
}
Arrays:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=0,n,arr[20];
printf("\n Enter the number of elements : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);

}
printf("\n The array elements are ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("Arr[%d]=%d\t",i,arr[i]);
}
Output:
Enter the number of elements : 1                                      
2                                                                      
                                                                       
 The array elements are Arr[0]=2 

#include<stdio.h>
int fact(int n);
void main()
{
int n,r,f1,f2,f3,ncr;
read:
printf("Enter Value for N: \nEnter Value for R: ");
 scanf("%d%d",&n,&r);
if(n<r)
{
printf("\nN should be greater than R");
goto read;
}

f1=fact(n);
f2=fact(r);
f3=fact(n-r);
ncr=f1/(f2*f3);
printf("%d",ncr);
}

int fact(int n)
{
int f=1;
if(n>1)
f=n*fact(n-1);
return f;
}

Portions for 2nd Internals

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char str1[20],str2[20],str3[40];
int n,choice;
printf("Enter first string:");
scanf("%s",str1);
printf("Enter Second String:");
scanf("%s",str2);
menu:
printf("[Link] of the String\[Link] the string\[Link] the
strings\[Link] two strings(concatenate)\n");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:
printf("Length of the string\n");
n=strlen(str1);
printf("Length of the first string is %d\n",n);
n=strlen(str2);
printf("Length of the second string is %d\n",n);
break;
case 2:
printf("%s",strcpy(str3,str1));
break;
case 3:
if (strcmp(str1,str2)==0)
 {
printf("Strings are identical");
}
else
{
printf("Strings are not identical");
}
break;
case 4:
printf("%s",strcat(str1,str2));
break;
}
if(choice>=1 && choice<=6)
goto menu;
}

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char str[20];
int n,i,j;
printf("ENter a string: ");
scanf("%s",str);
n=strlen(str);
i=0;
j=n-1;
 while(i<=j)
{
if(str[i]!= str[j])
break;
i++;
j--;
}
if(i>j)
printf("The string is a palindrome\n");
else
printf("The string is not a palindrome\n");
}

Structure:
It can store elements of different data types.
Syntax:
struct< tagname or structure name>
{
Structure members
};

#create a structure to store customer information

struct customer
{
Char name[20];
Char idno[20];
Char add[20];
Int mobileno;
};
#create a structure to store elements of bookdetails
struct book
{
Char name[20];
Char author[20];
Int editionno[30];
Int id[20];
Int year[5];
Int ISBN[20];
Char publisher[20];
};

#create a structure variable

b1 is structure variable!
#include<stdio.h>
struct book
{
 char title[20];
int pages;
}b1;
void main()
{
printf("Enter title ");
scanf("%s",[Link]);
printf("\nEnter no. of pages ");
scanf("%d",&[Link]);
printf("\nTitle : %s",[Link]);
printf("\nNo. of pages : %d",[Link]);
}

#include<stdio.h>
struct details
{
char name[20];
int age;
char registno[20];
char gender[10];
}b1;
int main()
{
printf("Enter your name: ");
scanf("%s",[Link]);
printf("Enter your age: ");
scanf("%d",&[Link]);
 printf("Enter your Register Number: ");
scanf("%s",[Link]);
printf("Enter your Gender: ");
scanf("\n%s",[Link]);
printf("\n%s",[Link]);
printf("\n %d",[Link]);
printf("\n%s",[Link]);
printf("\n%s",[Link]);
}

Also
#include<stdio.h>
struct student
{
char name[25];
int age;
};
struct student s1={"john",25};
struct student s2={"kumar",45};
if([Link] == [Link])
{
printf("BOTH ARE SAME");
}
else
{
printf("NOT EQUAL");
}
write a program using struct tofind biggest among three members
#include<stdio.h>
struct big
{
int a;
int b;
int c;
}s1={50,25,20};
int main()
{
if(s1.a>s1.b && s1.a>s1.c)
{
printf("A is Big");

}
else if(s1.b>s1.a && s1.b>s1.c)
{
printf("B is Big");
}
else
{
 printf("C is Big");
}
}

ARRAY OF STRUCTURES:

#Create a structure employee with members name,age,[Link] the input

and print the value.
Array of Structure
Union?
Type Def:
Enter the height of 3 people: 12 64 85
Average height: 53.666668

Enumerator Data types

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
enum type{alphabet,digit,special};
enum type c,t;
printf("Enter a Character: ");
scanf("%c",&c);
if(isalpha(c))
{
t=alphabet;
}
else if(isdigit(c))
{
t=digit;
}
else
{
 t=special;
}
switch(t)
{
case alphabet:
printf("\nits an ALPHABET %c",c);
break;
case digit:
printf("\nits an DIGIT %c",c);
break;
case special:
printf("\nits an SPECIAL CHARACTER %c",c);
break;
}

Pointer:
Sum of ARRAY elements in “Array”.

For 3rd internals

recursion,arrays,strings,pointers,structures.

#include<stdio.h>
struct cust
{
int custId;
char custName[50];
long int contactNo;
char custAddress[100];
char custDob[10];
int custAge;
float custMaxamt;
};
int main()
{
int i,n;
struct cust c[50];
printf("Enter the number of records to store\n");
 scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
{
printf("Enter customer Id,customer Name, contact No, customer Address,
customer Dob,customer age, customer Maximum Amount details one by one\n");
scanf("%d%s%ld%s%s%d
%f",&c[i].custId,c[i].custName,&c[i].contactNo,c[i].custAddress,c[i].custDob,&
c[i].custAge,&c[i].custMaxamt);
}

printf("****************************CUSTOMER PROFILE
****************************\n");
printf("Customer ID\t Customer Name\t Contact No\t, Customer Address\t,
Customer DOB\t, Customer Age\t, Customer Maximum Amount\n");
for(i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
{
printf("%d\t%s\t%ld\t%s\t%s\t%d\t
%f\n",c[i].custId,c[i].custName,c[i].contactNo,c[i].custAddress,c[i].custDob,c[i].
custAge,c[i].custMaxamt);

}
printf("************************* End of Customer Profile
*************************");
}
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *fp;
int regno;
char name[20];
float marks;
double fees;
int n,i;
fp=fopen("E:\\[Link]","w");
printf("Enter the number of students :\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("Enter regno :");
scanf("%d",&regno);
printf("Enter name :");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("Enter percentage of marks:");
scanf("%f",&marks);
printf("Enter the fees: :");
scanf("%lf",&fees);
fprintf(fp,"%d\t%s\t%f\t%lf\n",regno,name,marks,fees);
}
fclose(fp);
fp=fopen("E:\\[Link]","r");
printf("\nThe student details are\n");
while(fscanf(fp,"%d%s%f%lf",&regno,name,&marks,&fees)>0)
{
printf("\nRregno : %d",regno);
printf("\nName : %s",name);
 printf("\nPercentage of marks : %f",marks);
printf("\nFees : %lf",fees);
printf("\n---------------------------\n");
fclose(fp);
}
}