Scribd
Upload
22 views6 pages

Genetics: Chromosomes and Traits

This document provides information about heredity and genetics. It defines heredity as how parents pass certain genes and traits to their children. It explains that genes are located on chromosomes, and that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with 22 pairs of autosomes that are the same in both sexes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes that determine gender. The document also discusses that during reproduction, half of the chromosomes come from each parent to form the full chromosome number of 46 in offspring.

Uploaded by

Mariz Perjes
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
22 views6 pages

Genetics: Chromosomes and Traits

This document provides information about heredity and genetics. It defines heredity as how parents pass certain genes and traits to their children. It explains that genes are located on chromosomes, and that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with 22 pairs of autosomes that are the same in both sexes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes that determine gender. The document also discusses that during reproduction, half of the chromosomes come from each parent to form the full chromosome number of 46 in offspring.

Uploaded by

Mariz Perjes
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Republika ng Pilipinas

KAGAWARAN NG EDUKASYON
Rehiyon IV-A CALABARZON
SANGAY NG BATANGAS
St. Blaise Community Academy, Inc.
San Luis, Batangas/ chs_sbca53@[Link]
 043 – 740-960609997646638 / 09218539116

Name of Student: ___________________________________________________ Section: ________________________


Present Address: ____________________________________________________ Contact no. ____________________
Subject Matter: Science
Topic: Heredity: Inheritance and Variations (Quarter 1- Module 3)

WHAT ARE YOU SUPPOSED TO LEARN?


After going through this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Define what is heredity, genes and chromosomes.
2. Discuss the location of genes on chromosomes.
3. Identify the number of chromosomes in both male and female.

WHAT I KNOW?
Directions: Analyze the questions and answer the following questions. Write your answer on the space provided.
_____1. It is the study of heredity, or how genes carry and bring the transfers of characteristics or traits in living things.
a. Genetics c. Chromosomes
b. Heredity d. Inheritance
_____2. __________ are the different qualities that are passed down from parents to child.
a. Genes c. Traits
b. Genetics d. Chromosomes
_____3. A structure found inside the nucleus of the cell.
a. Centromere c. Chromosomes
b. Autosome d. genes
_____4. Humans have _____ pairs of these small thread-like structures in the nucleus of their cells
a. 14 c. 50
b. 23 d. 20
_____5. The chromosomes are made up of the chemical substance called __________.
a. Nucleic acid c. chromosomes
b. Genetics d. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

WHAT’S NEW?
Directions: Identify whether the following parts of your body is the same to your mother or to your father. Put a check on its
corresponding column.
MIX AND MATCH

EYES

NOSE

MOUTH/LIPS

HAIR

COLOR OF SKIN

COLOR OF EYES

HEIGHT

WHAT IS IT?
Genetics is the study of heredity, or how genes carry and bring the transfers of characteristics or traits in living things. It
focuses oh how different qualities, called traits, re passed down from parents to child. Genetics helps explain what makes you
unique, why family members look alike, and why some diseases run in families.
Heredity is a biological process where a parent passes certain genes onto their children or offspring. Every child inherits
genes from both biological parents and these genes turn into specific traits or characteristics. Some of these traits may be physical
for example hair and eye color and skin color etc. On the other hand, some genes may also carry the risk of certain diseases and
disorders that can be passed on from parents to their offspring ( diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases)

SCIENCE 9 – HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION


Genes on the Cells
The genetic information lies within the cell nucleus of each living cell in the body. Each gene is a piece of genetic
information. All the DNA in the cell makes up for human genome. There are about 20,000 genes located on one of the 23
chromosome pairs found in the nucleus.

Chromosomes
A chromosome is an organized package of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell. A structure
found inside the nucleus of a cell. Humans have 23 pairs of these small thread-like structures in the
nucleus of their cells. 23 or the half of the total 46 comes from the mother while the other 23 comes
from the father.
At one point along their length, each chromosome has a constriction, called the centromere.
The centromere divides the chromosomes into two ‘arms’: a long arm and a short arm. Chromosomes
are numbered from 1 to 22 and these are common for both sexes called autosomes. There are also
two chromosomes that have been given the letters X and Y and termed as sex chromosomes. The X
chromosome is much larger than the Y chromosome.
Some chromosomes may carry thousands of important genes while some may carry only a
few. The chromosomes, and therefore genes, are made up of the chemical substance called DNA
(DeoxyriboNucleic Acid). The chromosomes are very long thin strands of DNA, coiled up tightly.

Chemical Bases
The genes are further made up of unique codes of
chemical bases comprising of A, T, C and G (Adenine, Thymine,
Cytosine and Guanine). These chemical bases make up
combinations with variations and combinations.
These chemicals bases are part of the DNA. The words
when stringed together act as the blueprints that tells the cells of
the body when and how to grow, mature and perform various
functions. With age the genes may be affected and may develop
faults and damages due t environmental and endogenous toxins.

Males and Females


Women have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes plus two copies of the X chromosome) in their body cells. They have half of
this or 22 autosomes plus an X chromosome in their egg cells.
Men have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes plus an X and a Y chromosome) in their body cells and have half of these 22
autosomes plus an X or Y chromosome in their sperm cells.
When the egg joins with the sperm, the resultant baby has 46 chromosomes (with either an XX in a female baby or XY in a
male baby).

Location of Genes on Chromosomes


Geneticists use 2 types of maps to describe the location of a
particular gene on a chromosome. The first type of map uses the
cytogenetic location to describe a gene’s position. The cytogenic
location is based on a distinctive pattern of bands created when
chromosomes are stained with certain chemicals. The second type of
map uses the molecular location, a precise description of agene’s
position on a chromosome. The molecular location is based on the
sequence of DNA building blocks or the base pairs that make up the
chromosome.

Cytogenetic Location
Genetics use a standardized way of describing a gene’s cytogenetic location. In most cases, the location describes the
position of a particular band on a stained chromosome: The combination of numbers and letters provide a gene’s “address” on
a chromosome: This address is made up of several parts.

The first number or letter used to describe a gene’s location represents the chromosomes. Chromosomes 1 through 22
(the autosome) are designated by their chromosome number. The sex chromosome are designated by X or Y.

The arm of the chromosome. Each chromosome is divided into two sections (arms) based on the location of narrowing
(constriction) called the centromere. By convention, the shorter arm is called p, and the longer arm is called q. The chromosome
arm is the second part of the gene’s address.

SCIENCE 9 – HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION


WHAT’S MORE?
Directions: Read the following sentence and identify whether the following statement is true or false.
________1. Genetics is the study of heredity, or how genes are carried and bring the transfers of characteristics or traits in living
things.
________2. Traits are the different qualities that are passed down from parents to child.
________3. Genes are the biological process where a parent passes certain genes onto their children or offspring.
________4. The genetic information lies within the cell membrane of each living cell in the body.
________5. Human have 23 pairs of small thread-like structures in the nucleus of their cells.
________6. Chromosomes are number from 1 to 20 and these are common for both sexes and called autosomes.
________7. The chromosomes, and therefore the genes, are made up of chemical substance called DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid).
________8. Women have 46 chromosomes.
________9. Men have 45 chromosomes.
________10. When the egg joins the sperm, the resultant baby has 46 chromosomes.

WHAT I CAN DO?

Directions: Rearrange the jumbled letters to reveal what is asked in each number. Use the given clues.

1. study of heredity TISCNEGE


2. different qualities IRASTT
3. parents pass certain traits to children YTREHEID
4. chemical base that is part of DNA EANINED
5. constriction of chromosome ORTCNEMEER
6. distinctive pattern of bonds ICTEENOGTCY
7. precise description of genes position on chromosome RALUCELOM
8. chemical substance NAD
9. chemical base that is part of DNA YTIENMH
10. organized package of DNA EMSOOROMCH

ASSESSMENT

Directions: Analyze the questions and answer the following questions. Write your answer on the space provided.
_____1. It is the study of heredity, or how genes carry and bring the transfers of characteristics or traits in living things.
a. Genetics c. Chromosomes
b. Heredity d. Inheritance
_____2. __________ are the different qualities that are passed down from parents to child.
a. Genes c. Traits
b. Genetics d. Chromosomes
_____3. A structure found inside the nucleus of the cell.
a. Centromere c. Chromosomes
b. Autosome d. genes
_____4. Humans have _____ pairs of these small thread-like structures in the nucleus of their cells
a. 14 c. 50
b. 23 d. 20
_____5. The chromosomes are made up of the chemical substance called __________.
a. Nucleic acid c. chromosomes
b. Genetics d. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
_____6. Shorter arm of the centromere.
a. P c. s
b. Q d. k
_____7. Longer arm of the centromere.
a. P c. k
b. Q d. s
_____8. It is the distinctive pattern of bands created when chromosomes are stained with certain chemicals.
a. Cytosine c. molecular
b. Guanine d. cytogenetic
_____9. A precise description of a gene’s position on a chromosome.
a. Molecular c. genes
b. Cytogenetic d. genetics
_____10. When the egg and sperm join, what is the expected number of chromosomes a baby can have?
a. 23 c. 46
b. 22 d. 45

SCIENCE 9 – HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION


WHAT I CAN SHOW?

st
How do you think having knowledge, skills, values/attitudes in Heredity: Inheritance and Variation can develop your 21
century skills? (Communication, collaboration, creativity, critical thinking, productivity, leadership and technology literacy
st
*Choose at least one or two 21 century skill*)?
(PLEASE WRITE YOUR ANSWER ON THE PROVIDED ANSWER SHEET.)

REFERENCES

Banares et al.. Insight Holistic Approach in Science 9

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

SCIENCE 9 – HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION


NOTE: PLEASE SUBMIT ONLY THIS PORTION OF THE MODULE TO SBCA FOR CHECKING.

Name of Student: ___________________________________________________ Section: _____________________


Present Address: ____________________________________________________ Contact no. __________________
Subject Matter: Science 9
Topic: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation (Quarter 1- Module 3)

WHAT I KNOW? Write only the letter of the correct answer.

Pre-Test. Multiple Choice


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
WHAT’S MORE? Write your answer in the table below.

True or False
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
WHAT I CAN DO? Write your answer in the space provided below.

Enumeration
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

ASSESSMENT Write your answer on the space provided

Multiple Choice
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

WHAT I CAN SHOW? Write your answer in the space provided below.

SCIENCE 9 – HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION


ST. BLAISE COMMUNITY ACADEMY, INC.
Junior High School
San Luis, Batangas/ chs_sbca53@[Link]/ [Link]

Module 3: Quarter 1
Topic: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

NAME OF STUDENT:

SCIENCE 9 – HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

Common questions

Powered by AI

Chromosomes are organized packages of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell, containing genetic information crucial for heredity. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one set of 23 derived from each parent. Each chromosome consists of a long, coiled DNA strand with unique gene sequences. Chromosomes are divided into two arms by a centromere, which helps in cell division. The genes on these chromosomes determine inherited traits and influence genetic variation .

Cytogenetic mapping is significant as it helps identify a gene's location on a chromosome based on banding patterns, which are visible after chemical staining. This mapping provides a 'gene address' using a combination of numbers and letters. Molecular mapping offers a more precise localization by describing gene positions based on DNA sequence data, allowing for detailed study of gene structure and function. Both mappings are crucial for diagnosing genetic disorders, guiding research in gene functions, and advancing genetic engineering .

Heredity is the biological process where a parent passes certain genes to their children or offspring. These genes determine specific traits, which can be physical, such as hair and eye color, or they may affect the likelihood of developing certain diseases. Each child inherits genes from both biological parents, which express in varying combinations and influence the child's physical appearance and health risks .

Understanding heredity is crucial for advancing medical treatments because it provides insights into the genetic basis of diseases, allowing for targeted interventions. Identifying specific gene mutations enables the development of personalized medicine approaches, improving treatment efficacy and reducing adverse effects. It also aids in predicting and managing genetic disorder risks through genetic counseling, preventive measures, and lifestyle modifications tailored to an individual's genetic profile. These advancements rely heavily on comprehensive knowledge of heredity and genetic variation .

Chromosomal organization into autosomes and sex chromosomes affects genetic inheritance by determining the mode of transmission of traits. Autosomes carry the majority of genetic material, affecting basic body functions and characteristics. Sex chromosomes (X and Y) primarily determine an individual's sex, but also carry genes that lead to sex-linked traits. Males inherit an X chromosome from their mother and a Y from their father, while females inherit an X from each parent. This structure influences diverse inheritance patterns like recessive X-linked disorders more common in males, due to their single X chromosome .

Both male and female human cells contain 46 chromosomes, comprising 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. In females, the sex chromosomes are XX, while in males, they are XY. The presence of the Y chromosome in males determines male characteristics and influences certain genetically linked traits. Females, having two X chromosomes, generally have an equal representation of X-linked genes, whereas males express all X-linked genes present on their single X chromosome .

DNA's chemical bases—adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)—encode genetic information through specific sequences. These bases pair (A with T, C with G) to form the double helix structure of DNA. The order of these bases constitutes genetic instructions that dictate cellular functions and determine traits. Variations in the chemical base sequences lead to genetic diversity among individuals and contribute to phenotypic differences. The precise arrangement and modification of these bases are fundamental to gene expression and regulation .

An individual's phenotype results from the interaction between genetic makeup and environmental influences. Genes provide the blueprint for potential traits, but environmental factors, such as nutrition, climate, and lifestyle, can enhance, diminish, or alter these genetic expressions. For example, identical twins with identical genotypes can exhibit differences in appearance or health if raised in differing environments, illustrating the critical interplay between genetic endowment and environmental conditions in shaping phenotypes .

Centromeres facilitate chromosome division and inheritance during mitosis and meiosis by serving as the attachment site for spindle fibers. This attachment ensures accurate segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. The centromere's position, dividing the chromosome into arms, plays an essential role in the tension and alignment during cell division, preventing chromosome missegregation and reducing genetic disorders. Proper centromere function is thus critical for maintaining genomic stability across cellular generations .

With aging, genes can incur faults or damages due to environmental and endogenous toxins. Such genetic changes can lead to malfunctioning cellular processes, resulting in diseases like cancer or degenerative disorders. Factors contributing to these changes include exposure to pollutants, radiation, lifestyle choices, and accidental errors in DNA replication over an individual's lifetime. They emphasize the importance of managing environmental exposures and maintaining healthy life choices to minimize genetic damage .

You might also like