Academic Collocations List

Headword Collocations

ability cognitive ability

abstract abstract concept

abuse sexual abuse

(in) academic circles, academic achievement, academic career,

academic community, academic debate, academic discipline,
academic discourse, academic institution, academic journal,
academy
academic life, academic performance, academic research,
academic skills, academic study, academic success, academic work,
academic world, academic writing, academic year

accept responsibility, acceptable behaviour, socially acceptable,

accept widespread acceptance, (be) commonly accepted,
(be) generally accepted, (be) universally accepted, (be) widely accepted

allow access (to), deny access (to), direct access, easy access,
electronic access, equal access, free access, gain access (to),
access give access (to), have access (to), internet access, limited access,
online access, open access, provide access (to), public access,
ready access, unlimited access, easily accessible, readily accessible

account brief account, comprehensive account, historical account

great accuracy, accurate assessment, accurate description,

accurate accurate information, accurate measurement, accurate picture,
accurate record

achieve (a) goal, achieve (an) objective, achieve (an) outcome,

achieve
academic achievement

acquire acquire knowledge, newly acquired

sexual act, appropriate action, collective action, legal action,

military action, positive action, active involvement, active participant,
active participation, active role, (be) actively involved, political activism,
act commercial activity, cultural activity, economic activity, engage in
(an) activity, human activity, learning activity, physical activity,
political activity, professional activity, related activity, social activity,
undertake (an) activity

1
acute particularly acute, acutely aware

add add information

additional cost, additional information, additional problem,

additional
additional resources, additional support

address address (an) issue

adjust structural adjustment, make adjustments

administrate public administration, administrative practices

adopt adopt (a) procedure, adopt (an) approach, (be) widely adopted

advance advanced economy, advanced technology, technological advances

advantage major advantage

adverse adverse effect, adverse reaction, adversely affect

affair economic affairs, financial affairs, internal affairs

affect (the) development (of), affect (the) outcome, adversely affect,

affect
directly affect, severely affect, significantly affect, (be) directly affected

agency federal agency, regulatory agency

agenda political agenda, set (the) agenda

generally agree, strongly agree, broad agreement, general agreement,

agree
international agreement, reach (an) agreement, strongly disagree

aim overall aim, primary aim

allocate allocate resources

allow allow access (to)

ally (be) closely allied (to, with)

almost almost identical

alternative approach, alternative explanation, alternative form,

alternative interpretation, alternative means, alternative method,
alternative alternative model, alternative solution, alternative source,
alternative strategy, alternative view, alternative way, provide
(an) alternative

2
 (a) considerable amount (of), (a) huge amount (of),
amount (a) significant amount (of), (a) substantial amount (of),
(a) vast amount (of), (an) enormous amount (of)

ample ample evidence

careful analysis, comparative analysis, conduct (an) analysis,

critical analysis, detailed analysis, economic analysis, final analysis,
full analysis, further analysis, historical analysis, qualitative analysis,
analyse quantitative analysis, statistical analysis, subsequent analysis,
systematic analysis, textual analysis, thematic analysis,
theoretical analysis, use (the) analysis, analytical approach,
analytical tool

ancestor common ancestor

anecdotal anecdotal evidence

annual conference, annual meeting, annual rate, annual report,

annual
annual review

answer final answer

apparent become apparent, immediately apparent, particularly apparent

appearance physical appearance

apply apply (a) method, apply (the) theory, apply equally

adopt (an) approach, alternative approach, analytical approach,

common approach, comprehensive approach, critical approach, develop
(an) approach, flexible approach, general approach, holistic approach,
approach integrated approach, logical approach, methodological approach,
qualitative approach, quantitative approach, similar approach,
standard approach, systematic approach, take (an) approach,
theoretical approach, traditional approach, use (an) approach

appropriate action, appropriate behaviour, appropriate conditions,

appropriate data, appropriate form, appropriate language,
appropriate level, appropriate point, appropriate response,
appropriate
appropriate skills, appropriate treatment, appropriate way,
consider appropriate, deem appropriate, particularly appropriate,
seem appropriate, respond appropriately

complex area, core area, cover (an) area, geographic(al) area, identify
(an) area, key area, local area, main area, major area, metropolitan area,
area
particular area, problem area, related area, rural area, specific area,
subject area, urban area, vast area, whole area, wide area

arena political arena

3
 compelling argument, counter argument, develop (an) argument,
general argument, logical argument, main argument, make
argument
(an) argument, present (an) argument, similar argument, support
(an) argument, valid argument

armed armed conflict

arrangement institutional arrangement, make arrangements

array (a) vast array (of), (a) wide array (of)

article publish (an) article

artificial artificial intelligence

certain aspect, consider (an) aspect, cultural aspect, focus on

(an) aspect, fundamental aspect, general aspect, key aspect,
aspect
negative aspect, particular aspect, positive aspect, related aspect,
social aspect, specific aspect, technical aspect, various aspects

assess (the) impact (of), assessment process, accurate assessment,

assess
make (an) assessment, risk assessment

assign (be) randomly assigned (to)

financial assistance, medical assistance, provide assistance,

assist
technical assistance

associated factors, (be) closely associated (with),

associate (be) commonly associated (with), (be) positively associated (with),
(be) strongly associated (with)

assume (the) role (of), assume responsibility, (be) generally assumed,

assume basic assumption, common assumption, fundamental assumption, make
(an) assumption, underlying assumption, certain assumptions

atom atomic energy

attempt deliberate attempt

attend attend (a) conference

careful attention, considerable attention, critical attention,

attention
draw attention (to), focus attention (on)

change (an) attitude, negative attitude, positive attitude,

attitude
changing attitudes, cultural attitudes, public attitudes, social attitudes

audience target audience, wider audience

4
author first author, original author

central authority, exercise authority, local authority, political authority,

authority
public authority

autonomy greater autonomy, relative autonomy

available data, available evidence, available information,

available resources, become available, currently available,
available
freely available, make available, publicly available, readily available,
widely available

average average score, national average

acutely aware, become aware, fully aware, increasingly aware,

keenly aware, make aware, well aware, greater awareness,
aware
growing awareness, increase awareness, increased awareness,
increasing awareness, public awareness, raise awareness

background knowledge, cultural background, diverse background,

background
historical background, social background

(be) largely based (on), basic assumption, basic component,

basic concept, basic element, basic function, basic information,
base
basic premise, basic principle, basic research, basic structure,
basic technique, legal basis, theoretical basis

bear bear resemblance (to)

become (a) source (of), become (the) focus (of), become apparent,
become available, become aware, become blurred, become established,
become
become evident, become independent, become involved (with/in),
become obvious, become visible, become widespread

begin begin (a) process

behave differently, acceptable behaviour, appropriate behaviour,

behave human behaviour, individual behaviour, sexual behaviour,
social behaviour

belief religious belief, widespread belief, (be) widely believed

benefit beneficial effect, provide (a) benefit, economic benefits, potential benefits

best (be) best described (as, in terms of)

binary binary opposition, binary system

biological biological evolution, biological science, biological sex

5
blur become blurred

body international body, professional body

bond strong bond

boundary clear boundary, cultural boundary, national boundary

brief account, brief description, brief discussion, brief history,

brief brief introduction, brief overview, brief period, brief review, brief summary,
brief time, briefly describe, briefly discuss

(a) broad range (of), broad agreement, broad category, broad definition,
broad
broad spectrum, broader context, (be) broadly defined, broadly similar

business business sector, business transaction

call (be) commonly called

capacity limited capacity

global capitalism, industrial capitalism, capitalist country,

capitalism
capitalist economy, capitalist society, capitalist system, capitalist world

primary care, provide care, careful analysis, careful attention,

care careful consideration, careful thought, (be) carefully controlled,
(be) carefully selected

career career development, career opportunity, academic career

carry carry information

carry out carry out (the) task, carry out research (of)

case civil case, exceptional case, individual case, specific case

cast cast doubt (on)

broad category, fall into (the) category (of), general category,

category
main category

causal causal link, causal relation, causal relationship

cause cause consequences, cause stress, major cause, underlying cause

central authority, central concept, central concern, central control,

centre central core, central feature, central focus, central government,
central importance, central issue, central part, central point,

6
 central position, central problem, central question, central role,
central tenet, central theme, urban centre

certain aspect, certain assumptions, certain characteristics,

certain
certain circumstances

face (a) challenge, major challenge, pose (a) challenge, present

challenge
(a) challenge, serious challenge

change (an) attitude, change constantly, change dramatically,

change rapidly, climate change, cultural change, demographic change,
dramatic change, economic change, fundamental change,
historical change, major change, minor change, radical change,
change
significant change, structural change, technological change,
environmental changes, changing attitudes, changing circumstances,
changing nature, changing needs, changing pattern, changing world,
ever changing, rapidly changing, remain unchanged

final chapter, following chapter, introductory chapter, opening chapter,

chapter
preceding chapter, previous chapter, subsequent chapter

characteristic feature, common characteristic, defining characteristic,

key characteristic, salient characteristic, specific characteristic,
characteristic certain characteristics, demographic characteristics,
individual characteristics, main characteristics, physical characteristics,
similar characteristics

charge (be) highly charged

chemical chemical reaction

choose individual choice, personal choice, (be) randomly chosen

circle (in) academic circles

certain circumstances, changing circumstances,

exceptional circumstances, historical circumstances, local circumstances,
circumstance
personal circumstances, political circumstances, social circumstances,
special circumstances

cite (be) frequently cited

civil civil case, civil society

class class consciousness, lower class, ruling class

classic classic example, classic study, classic text, classic work, classical theory

clear clear boundary, clear distinction, clear evidence, clear focus,

clear indication, clear relationship, clear statement, clear structure,

7
 entirely clear, fairly clear, (be) clearly defined, (be) clearly demonstrated,
(be) clearly established, (be) clearly identified, (be) clearly related (to),
clearly evident, clearly important, clearly understand, clearly visible,
remain unclear

climate climate change, current climate, political climate, climatic conditions

close contact, close proximity, close relationship, close scrutiny,

(be) closely allied (to, with), (be) closely associated (with),
close (be) closely connected (to, with), (be) closely linked (to, with),
(be) closely related (to), (be) closely tied, closely resemble,
(on/upon) closer inspection, (upon, on) closer examination, closer look

clue provide (a) clue

cognitive cognitive ability, cognitive development, cognitive skills

collaborative collaborative learning

colleague professional colleague

collect data, collect information, collective action, collective identity,

collect
collective memory

combine combined effect

come into come into conflict (with)

come into come into contact (with)

comment make (a) comment, written comment

commercial commercial activity, commercial transaction

commit commit (a) crime, commit (an) offence

common ancestor, common approach, common assumption,

common characteristic, common culture, common error, common feature,
common goal, common method, common source, common theme,
common usage, fairly common, increasingly common, relatively common,
common
(be) commonly accepted, (be) commonly associated (with),
(be) commonly called, (be) commonly encountered,
(be) commonly found (in), (be) commonly known (as),
(be) commonly referred (to) (as), (be) commonly used

communicate effectively, direct communication, effective communication,

communicate electronic communication, personal communication,
verbal communication, written communication

8
 academic community, ethnic community, international community,
community local community, rural community, scientific community,
virtual community, wider community

compare comparative analysis, comparative research, comparative study

compel compelling argument, compelling evidence, compelling reason

increased competition, competitive market, competitive pressure,

compete
highly competitive

competence demonstrate competence

complete complete (a) task

complex area, complex interaction, complex issue, complex pattern,

complex problem, complex process, complex question,
complex complex relationship, complex set, complex situation, complex structure,
complex system, extremely complex, highly complex,
increasingly complex, increasing complexity

basic component, essential component, fundamental component,

component individual component, key component, main component,
major component

comprehensive account, comprehensive approach,

comprehensive
comprehensive overview, comprehensive review, comprehensive system

concentrate high concentration

abstract concept, basic concept, central concept, defining concept,

concept key concept, theoretical concept, use (the) concept concept,
conceptual framework

central concern, environmental concern, major concern, primary concern,

concern (be) mainly concerned (with), (be) particularly concerned (with),
(be) primarily concerned (with)

concerted concerted effort

concluding remarks, concluding section, draw (a) conclusion,

conclude
general conclusion, lead to (the) conclusion, logical conclusion

sufficient condition, conditional probability, appropriate conditions,

climatic conditions, create conditions, economic conditions,
condition
experimental conditions, living conditions, natural conditions,
normal conditions

conduct (a) study, conduct (a) survey, conduct (an) analysis, conduct
conduct
(an) interview, conduct research

9
 annual conference, attend (a) conference, hold (a) conference,
confer
international conference, national conference

confine (be) largely confined (to)

conflict resolution, armed conflict, come into conflict (with),

conflict internal conflict, political conflict, potential conflict, resolve (a) conflict,
social conflict, conflicting interests

(be) closely connected (to, with), (be) directly connected (to, with),
connect
(be) intimately connected (to, with)

connotation negative connotation, positive connotation

consciousness class consciousness, political consciousness

general consensus, political consensus, reach (a) consensus,

consent
give consent, informed consent

cause consequences, direct consequences, economic consequences,

environmental consequences, have consequences,
consequent
negative consequences, political consequences, possible consequences,
serious consequences, social consequences, unintended consequences

consider (a) possibility, consider (an) aspect, consider (an) issue,

consider (the) impact (of), consider (the) implications, consider
(the) role (of), consider appropriate, consider relevant,
consider
careful consideration, ethical consideration, further consideration,
give consideration, political consideration, practical consideration,
require consideration, take into consideration, (be) generally considered

(a) considerable amount (of), (a) considerable degree (of), (be

of) considerable importance, (in) considerable detail, (to
a) considerable extent, considerable attention, considerable debate,
considerable
considerable effort, considerable evidence, considerable influence,
considerable interest, considerable research, considerable support,
considerable variation, differ considerably, vary considerably

consist consistent pattern, consistent results

constant constant rate, relatively constant, remain constant, change constantly

constitute constituent elements, constituent parts

constrain impose constraints

construct social construct, (be) socially constructed

10
 close contact, come into contact (with), direct contact, first contact,
contact maintain contact, make contact, personal contact, physical contact,
sexual contact, social contact

contain contain (an) element, contain information

contemporary debate, contemporary issue, contemporary life,

contemporary
contemporary society, contemporary world

broader context, cultural context, economic context, global context,

historical context, institutional context, international context,
context
original context, political context, present context, provide context,
social context, specific context, wider context, contextual factors

continued existence, continued growth, continued use,

continue
continuous process

contrast marked contrast, sharp contrast, stark contrast, striking contrast

contribute significantly, contribute to (the) development (of),

contribute
major contribution, make (a) contribution, significant contribution

central control, government control, internal control, personal control,

control
(be) carefully controlled, (be) tightly controlled

controversy controversial issue, highly controversial

convene conventional view, conventional wisdom

convey convey (a) message, convey information, convey meaning

convince convincing evidence

cope coping strategy

core core area, core element, core issue, core skills, core value, central core

correct correct (an) error, correct interpretation, politically correct

(be) highly correlated (with), (be) negatively correlated (with),

(be) positively correlated (with), (be) significantly correlated (with),
correlate (be) strongly correlated (with), high correlation, negative correlation,
positive correlation, significant correlation, significant correlation,
strong correlation

cost additional cost, rising cost

counter counter argument

11
country capitalist country, industrial country, industrialized country

cover (a) range (of), cover (a) topic, cover (an) area, media coverage,
cover
provide coverage

create (an) environment, create (an) impression, create (an) opportunity,

create create conditions, create opportunities, create problems, newly created,
creative process, creative thinking, creative work

crime commit (a) crime, criminal offence

crisis economic crisis

criteria meet criteria, objective criteria, use criteria

critical analysis, critical approach, critical attention, critical essay,

critical evaluation, critical examination, critical factor, critical importance,
critical inquiry, critical introduction, critical issue, critical perspective,
critical
critical point, critical reflection, critical review, critical role, critical scrutiny,
critical theory, critical thinking, critical writing, highly critical,
critically evaluate, radical critique

crucial difference, crucial factor, crucial importance, crucial part,

crucial
crucial point, crucial question, crucial role

cultural activity, cultural aspect, cultural attitudes, cultural background,

cultural boundary, cultural change, cultural context, cultural differences,
cultural dimension, cultural diversity, cultural factors, cultural heritage,
cultural history, cultural identity, cultural influence, cultural institution,
cultural issue, cultural life, cultural norm, cultural perspective,
culture
cultural phenomenon, cultural practice, cultural significance,
cultural theory, cultural tradition, cultural values, culturally specific,
common culture, dominant culture, global culture, local culture,
modern culture, national culture, political culture, popular culture,
traditional culture

currency foreign currency, single currency

current climate, current issue, current policy, current research,

current
current status, current technology, current trend, currently available

customer potential customer

daily daily living

damage environmental damage

dangerous potentially dangerous

12
 data gathering, data set, appropriate data, available data, collect data,
empirical data, existing data, experimental data, extract data, gather data,
historical data, interpret data, missing data, numerical data, obtain data,
original data, preliminary data, present data, primary data, process data,
data
provide data, qualitative data, quantitative data, raw data, record data,
relevant data, reliable data, report data, secondary data, statistical data,
store data, survey data, transmit data, use (the) data data,
online database

deal deal (with an) issue

death premature death

academic debate, considerable debate, contemporary debate,

debate heated debate, ongoing debate, political debate, public debate,
theoretical debate

decade next decade, previous decade, early decades, recent decades

decide final decision, major decision, strategic decision

deem deem appropriate, deem necessary

(a) deep understanding (of), (at/on a) deeper level,

deep
(be) deeply embedded, (be) deeply rooted

(be) broadly defined, (be) clearly defined, defining characteristic,

define defining concept, defining feature, broad definition, general definition,
narrow definition, precise definition, use (the) definition

degradation environmental degradation

(a) considerable degree (of), (a) higher degree (of),

degree
(a) significant degree (of), varying degree

deliberate deliberate attempt

demand increased demand, increasing demand

liberal democracy, social democracy, western democracy,

democracy democratic institution, democratic process, democratic society,
democratic state

demographic demographic change, demographic characteristics, demographic factor

demonstrate demonstrate competence, (be) clearly demonstrated

densely (be) densely populated

13
deny deny access (to)

department government department

dependent dependent variable, highly dependent

describe (a) procedure, describe (a) method, describe (a) process,

briefly describe, (be) best described (as, in terms of),
describe
previously described, accurate description, brief description,
descriptive statistics

experimental design, urban design, (be) specifically designed (to, for),

design
well designed

desire highly desirable, socially desirable, desired outcome

(in) considerable detail, sufficient detail, technical detail, detailed analysis,

detail
detailed examination, detailed information, detailed study

determined (be) largely determined (by)

develop (a) method, develop (a) strategy, develop (a) technique, develop
(a) theory, develop (an) argument, develop (an) approach,
(be) fully developed, (be) highly developed, (be) originally developed,
career development, cognitive development, contribute to
(the) development (of), encourage (the) development (of), facilitate
(the) development (of), further development, future development,
develop
historical development, industrial development, normal development,
physical development, professional development, promote
(the) development (of), regional development, significant development,
subsequent development, technological development,
urban development, affect (the) development (of),
developmental process, developmental stage

diagnostic diagnostic test

differ considerably, differ significantly, differ widely, crucial difference,

fundamental difference, major difference, obvious difference,
sexual difference, significant difference, substantial difference,
cultural differences, ethnic differences, individual differences,
differ racial differences, radical differences, regional differences,
(be) markedly different, entirely different, fundamentally different,
qualitatively different, radically different, slightly different,
substantially different, totally different, widely different, behave differently,
think differently, treat differently

increasingly difficult, encounter difficulties, experience difficulties,

difficult face difficulties, learning difficulties, practical difficulties,
present difficulties

digital digital information, digital media, digital technology

14
dilemma ethical dilemma, face (a) dilemma, moral dilemma

dimension cultural dimension, political dimension, social dimension

direct access, direct communication, direct consequences, direct contact,

direct evidence, direct impact, direct involvement, direct link,
direct observation, direct relationship, direct role, (be) directly affected,
direct (be) directly connected (to, with), (be) directly involved (in),
(be) directly linked (to), (be) directly linked (to, with),
(be) directly proportional (to), (be) directly related (to),
(be) directly responsible (for), directly affect

disaster natural disaster

discipline academic discipline

disclose disclose information

academic discourse, dominant discourse, public discourse,

discourse
scientific discourse

discover newly discovered

discriminate face discrimination, positive discrimination, racial discrimination

discuss (a) topic, discuss (an) issue, briefly discuss,

(be) widely discussed, previously discussed, brief discussion,
discuss
earlier discussion, fuller discussion, preceding discussion,
previous discussion

disperse (be) widely dispersed

display public display

dispose disposable income

dispute resolve (a) dispute

distinct group, distinct type, clear distinction, draw (a) distinction, make
distinct
(a) distinction, sharp distinction, distinctive feature

distinguish distinguishing feature

distribute (be) widely distributed, geographic(al) distribution, normal distribution

(a) diverse range (of), diverse background, diverse group,

diverse
cultural diversity, ethnic diversity, great diversity

divide (be) further divided (into), dividing line

15
document (be) well documented

documentary documentary evidence

domain public domain

domestic domestic market, domestic sphere, domestic violence

male dominance, dominant culture, dominant discourse, dominant form,

dominate dominant group, dominant ideology, dominant paradigm,
dominant position, dominant role

doubt cast doubt (on)

draft first draft

dramatic change, dramatic effect, dramatic increase,

drama
change dramatically, increase dramatically

draw draw (a) conclusion, draw (a) distinction, draw (a) line, draw attention (to)

drive driving force

due due process

duration long duration, maximum duration, short duration

dynamic dynamic equilibrium, dynamic nature, dynamic process, dynamic system

earlier discussion, earlier period, earlier research, earlier stage,

early earlier study, earlier times, earlier version, earlier work, early decades,
early study

(be) easily identified, (be) easily understood, easily accessible,

easy
easy access

economic activity, economic affairs, economic analysis,

economic benefits, economic change, economic conditions,
economic consequences, economic context, economic crisis,
economic exploitation, economic factors, economic forces,
economic goal, economic growth, economic inequality,
economic integration, economic interests, economic policy,
economy economic power, economic prosperity, economic reform,
economic relations, economic relationships, economic resources,
economic sector, economic stability, economic status,
economic structure, economic success, economic system,
economic theory, economic value, economic welfare,
advanced economy, capitalist economy, global economy, local economy,
national economy, political economy, rural economy

16
edit revised edition

(be) highly educated, well educated, higher education, primary education,

secondary education, educational institution, educational opportunity,
educate educational policy, educational programme, educational provision,
educational qualification, educational research, educational setting,
educational system

adverse effect, beneficial effect, combined effect, dramatic effect,

negative effect, overall effect, positive effect, profound effect,
significant effect, similar effect, effective communication,
effective implementation, effective intervention, effective management,
effect
effective method, effective participation, effective policy,
effective treatment, highly effective, particularly effective,
communicate effectively, use effectively, work effectively,
environmental effects

efficient highly efficient

effort concerted effort, considerable effort, research effort

election presidential election

electronic access, electronic communication, electronic media,

electronic
electronic resources, electronic version

basic element, contain (an) element, core element, essential element,

element individual element, key element, main element, single element,
structural element, constituent elements

embed (be) deeply embedded

emerge newly emerging

emission reduce emissions

emotional impact, emotional intelligence, emotional reaction,

emotion
emotional response, emotional support

give emphasis, greater emphasis, increasing emphasis,

emphasis particular emphasis, place emphasis, shift emphasis, special emphasis,
strong emphasis

empirical data, empirical evidence, empirical investigation,

empirical
empirical research, empirical study, empirical support, empirical work

employ (a) method, employ (a) technique, employment opportunities,

employ full employment, paid employment, high unemployment,
low unemployment

17
 encounter difficulties, encounter problems, first encounter,
encounter
(be) commonly encountered

encourage encourage (the) development (of)

energy atomic energy, nuclear energy, renewable energy, solar energy

engage in engage in (an) activity

enhance enhance learning, enhance performance, greatly enhance

enormous (an) enormous amount (of), enormous impact

(the) entire range (of), entire period, entirely clear, entirely different,
entire
entirely new

entity separate entity, single entity

create (an) environment, external environment, immediate environment,

learning environment, natural environment, physical environment,
political environment, social environment, urban environment,
environmental changes, environmental concern,
environment
environmental consequences, environmental damage,
environmental degradation, environmental effects, environmental factors,
environmental impact, environmental issues, environmental policy,
environmental pollution, environmental protection

equal access, equal opportunity, equal status, equal treatment,

roughly equal, gender equality, greater equality, promote equality,
equal racial equality, social equality, equally important, equally likely,
equally true, equally valid, apply equally, treat equally,
economic inequality, social inequality, unequal power

equilibrium dynamic equilibrium

equivalent roughly equivalent

error common error, correct (an) error, random error, standard error

essay critical essay

essential component, essential element, essential feature,

essential
essential function, essential information, essential role

establish (a) relationship, established order, established practice,

established principle, (be) clearly established, (be) firmly established,
establish
(be) well established, become established, long established,
newly established, once established

18
 ethical consideration, ethical dilemma, ethical issue, ethical principle,
ethic
ethical problem, ethical question

ethnic community, ethnic differences, ethnic diversity, ethnic group,

ethnic
ethnic identity, ethnic minority, ethnic origin

evaluate critically evaluate, critical evaluation

event historical event

ever ever changing, ever increasing

ample evidence, anecdotal evidence, available evidence, clear evidence,

compelling evidence, considerable evidence, convincing evidence,
direct evidence, documentary evidence, empirical evidence,
experimental evidence, find evidence, further evidence, give evidence,
evident historical evidence, little evidence, present evidence, provide evidence,
recent evidence, research evidence, scientific evidence, show evidence,
strong evidence, substantial evidence, sufficient evidence,
supporting evidence, (be) particularly evident, become evident,
clearly evident

evolve biological evolution, evolutionary process, evolutionary theory

(upon, on) closer examination, critical examination, detailed examination,

examine
examine (the) role (of)

classic example, obvious example, prime example, provide (an) example,

example
specific example, striking example, typical example

exception notable exception, exceptional case, exceptional circumstances

exclude social exclusion, mutually exclusive

exercise exercise authority

exist continued existence, existing data, existing research, existing structure

expand expand rapidly, rapid expansion

expect high expectations, meet expectations, social expectations

expend government expenditure, public expenditure

experience difficulties, experience problems, individual experience,

experience personal experience, previous experience, prior experience,
professional experience, shared experience, experiential learning

19
 experimental conditions, experimental data, experimental design,
experiment experimental evidence, experimental method, experimental research,
experimental results, experimental study, experimental work

expert expert opinion, technical expertise

alternative explanation, further explanation, give (an) explanation,

explain plausible explanation, possible explanation, provide (an) explanation,
explanatory power

explicit make explicit, state explicitly

exploit economic exploitation, sexual exploitation

explore explore (an) issue, explore further

expression facial expression

extended period, extensive research, (be) extensively used, (to

extend
a) considerable extent

external environment, external factors, external forces,

external
external influences, external source, external threat, external world

extract extract data, extract information

extremely complex, extremely powerful, extremely sensitive,

extreme
extremely useful, extremely valuable

face (a) challenge, face (a) dilemma, face (a) problem, face difficulties,
face
face discrimination, facial expression

facilitate facilitate (the) development (of)

fact factual information

critical factor, crucial factor, demographic factor, key factor, main factor,
major factor, related factor, significant factor, specific factor,
factor associated factors, contextual factors, cultural factors, economic factors,
environmental factors, external factors, historical factors, identify factors,
political factors, relevant factors, social factors

fair treatment, fairly clear, fairly common, fairly obvious,

fair
fairly straightforward, unfair treatment

faith religious faith

fall into fall into (the) category (of)

20
family nuclear family

far (be) far removed (from)

central feature, characteristic feature, common feature, defining feature,

distinctive feature, distinguishing feature, essential feature,
general feature, key feature, main feature, major feature,
feature
particular feature, positive feature, prominent feature, salient feature,
significant feature, specific feature, striking feature, structural feature,
identify features, physical features

federal federal agency, federal government, federal state

give feedback, negative feedback, positive feedback, provide feedback,

feedback
provide feedback, receive feedback

feminist feminist movement

few relatively few

field field research

figure significant figures

final analysis, final answer, final chapter, final decision, final outcome,
final final phase, final point, final position, final product, final result,
final section, final stage, final step, final version

financial affairs, financial assistance, financial institution,

finance financial management, financial market, financial problem,
financial resources, financial support

find evidence, find information, key findings, main findings,

find
preliminary findings, report findings, research findings

finite finite number, infinite number

firmly (be) firmly established

first author, first contact, first draft, first encounter, first generation,
first
first impression, first phase, first priority

flexible greater flexibility, flexible approach

flow information flow

focal focal point

21
 focus attention (on), become (the) focus (of), central focus, clear focus,
focus main focus, major focus, particular focus, primary focus, provide
(a) focus, specific focus, focus on (an) aspect

follow (a) format, follow (a) procedure, follow instructions,

follow
following chapter, immediately following

driving force, military force, powerful force, economic forces,

force
external forces

foreign foreign currency, foreign investment, foreign investor, foreign policy

alternative form, appropriate form, dominant form, modified form,

form
specific form, traditional form, newly formed

formal formal structure

format follow (a) format, standard format, use (a) format

formula general formula

found (be) commonly found (in), (be) frequently found, (be) generally found

foundation provide (a) foundation (for)

fraction small fraction

conceptual framework, institutional framework, legal framework,

framework
regulatory framework, theoretical framework

free free access, free movement, religious freedom, freely available

high/er frequency, low/er frequency, (be) frequently cited,

frequency (be) frequently found, (be) frequently referred (to), (be) frequently used,
occur frequently

fulfil fulfil (an) obligation

(a, the) full range (of), full analysis, full employment, full information,
full participation, full potential, fuller discussion, (be) fully developed,
full
(be) fully informed, (be) fully integrated, (be) fully realized, fully aware,
fully understand

basic function, essential function, main function, perform (a) function,

function primary function, serve (a) function, social function, specific function,
functional requirement

fund public funds

22
 fundamental aspect, fundamental assumption, fundamental change,
fundamental component, fundamental difference,
fundamental
fundamental importance, fundamental principle, fundamental problem,
fundamental question, fundamentally different

(be) further divided (into), further analysis, further consideration,

further development, further evidence, further explanation,
further
further information, further investigation, further research, further study,
explore further

future future development, future prospects, future research, future study

gain gain access (to), gain information, gain insight (into)

gather gather data, gather information, data gathering, information gathering

gender gender equality, gender stereotype

general agreement, general approach, general argument, general aspect,

general category, general conclusion, general consensus,
general definition, general feature, general formula, general overview,
general general principle, general statement, general tendency, general theory,
general trend, (be) generally accepted, (be) generally assumed,
(be) generally considered, (be) generally found, (be) generally known (as,
by), generally agree

generation first generation, next generation, previous generation, younger generation

genetic genetic variation

geography geographic(al) area, geographic(al) distribution, geographic(al) location

get get involved (with/in)

give (a) presentation, give (an) explanation, give (an) indication (of), give
(an) overview (of), give (sb an) impression, give (sb) treatment,
give give access (to), give consent, give consideration, give emphasis,
give evidence, give feedback, give priority (to), give guidance,
give information, give insight (into), given information, given period

global capitalism, global context, global culture, global economy,

global issue, global market, global marketplace, global media,
globe
global network, global perspective, global shift, global structure,
global trade, global village

goal achieve (a) goal, common goal, economic goal, set (a) goal, ultimate goal

goods imported goods

23
 government control, government department, government expenditure,
government intervention, government policy, central government,
government
federal government, local government, municipal government,
national government, representative government

graphical graphical representation

(a) great proportion (of), (a) great range (of), great accuracy,
great diversity, great impact, great majority, great potential,
great significance, greater autonomy, greater awareness,
great
greater emphasis, greater equality, greater flexibility, greater likelihood,
(be) greatly influenced (by), (be) greatly reduced, greatly enhance,
greatly increase, vary greatly

distinct group, diverse group, dominant group, ethnic group,

group homogeneous group, minority group, powerful group, racial group,
religious group, vulnerable group

grow rapidly, growing awareness, growing trend, rapidly growing,

grow
continued growth, economic growth, significant growth

guide give guidance, provide guidance, guiding principle

hardly hardly surprising

harm potential harm

have (a) strategy, have (a) tendency (to), have (an) obligation,
have
have access (to), have consequences, have limitations, have potential

health mental health, physical health

heat heated debate

heavy (be) heavily influenced (by), rely heavily (on)

help seek help

heritage cultural heritage

hierarchy hierarchical structure

(a) high proportion (of), high concentration, high correlation,

high expectations, high incidence, high intensity, high level, high order,
high percentage, high priority, high probability, high profile, high quality,
high high rate, high score, high standard, high status, high turnover,
high unemployment, high value, relatively high, high/er frequency,
(a) higher degree (of), higher education, significantly higher,
slightly higher, (be) highly charged, (be) highly correlated (with),
(be) highly developed, (be) highly educated, (be) highly structured,

24
 (be) highly valued, highly competitive, highly complex,
highly controversial, highly critical, highly dependent, highly desirable,
highly effective, highly efficient, highly influential, highly likely,
highly problematic, highly relevant, highly selective, highly sensitive,
highly significant, highly skilled, highly sophisticated, highly successful,
highly unlikely, highly variable

historical account, historical analysis, historical background,

historical change, historical circumstances, historical context,
historical data, historical development, historical event,
historical evidence, historical factors, historical interpretation,
history
historical knowledge, historical period, historical perspective,
historical reality, historical record, historical roots, historical study,
historical writing, historically specific, brief history, cultural history,
natural history, oral history

hold hold (a) conference

holistic holistic approach

homogeneous homogeneous group

huge (a) huge amount (of)

human activity, human behaviour, human interaction, human society,

human
human species

ideally (be) ideally suited

identical almost identical

(be) clearly identified, (be) easily identified, identify (a) problem, identify
(a) way, identify (an) area, identify (an) issue, identify factors,
identify identify features, multiple identities, collective identity, cultural identity,
ethnic identity, national identity, political identity, religious identity,
sexual identity, social identity

ideology dominant ideology, political ideology

ignorant (be) largely ignored

illness mental illness

illustrate provide (an) illustration

image positive image, public image, visual image

immediate environment, immediately apparent, immediately following,

immediate
immediately obvious, immediately preceding

25
 assess (the) impact (of), consider (the) impact (of), direct impact,
emotional impact, enormous impact, environmental impact, great impact,
impact likely impact, little impact, major impact, make (an) impact,
negative impact, positive impact, potential impact, profound impact,
significant impact

implement effective implementation, successful implementation

consider (the) implications, major implications, political implications,

imply
social implications, wider implications

import imported goods, imported products

(be of) considerable importance, (be of) paramount importance, (be

of) vital importance, central importance, critical importance,
important crucial importance, fundamental importance, increased importance,
increasing importance, perceived importance, strategic importance,
clearly important, equally important, increasingly important

impose impose constraints, impose limitations, impose restrictions

impossible virtually impossible

create (an) impression, first impression, give (sb an) impression, make
impression
(an) impression

improve improved performance, significant improvement

incidence high incidence

disposable income, low income, middle income, national income,

income
total income

increase (the) likelihood, increase awareness, increase dramatically,

dramatic increase, greatly increase, significant increase,
significantly increase, increased awareness, increased competition,
increased demand, increased importance, increased interest,
increased level, increased number, increased pressure,
increased production, increased productivity, increased risk,
increase (a) increasing proportion (of), increasing awareness,
increasing complexity, increasing demand, increasing emphasis,
increasing importance, increasing interest, increasing pressure,
increasing tendency, increasing trend, ever increasing,
increasingly aware, increasingly common, increasingly complex,
increasingly difficult, increasingly important, increasingly popular,
increasingly sophisticated

independent independent state, independent variable, become independent

indicate clear indication, give (an) indication (of), provide (an) indication (of)

26
indigenous indigenous people, indigenous population

individual behaviour, individual case, individual characteristics,

individual choice, individual component, individual differences,
individual element, individual experience, individual interests,
individual individual item, individual needs, individual response,
individual responsibility, individual rights, individual variable,
individual variation, particular individual, private individual,
single individual, unique individual

industrial capitalism, industrial country, industrial development,

industrial industrial production, industrial society, industrialized country,
industrialized nation

inextricably (be) inextricably linked (to, with)

considerable influence, cultural influence, major influence,

positive influence, powerful influence, significant influence,
influence (be) greatly influenced (by), (be) heavily influenced (by),
(be) strongly influenced (by), external influences, highly influential,
particularly influential

inform informed consent, (be) fully informed

information flow, information gathering, information processing,

information retrieval, information sharing, accurate information,
add information, additional information, available information,
basic information, carry information, collect information,
contain information, convey information, detailed information,
digital information, disclose information, essential information,
extract information, factual information, find information, full information,
information further information, gain information, gather information, give information,
given information, limited information, little information,
necessary information, obtain information, personal information,
process information, provide information, receive information,
related information, relevant information, reliable information,
seek information, share information, specific information,
statistical information, store information, sufficient information,
transmit information, useful information, valuable information

initial initial period, initial phase, initial position, initial research, initial stage

initiate new initiative, take initiative

innovate technological innovation

inquire critical inquiry

gain insight (into), give insight (into), new insight, offer insight (into),
insight
provide insight (into)

27
inspect (on/upon) closer inspection

academic institution, cultural institution, democratic institution,

educational institution, financial institution, national institution,
institute political institution, public institution, social institution,
institutional arrangement, institutional context, institutional framework,
institutional structure, institutional support

instruct follow instructions

integral integral part

integrated approach, integrated system, (be) fully integrated,

integrate
economic integration, social integration

intellectual intellectual property, intellectual work

intelligent artificial intelligence, emotional intelligence

intend (be) originally intended, original intent, unintended consequences

intense high intensity, low intensity, intensive study

complex interaction, human interaction, significant interaction,

interact
social interaction

intercourse sexual intercourse

considerable interest, increased interest, increasing interest,

national interest, personal interest, renewed interest, vested interest,
interest
interested party, conflicting interests, economic interests,
individual interests

internal affairs, internal conflict, internal control, internal market,

internal
internal organ, internal structure

international agreement, international body, international community,

international international conference, international context, international journal,
international organization, international treaty

internet internet access

interpersonal interpersonal relationships, interpersonal skills

interpret data, correct interpretation, historical interpretation,

interpret
literal interpretation, alternative interpretation

intervene effective intervention, government intervention

28
interview conduct (an) interview

intimate intimate relationship, (be) intimately connected (to, with)

intrinsic intrinsic value

introduce legislation, brief introduction, critical introduction,

introduce
introductory chapter, introductory section, introductory text

invest foreign investment, private investment, foreign investor

investigate empirical investigation, further investigation, scientific investigation

(be) actively involved, (be) directly involved (in),

involve become involved (with/in), get involved (with/in), active involvement,
direct involvement

isolate social isolation

address (an) issue, central issue, complex issue, consider (an) issue,
contemporary issue, controversial issue, core issue, critical issue,
cultural issue, current issue, deal (with an) issue, discuss (an) issue,
ethical issue, explore (an) issue, global issue, identify (an) issue,
issue
key issue, legal issue, main issue, major issue, methodological issue,
practical issue, raise (an) issue, real issue, related issue, relevant issue,
similar issue, single issue, special issue, specific issue, technical issue,
theoretical issue, wider issue, environmental issues

item individual item

academic journal, international journal, online journal, publish (a) journal,

journal
scholarly journal

judgement make(a) judgement

keenly keenly aware

key area, key aspect, key characteristic, key component, key concept,
key element, key factor, key feature, key findings, key issue,
key
key objective, key player, key policy, key principle, key role, key source,
key text, key theme, key topic

(be) commonly known (as), (be) generally known (as, by),

know
(be) widely known, previously known

acquire knowledge, background knowledge, historical knowledge,

personal knowledge, previous knowledge, prior knowledge,
knowledge
professional knowledge, require knowledge, specific knowledge,
tacit knowledge, technical knowledge

29
 appropriate language, national language, natural language,
language
verbal language

(a) large proportion (of), (a) large range (of), large majority,
large percentage, large portion, large quantities (of),
large (be) largely based (on), (be) largely confined (to),
(be) largely determined (by), (be) largely ignored,
(be) largely responsible (for)

later later work, later writings

law natural law

lead to (the) conclusion, opinion leader, party leader, political leader,

lead
leading role

learning activity, learning difficulties, learning environment,

learning objective, learning outcome, learning process,
learn
learning resources, learning strategy, collaborative learning,
enhance learning, experiential learning, lifelong learning

legal action, legal basis, legal framework, legal issue, legal obligation,
legal legal position, legal proceedings, legal protection, legal requirement,
legal right, legal rule, legal status, legal system

introduce legislation, national legislation, proposed legislation,

legislate
legislative measures, legislative power

(at/on a) deeper level, appropriate level, high level, increased level,

level
low level, minimum level, overall level, stress level

liberal liberal democracy

life academic life, contemporary life, cultural life, lifelong learning

greater likelihood, increase (the) likelihood, reduce (the) likelihood,

likely likely impact, likely outcome, equally likely, highly likely, highly unlikely,
seem unlikely

have limitations, impose limitations, (a) limited range (of), limited access,
limit limited capacity, limited information, limited opportunity, limited resources,
unlimited access

line dividing line, draw (a) line, linear relationship

causal link, direct link, strong link, (be) closely linked (to, with),
link (be) directly linked (to), (be) directly linked (to, with),
(be) inextricably linked (to, with), (be) strongly linked

literal (in a) literal sense, literal interpretation, literal meaning

30
literary literary text, literary tradition

literature published literature, relevant literature, scholarly literature

little evidence, little impact, little information, little research,

little
little significance, relatively little

living conditions, living organism, living standard, daily living, make

living
(a) living

local area, local authority, local circumstances, local community,

local
local culture, local economy, local government

locate geographic(al) location

logic logical approach, logical argument, logical conclusion

long long duration, long established

longitudinal longitudinal study

look closer look

low/er frequency, low income, low intensity, low level, low percentage,
low low priority, low probability, low profile, low quality, low status,
low turnover, low unemployment, relatively low, lower class

main area, main argument, main category, main characteristics,

main component, main element, main factor, main feature, main findings,
main
main focus, main function, main issue, main principle, main source,
main task, main theme, (be) mainly concerned (with)

maintain maintain contact

major advantage, major area, major cause, major challenge,

major change, major component, major concern, major contribution,
major decision, major difference, major factor, major feature, major focus,
major major impact, major implications, major influence, major issue, major part,
major problem, major reason, major role, major shift, major source,
major theme, great majority, large majority, overwhelming majority,
simple majority, vast majority

make (a) comment, make (a) contribution, make (a) distinction, make
(a) living, make (a) prediction, make (a) recommendation, make
(a) statement, make (a) transition, make (an) argument, make
(an) assessment, make (an) assumption, make (an) impact, make
make
(an) impression, make (an) observation, make adjustments,
make arrangements, make available, make aware, make contact,
make explicit, make policy, make provision, make visible,
make(a) judgement

31
male male dominance

effective management, financial management, middle management,

manage
senior management, strategic management, top management

manual manual worker

manufacture manufacturing sector

marked marked contrast, (be) markedly different

competitive market, domestic market, financial market, global market,

market
internal market, national market, global marketplace

provide material, published material, relevant material, source material,

material
useful material

maximise maximum duration

mean mean score

convey meaning, literal meaning, original meaning, particular meaning,

meaning
shared meaning, specific meaning, (in a) meaningful way

means alternative means, useful means

measure accurate measurement, legislative measures

media coverage, digital media, electronic media, global media,

media
national media, popular media, visual media

medical medical assistance, medical treatment

meet (a) target, meet (a) requirement, meet (an) objective, meet criteria,
meet
meet expectations, annual meeting

member prominent member

memory collective memory

mental mental health, mental illness, mental state

mention previously mentioned

merit relative merits

message convey (a) message

32
 alternative method, apply (a) method, common method, describe
(a) method, develop (a) method, effective method, employ (a) method,
experimental method, modern method, qualitative method,
method quantitative method, scientific method, standard method,
statistical method, traditional method, use (a) method,
methodological approach, methodological issue, methodological problem,
research methodology, use (a) methodology

metropolitan metropolitan area

middle middle income, middle management

migrate migrant worker

military military action, military force, military power, military service

minimum level, minimum requirement, minimum standard,

minimum
minimum value, minimum wage

minor change, minor role, relatively minor, minority group, ethnic minority,
minor
small minority

missing missing data

mobility social mobility, political mobilization

model alternative model, original model, theoretical model

modern modern culture, modern method, modern society, modern technology

modify modified form, modified version

moral moral dilemma, moral philosophy, moral principle

motive (be) politically motivated

feminist movement, free movement, national movement,

movement
political movement, religious movement, social movement

multiple multiple identities, multiple sources

municipal municipal government

mutual recognition, mutual support, mutual trust, mutual understanding,

mutual
mutually exclusive

narrow (a) narrow range (of), narrow definition

33
 industrialized nation, national average, national boundary,
national conference, national culture, national economy,
national government, national identity, national income,
nation
national institution, national interest, national language,
national legislation, national market, national media, national movement,
national policy, national press, national security, national survey

native native speaker

natural conditions, natural disaster, natural environment, natural history,

natural language, natural law, natural order, natural philosophy,
nature natural process, natural resources, natural right, natural science,
natural tendency, natural world, naturally occurring, occur naturally,
changing nature, dynamic nature, precise nature

necessary necessary information, deem necessary

perceived need, changing needs, individual needs, physical needs,

need
specific needs

negative aspect, negative attitude, negative connotation,

negative consequences, negative correlation, negative effect,
negate negative feedback, negative impact, negative outcome, negative side,
negative stereotype, negative value, negative view,
(be) negatively correlated (with)

network global network

new initiative, new insight, new perspective, entirely new, newly acquired,
new newly created, newly discovered, newly emerging, newly established,
newly formed

next next decade, next generation, next phase

norm cultural norm, social norm

normal conditions, normal development, normal distribution,

normal
normal practice

notable notable exception

nuclear energy, nuclear family, nuclear power, nuclear war,

nuclear
nuclear weapon

finite number, increased number, infinite number, significant number,

number substantial number, vast number, numerical data, numerical value,
numerous studies

34
 objective criteria, objective reality, achieve (an) objective, key objective,
objective learning objective, meet (an) objective, primary objective, set
(an) objective, strategic objective, scientific objectivity

obligation fulfil (an) obligation, have (an) obligation, legal obligation

observation direct observation, make (an) observation

obtain obtain (a) result, obtain data, obtain information

obvious difference, obvious example, obvious point, obvious reason,

obvious
become obvious, fairly obvious, immediately obvious, seem obvious

occur occur frequently, occur naturally, naturally occurring

offence commit (an) offence, criminal offence, serious offence

offer offer (an) opportunity, offer insight (into)

official official statistics

once once established

ongoing ongoing debate, ongoing process

online online access, online database, online journal, online version

open open access, opening chapter, opening section

opinion opinion leader, expert opinion

create opportunities, employment opportunities, career opportunity,

create (an) opportunity, educational opportunity, equal opportunity,
opportunity
limited opportunity, offer (an) opportunity, provide (an) opportunity,
unique opportunity

oppose (be) strongly opposed, binary opposition

optimal optimal solution

oral oral history, oral presentation

order established order, high order, natural order

organ internal organ

organising principle, international organization, political organization,

organise
social organization, organizational structure

35
organism living organism

orient sexual orientation

ethnic origin, original author, original context, original data, original intent,
original meaning, original model, original position, original research,
origin
original source, original text, original version, original work,
(be) originally developed, (be) originally intended

achieve (an) outcome, affect (the) outcome, desired outcome,

outcome final outcome, learning outcome, likely outcome, negative outcome,
positive outcome, possible outcome

overall aim, overall effect, overall level, overall performance,

overall
overall picture, overall rate, overall structure

brief overview, comprehensive overview, general overview, give

overview
(an) overview (of), provide (an) overview (of)

overwhelming overwhelming majority

paid paid employment

panel solar panel

paradigm dominant paradigm

paragraph previous paragraph

parameter set (the) parameters

paramount (be of) paramount importance

central part, crucial part, integral part, major part, previous part,
part significant part, substantial part, vital part, (be) partly responsible (for),
constituent parts

active participant, active participation, effective participation,

participate
full participation, political participation

particular area, particular aspect, particular emphasis, particular feature,

particular focus, particular individual, particular meaning,
(be) particularly concerned (with), (be) particularly evident,
(be) particularly suited (to), particularly acute, particularly apparent,
particular
particularly appropriate, particularly effective, particularly influential,
particularly relevant, particularly sensitive, particularly significant,
particularly striking, particularly successful, particularly useful,
particularly valuable

party party leader, interested party, political party, ruling party, third party

36
past past research

pattern changing pattern, complex pattern, consistent pattern, similar pattern

peace peace treaty

peak reach (a) peak

people indigenous people

perceived importance, perceived need, perceived threat,

perceive
public perception, visual perception

percent high percentage, large percentage, low percentage, small percentage

perform (a) function, perform (a) study, perform (a) task,

perform academic performance, enhance performance, improved performance,
overall performance, superior performance

brief period, earlier period, entire period, extended period, given period,
period
historical period, initial period, short period, whole period

personal choice, personal circumstances, personal communication,

personal contact, personal control, personal experience,
personal personal information, personal interest, personal knowledge,
personal quality, personal relationship, personal responsibility,
personal safety, personal space

critical perspective, cultural perspective, global perspective,

perspective
historical perspective, new perspective, theoretical perspective

phase final phase, first phase, initial phase, next phase

phenomenon cultural phenomenon, social phenomenon

philosophy moral philosophy, natural philosophy, political philosophy

physical activity, physical appearance, physical characteristics,

physical contact, physical development, physical environment,
physical physical features, physical health, physical needs, physical presence,
physical properties, physical proximity, physical science, physical space,
physical symptom, physical world

picture accurate picture, overall picture

pilot pilot study

pioneering pioneering work

37
pivotal pivotal role

place place emphasis

planning planning stage, strategic planning

plausible plausible explanation, seem plausible

play play (a) role (in), key player

appropriate point, central point, critical point, crucial point, final point,
point
focal point, obvious point

current policy, economic policy, educational policy, effective policy,

policy environmental policy, foreign policy, government policy, key policy,
make policy, national policy, public policy, security policy, social policy

political activism, political activity, political agenda, political arena,

political authority, political circumstances, political climate,
political conflict, political consciousness, political consensus,
political consequences, political consideration, political context,
political culture, political debate, political dimension, political economy,
political environment, political factors, political identity, political ideology,
political political implications, political instability, political institution,
political leader, political mobilization, political movement,
political organization, political participation, political party,
political philosophy, political reality, political reform,
political representation, political significance, political spectrum,
political stability, political status, political structure,
(be) politically motivated, politically correct

pollution environmental pollution

poorly (be) poorly understood

popular popular culture, popular media, increasingly popular

(be) densely populated, (be) sparsely populated, indigenous population,

population
rural population

portion large portion, significant portion, small portion

pose (a) challenge, pose (a) problem, pose (a) question, pose
pose
(a) threat (to)

central position, dominant position, final position, initial position,

position
legal position, original position, privileged position, unique position

positive positive action, positive aspect, positive attitude, positive connotation,

positive correlation, positive discrimination, positive effect,

38
 positive feature, positive feedback, positive image, positive impact,
positive influence, positive outcome, positive relationship, positive result,
positive value, positive view, (be) positively associated (with),
(be) positively correlated (with)

consider (a) possibility, possible consequences, possible explanation,

possible
possible outcome, possible source

potential benefits, potential conflict, potential customer, potential harm,

potential impact, potential problem, potential risk, potential source,
potential
potential value, full potential, great potential, have potential,
potentially dangerous

economic power, explanatory power, legislative power, military power,

nuclear power, predictive power, purchasing power, solar power,
power
unequal power, powerful force, powerful group, powerful influence,
powerful tool, extremely powerful

practical consideration, practical difficulties, practical issue,

practical
practical significance

cultural practice, established practice, normal practice,

practice professional practice, reflective practice, religious practice,
traditional practice, administrative practices

take precedence (over), preceding chapter, preceding discussion,

precede
preceding section, immediately preceding

precise precise definition, precise nature

predict make (a) prediction

predictive predictive power

preferential preferential treatment

preliminary preliminary data, preliminary findings, preliminary result

premature premature death

premise basic premise

physical presence, present (a) challenge, present (a) summary, present

present (an) argument, present context, present data, present difficulties,
present evidence

presentation give (a) presentation, oral presentation

presidential presidential election

39
press national press

pressure competitive pressure, increased pressure, increasing pressure

previous chapter, previous decade, previous discussion,

previous experience, previous generation, previous knowledge,
previous paragraph, previous part, previous research, previous section,
previous
previous study, previous work, previously described,
previously discussed, previously known, previously mentioned,
previously thought

(be) primarily concerned (with), (be) primarily responsible (for),

primary aim, primary care, primary concern, primary data,
primary primary education, primary focus, primary function, primary objective,
primary purpose, primary reason, primary research,
primary responsibility, primary source, primary task

prime prime example, prime time

principal principal source

basic principle, established principle, ethical principle,

principle fundamental principle, general principle, guiding principle, key principle,
main principle, moral principle, organising principle, underlying principle

prior prior experience, prior knowledge

priority first priority, give priority (to), high priority, low priority

private private individual, private investment, private sector, private sphere

privileged privileged position

probability conditional probability, high probability, low probability

problem area, additional problem, central problem, complex problem,

ethical problem, face (a) problem, financial problem,
fundamental problem, identify (a) problem, major problem,
problem
methodological problem, pose (a) problem, potential problem,
related problem, specific problem, technical problem, highly problematic,
create problems, encounter problems, experience problems

adopt (a) procedure, describe (a) procedure, follow (a) procedure, use
proceed
(a) procedure, legal proceedings

process data, process information, assessment process, begin

(a) process, complex process, continuous process, creative process,
process democratic process, describe (a) process, developmental process,
due process, dynamic process, evolutionary process, learning process,
natural process, ongoing process, slow process, start (a) process,

40
 thinking process, thought process, underlying process,
information processing

final product, increased production, industrial production,

product
increased productivity, imported products

professional activity, professional body, professional colleague,

professional development, professional experience,
professional professional knowledge, professional practice, professional qualification,
professional staff, professional standard, professional status,
professional support, professional training, professional work

profile high profile, low profile

profound profound effect, profound impact

programme educational programme

progress technological progress

prominent prominent feature, prominent member, prominent role

promote promote (the) development (of), promote equality

properly (be) properly understood

physical properties, similar properties, structural properties,

property
intellectual property

(a) great proportion (of), (a) high proportion (of),

(a) increasing proportion (of), (a) large proportion (of),
proportion
(a) significant proportion (of), (a) small proportion (of),
(be) directly proportional (to)

propose proposed legislation

prospect future prospects

prosperity economic prosperity

protection environmental protection, legal protection

prove prove successful, prove useful

provide (a) benefit, provide (a) clue, provide (a) focus, provide
(a) foundation (for), provide (a) service, provide (a) source, provide
provide (a) summary, provide (an) alternative, provide (an) example, provide
(an) explanation, provide (an) illustration, provide (an) indication (of),
provide (an) opportunity, provide (an) overview (of), provide access (to),
provide assistance, provide care, provide context, provide coverage,

41
 provide data, provide evidence, provide feedback, provide guidance,
provide information, provide material, provide resources, provide support,
provide feedback, provide insight (into), educational provision,
make provision

proximity close proximity, physical proximity

public access, public administration, public attitudes, public authority,

public awareness, public debate, public discourse, public display,
public domain, public expenditure, public funds, public image,
public
public institution, public perception, public policy, public sector,
public sphere, public transport, public welfare, wider public,
publicly available

publish (a) journal, publish (a) report, publish (an) article,

publish publish research, published literature, published material,
published research, published work

purchase purchasing power

purpose primary purpose, specific purpose

purposes (for) research purposes

qualification educational qualification, professional qualification

qualitative analysis, qualitative approach, qualitative data,

qualitative qualitative method, qualitative research, qualitative study,
qualitatively different

quality high quality, low quality, personal quality

quantitative analysis, quantitative approach, quantitative data,

quantitative method, quantitative research, quantitative result,
quantity
quantitative study, large quantities (of), small quantities (of),
vast quantities (of)

central question, complex question, crucial question, ethical question,

question fundamental question, pose (a) question, raise (a) question,
reflective question, related question, specific question

racial differences, racial discrimination, racial equality, racial group,

racial
racial stereotype

radical change, radical critique, radical differences, radical transformation,

radical
radically different

raise raise (a) question, raise (an) issue, raise awareness

42
 random error, random sample, random variable,
random (be) randomly assigned (to), (be) randomly chosen,
(be) randomly selected

(a) broad range (of), (a) diverse range (of), (a) great range (of),
(a) large range (of), (a) limited range (of), (a) narrow range (of),
range
(a) vast range (of), (a) whole range (of), (a) wide range (of), (a,
the) full range (of), (the) entire range (of), cover (a) range (of)

rapid expansion, rapidly changing, rapidly growing, change rapidly,

rapid
expand rapidly, grow rapidly

rare relatively rare

rate annual rate, constant rate, high rate, overall rate

raw raw data

reach reach (a) consensus, reach (a) peak, reach (an) agreement

react adverse reaction, chemical reaction, emotional reaction, strong reaction

read widely read

(be) readily understood, readily accessible, readily available,

ready
ready access

real real issue, historical reality, objective reality, political reality

realize (be) fully realized

compelling reason, major reason, obvious reason, primary reason,

reason
underlying reason

receive receive feedback, receive information, receive treatment, well received

recent decades, recent evidence, recent research, recent study,

recent
recent survey, relatively recent

reciprocal reciprocal relationship

recognize mutual recognition, (be) widely recognized

recommend make (a) recommendation

record record data, accurate record, historical record

recurrent recurrent theme

43
 reduce (the) likelihood, reduce emissions, reduce stress,
reduce
(be) greatly reduced, (be) significantly reduced, significant reduction

specific reference, (be) commonly referred (to) (as),

refer
(be) frequently referred (to)

reflect critical reflection, reflective practice, reflective question

reform economic reform, political reform, social reform, welfare reform

regarded (be) widely regarded (as)

region regional development, regional differences, regional variation

regulate regulatory agency, regulatory framework

related activity, related area, related aspect, related factor,

related information, related issue, related problem, related question,
related topic, (be) clearly related (to), (be) closely related (to),
(be) directly related (to), (be) strongly related (to), causal relation,
economic relations, causal relationship, clear relationship,
close relationship, complex relationship, direct relationship, establish
(a) relationship, intimate relationship, linear relationship,
relate personal relationship, positive relationship, reciprocal relationship,
significant relationship, social relationship, special relationship,
strong relationship, symbiotic relationship, economic relationships,
interpersonal relationships, relative autonomy, relative merits,
relative status, relatively common, relatively constant, relatively few,
relatively high, relatively little, relatively low, relatively minor,
relatively rare, relatively recent, relatively simple, relatively stable,
relatively straightforward

relevant data, relevant factors, relevant information, relevant issue,

relevant relevant literature, relevant material, consider relevant, highly relevant,
particularly relevant

religious belief, religious faith, religious freedom, religious group,

religious
religious identity, religious movement, religious practice

rely reliable data, reliable information, rely heavily (on)

remain remain constant, remain stable, remain unchanged, remain unclear

remark remarkably similar, concluding remarks

remove (be) far removed (from)

renew renewable energy, renewed interest

report report data, report findings, annual report, publish (a) report

44
 graphical representation, political representation,
representation
schematic representation, visual representation

representative representative government

require consideration, require knowledge, require resources,

require functional requirement, legal requirement, meet (a) requirement,
minimum requirement

(for) research purposes, research effort, research evidence,

research findings, research methodology, research topic,
academic research, basic research, carry out research (of),
comparative research, conduct research, considerable research,
current research, earlier research, educational research,
empirical research, existing research, experimental research,
research
extensive research, field research, further research, future research,
initial research, little research, original research, past research,
previous research, primary research, publish research,
published research, qualitative research, quantitative research,
recent research, scholarly research, scientific research,
traditional research, undertake research

resemble bear resemblance (to), closely resemble

resolve conflict resolution, resolve (a) conflict, resolve (a) dispute

additional resources, allocate resources, available resources,

economic resources, electronic resources, financial resources,
resource learning resources, limited resources, natural resources,
provide resources, require resources, scarce resources,
sufficient resources, use resources, valuable resources

respond appropriately, appropriate response, emotional response,

respond
individual response

accept responsibility, assume responsibility, individual responsibility,

personal responsibility, primary responsibility, social responsibility,
responsible take responsibility, (be) directly responsible (for),
(be) largely responsible (for), (be) partly responsible (for),
(be) primarily responsible (for), socially responsible

restrict impose restrictions

final result, obtain (a) result, positive result, preliminary result,

result
quantitative result, similar result, consistent results, experimental results

retrieval information retrieval

review (a) study, annual review, brief review, comprehensive review,

review
critical review

45
revise revised edition, revised version

rich rich source

right legal right, natural right, individual rights

rising rising cost

risk risk assessment, increased risk, potential risk

active role, assume (the) role (of), central role, consider (the) role (of),
critical role, crucial role, direct role, dominant role, essential role, examine
role (the) role (of), key role, leading role, major role, minor role, pivotal role,
play (a) role (in), prominent role, significant role, take (a) role (in), take on
(the) role (of, as), take up (the) role (of, as), vital role

root (be) deeply rooted, historical roots

roughly roughly equal, roughly equivalent

rule legal rule, ruling class, ruling party

rural rural area, rural community, rural economy, rural population, rural society

safe safe sex, personal safety

salient salient characteristic, salient feature

sample random sample

scarce scarce resources

scheme schematic representation

scholarly scholarly journal, scholarly literature, scholarly research, scholarly work

biological science, natural science, physical science,

scientific community, scientific discourse, scientific evidence,
science
scientific investigation, scientific method, scientific objectivity,
scientific research, scientific theory

score average score, high score, mean score, test score

scrutiny close scrutiny, critical scrutiny

secondary secondary data, secondary education, secondary source

concluding section, final section, introductory section, opening section,

section
preceding section, previous section

46
 business sector, economic sector, manufacturing sector, private sector,
sector
public sector, service sector, state sector

secure security policy, national security

seek seek help, seek information

seem seem appropriate, seem obvious, seem plausible, seem unlikely

select (be) carefully selected, (be) randomly selected, highly selective

seminal seminal study, seminal work

senior senior management

(in a) literal sense, specific sense, extremely sensitive, highly sensitive,

sense
particularly sensitive

separate separate entity

serious serious challenge, serious consequences, serious offence

serve serve (a) function

service service sector, military service, provide (a) service

set (a) goal, set (a) target, set (an) objective, set (the) agenda, set
set
(the) parameters, complex set, data set

setting educational setting, social setting

severely severely affect

biological sex, safe sex, sexual abuse, sexual act, sexual behaviour,
sex sexual contact, sexual difference, sexual exploitation, sexual identity,
sexual intercourse, sexual orientation, sexual violence

share information, shared experience, shared meaning, shared values,

share
widely shared, information sharing

sharp sharp contrast, sharp distinction

shift global shift, major shift, significant shift, shift emphasis

short short duration, short period

show show (a) tendency, show (a) trend, show evidence, show variation

47
side negative side

sign sign (a) treaty

cultural significance, great significance, little significance,

political significance, practical significance, social significance,
statistical significance, (a) significant amount (of),
(a) significant degree (of), (a) significant proportion (of),
significant change, significant contribution, significant correlation,
significant correlation, significant development, significant difference,
significant effect, significant factor, significant feature, significant figures,
significant growth, significant impact, significant improvement,
significant
significant increase, significant influence, significant interaction,
significant number, significant part, significant portion,
significant reduction, significant relationship, significant role,
significant shift, significant variation, highly significant,
particularly significant, statistically significant,
(be) significantly correlated (with), (be) significantly reduced,
significantly affect, significantly higher, significantly increase,
contribute significantly, differ significantly, vary significantly

similar approach, similar argument, similar characteristics, similar effect,

similar similar issue, similar pattern, similar properties, similar result,
similar situation, broadly similar, remarkably similar

simple simple majority, relatively simple, simplified version

single currency, single element, single entity, single individual,

single
single issue, single source, single variable

situation complex situation, similar situation

technical skill, transferable skill, skilled worker, highly skilled,

skill academic skills, appropriate skills, cognitive skills, core skills,
interpersonal skills, unskilled worker

slightly slightly different, slightly higher

slow slow process

(a) small proportion (of), small fraction, small minority, small percentage,
small
small portion, small quantities (of)

social activity, social aspect, social attitudes, social background,

social behaviour, social circumstances, social conflict,
social consequences, social construct, social contact, social context,
social social democracy, social dimension, social environment, social equality,
social exclusion, social expectations, social factors, social function,
social identity, social implications, social inequality, social institution,
social integration, social interaction, social isolation, social mobility,
social movement, social norm, social organization, social phenomenon,

48
 social policy, social reform, social relationship, social responsibility,
social setting, social significance, social status, social structure,
social theory, social transformation, social trend, social welfare,
(be) socially constructed, socially acceptable, socially desirable,
socially responsible, capitalist society, civil society, contemporary society,
democratic society, human society, industrial society, modern society,
rural society, traditional society, western society, wider society,
socioeconomic status

solar solar energy, solar panel, solar power, solar system

solution alternative solution, optimal solution

sophisticated highly sophisticated, increasingly sophisticated

source material, alternative source, become (a) source (of),

common source, external source, key source, main source, major source,
source original source, possible source, potential source, primary source,
principal source, provide (a) source, rich source, secondary source,
single source, use (a) source, useful source, multiple sources

sovereign sovereign state

space personal space, physical space

sparingly use sparingly

sparsely (be) sparsely populated

speaker native speaker

special circumstances, special emphasis, special issue,

special
special relationship, special status

species human species

specific area, specific aspect, specific case, specific characteristic,

specific context, specific example, specific factor, specific feature,
specific focus, specific form, specific function, specific information,
specific specific issue, specific knowledge, specific meaning, specific needs,
specific problem, specific purpose, specific question, specific reference,
specific sense, specific type, culturally specific, historically specific,
(be) specifically designed (to, for)

spectrum broad spectrum, political spectrum

sphere domestic sphere, private sphere, public sphere

political instability, economic stability, political stability, relatively stable,

stable
remain stable

49
staff professional staff

developmental stage, earlier stage, final stage, initial stage,

stage
planning stage

standard approach, standard error, standard format, standard method,

standard
high standard, living standard, minimum standard, professional standard

stark stark contrast

start start (a) process

state explicitly, state sector, democratic state, federal state,

state independent state, mental state, sovereign state, clear statement,
general statement, make (a) statement, written statement

statistical analysis, statistical data, statistical information,

statistical method, statistical significance, statistical technique,
statistic
statistical test, statistically significant, descriptive statistics,
official statistics, use statistics

current status, economic status, equal status, high status, legal status,
status low status, political status, professional status, relative status,
social status, socioeconomic status, special status

step final step

stereotype gender stereotype, negative stereotype, racial stereotype

store store data, store information

straightforward fairly straightforward, relatively straightforward

strategic decision, strategic importance, strategic management,

strategic objective, strategic planning, alternative strategy,
strategy
coping strategy, develop (a) strategy, have (a) strategy, learning strategy,
teaching strategy, use (a) strategy

stress stress level, cause stress, reduce stress

striking striking contrast, striking example, striking feature, particularly striking

strong bond, strong correlation, strong emphasis, strong evidence,

strong link, strong reaction, strong relationship, strong tendency,
(be) strongly associated (with), (be) strongly correlated (with),
strong
(be) strongly influenced (by), (be) strongly linked, (be) strongly opposed,
(be) strongly related (to), strongly agree, strongly disagree,
strongly suggest

50
 structural adjustment, structural change, structural element,
structural feature, structural properties, basic structure, clear structure,
complex structure, economic structure, existing structure,
structure formal structure, global structure, hierarchical structure,
institutional structure, internal structure, organizational structure,
overall structure, political structure, social structure, underlying structure,
(be) highly structured

numerous studies, academic study, classic study, comparative study,

conduct (a) study, detailed study, earlier study, early study,
empirical study, experimental study, further study, future study,
study historical study, intensive study, longitudinal study, perform (a) study,
pilot study, previous study, qualitative study, quantitative study,
recent study, review (a) study, seminal study, subsequent study,
systematic study, theoretical study

subject subject area

subsequent analysis, subsequent chapter, subsequent development,

subsequent
subsequent study, subsequent work

(a) substantial amount (of), substantial difference, substantial evidence,

substantial
substantial number, substantial part, substantially different

academic success, economic success, successful implementation,

success
highly successful, particularly successful, prove successful

sufficient condition, sufficient detail, sufficient evidence,

sufficient
sufficient information, sufficient resources

suggest strongly suggest

suited (be) ideally suited, (be) particularly suited (to)

brief summary, present (a) summary, provide (a) summary,

summary
useful summary

superior superior performance

support (an) argument, additional support, considerable support,

emotional support, empirical support, financial support,
support institutional support, mutual support, professional support,
provide support, technical support, widespread support,
supporting evidence

surprising hardly surprising

survey survey data, conduct (a) survey, national survey, recent survey

symbiotic symbiotic relationship

51
symptom physical symptom

binary system, capitalist system, complex system,

comprehensive system, dynamic system, economic system,
system
educational system, integrated system, legal system, solar system,
transport system

systematic systematic analysis, systematic approach, systematic study

tacit tacit knowledge

take (a) role (in), take (an) approach, take initiative,

take take precedence (over), take responsibility, take into consideration, take
on (the) role (of, as), take up (the) role (of, as)

target target audience, meet (a) target, set (a) target

carry out (the) task, complete (a) task, main task, perform (a) task,
task
primary task

teach teaching strategy

technical aspect, technical assistance, technical detail,

technical technical expertise, technical issue, technical knowledge,
technical problem, technical skill, technical support, technical term

basic technique, develop (a) technique, employ (a) technique,

technique
statistical technique, use (a) technique

technological advances, technological change,

technological development, technological innovation,
technology
technological progress, advanced technology, current technology,
digital technology, modern technology

general tendency, have (a) tendency (to), increasing tendency,

tendency
natural tendency, show (a) tendency, strong tendency

tenet central tenet

term technical term

test test (a) theory, test score, diagnostic test, statistical test

classic text, introductory text, key text, literary text, original text,
text
textual analysis

thematic analysis, central theme, common theme, key theme,

theme
main theme, major theme, recurrent theme

52
 theoretical analysis, theoretical approach, theoretical basis,
theoretical concept, theoretical debate, theoretical framework,
theoretical issue, theoretical model, theoretical perspective,
theory theoretical study, theoretical understanding, theoretical work, apply
(the) theory, classical theory, critical theory, cultural theory, develop
(a) theory, economic theory, evolutionary theory, general theory,
scientific theory, social theory, test (a) theory, use (a) theory

think think differently, thinking process, creative thinking, critical thinking

third third party

thought thought process, careful thought, previously thought

threat external threat, perceived threat, pose (a) threat (to)

tied (be) closely tied

tightly (be) tightly controlled

time brief time, prime time

times earlier times

tool analytical tool, powerful tool, useful tool

top top management

topic cover (a) topic, discuss (a) topic, key topic, related topic, research topic

total total income, totally different

trade global trade

cultural tradition, literary tradition, western tradition, traditional approach,

tradition traditional culture, traditional form, traditional method, traditional practice,
traditional research, traditional society, traditional value, traditional view

training professional training

transaction business transaction, commercial transaction

transfer transferable skill

transform radical transformation, social transformation, undergo transformation

transit make (a) transition

transmit transmit data, transmit information

53
transport transport system, public transport

treat differently, treat equally, appropriate treatment, effective treatment,

treat equal treatment, fair treatment, give (sb) treatment, medical treatment,
preferential treatment, receive treatment, unfair treatment

treaty international treaty, peace treaty, sign (a) treaty

current trend, general trend, growing trend, increasing trend, show

trend
(a) trend, social trend

true equally true

trust mutual trust

turnover high turnover, low turnover

type distinct type, specific type

typical typical example

ultimate ultimate goal

undergo undergo transformation

underlying assumption, underlying cause, underlying principle,

underlie
underlying process, underlying reason, underlying structure

clearly understand, fully understand, (a) deep understanding (of),

understand mutual understanding, theoretical understanding, (be) easily understood,
(be) poorly understood, (be) properly understood, (be) readily understood

undertake undertake (an) activity, undertake research, undertake work

unique unique individual, unique opportunity, unique position

universally (be) universally accepted

urban area, urban centre, urban design, urban development,

urban
urban environment

usage common usage

use (a) format, use (a) method, use (a) methodology, use (a) procedure,
use (a) source, use (a) strategy, use (a) technique, use (a) theory, use
use (an) approach, use (the) analysis, use (the) concept concept, use (the)
data data, use (the) definition, use criteria, use effectively, use resources,
use sparingly, use statistics, continued use, widespread use,
(be) commonly used, (be) extensively used, (be) frequently used,

54
 (be) widely used, useful information, useful material, useful means,
useful source, useful summary, useful tool, extremely useful,
particularly useful, prove useful

valid valid argument, equally valid

valuable information, valuable resources, extremely valuable,

particularly valuable, core value, economic value, high value,
value intrinsic value, minimum value, negative value, numerical value,
positive value, potential value, traditional value, (be) highly valued,
cultural values, shared values

various various aspects

dependent variable, highly variable, independent variable,

individual variable, random variable, single variable,
considerable variation, genetic variation, individual variation,
vary
regional variation, show variation, significant variation, wide variation,
vary considerably, vary greatly, vary significantly, vary widely,
varying degree

(a) vast amount (of), (a) vast array (of), (a) vast range (of), vast area,
vast
vast majority, vast number, vast quantities (of)

verbal verbal communication, verbal language

earlier version, electronic version, final version, modified version,

version
online version, original version, revised version, simplified version

vested vested interest

alternative view, conventional view, negative view, positive view,

view
traditional view

village global village

violence domestic violence, sexual violence

virtual virtual community, virtually impossible

visible become visible, clearly visible, make visible

visual visual image, visual media, visual perception, visual representation

vital (be of) vital importance, vital part, vital role

vulnerable vulnerable group

wage minimum wage

55
war nuclear war

way (in a) meaningful way, alternative way, appropriate way, identify (a) way

weapon nuclear weapon

welfare welfare reform, economic welfare, public welfare, social welfare

(be) well documented, (be) well established, well aware, well designed,
well
well educated, well received

western western democracy, western society, western tradition

whole (a) whole range (of), whole area, whole period

(a) wide array (of), (a) wide range (of), wide area, wide variation,
(be) widely accepted, (be) widely adopted, (be) widely believed,
(be) widely discussed, (be) widely dispersed, (be) widely distributed,
(be) widely known, (be) widely recognized, (be) widely regarded (as),
wide
(be) widely used, widely available, widely different, widely read,
widely shared, differ widely, vary widely, wider audience,
wider community, wider context, wider implications, wider issue,
wider public, wider society

widespread acceptance, widespread belief, widespread support,

widespread
widespread use, become widespread

wisdom conventional wisdom

work effectively, academic work, classic work, creative work, earlier work,
empirical work, experimental work, intellectual work, later work,
original work, pioneering work, previous work, professional work,
work
published work, scholarly work, seminal work, subsequent work,
theoretical work, undertake work, manual worker, migrant worker,
skilled worker, unskilled worker

academic world, capitalist world, changing world, contemporary world,

world
external world, natural world, physical world

academic writing, critical writing, historical writing, later writings,

write
written comment, written communication, written statement

year academic year

young younger generation

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This list was developed using material from

57