Z-Transform Applications in System Analysis
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Dio Izqhaq Risky SasongkoZ-Transform Applications in System Analysis
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Dio Izqhaq Risky SasongkoCommon questions
Powered by AIA system defined by a transfer function H(z) is equivalent to a system difference equation through polynomial relationships among Z-transforms of input and output. For H(z) = B(z)/A(z), the difference equation is derived by taking inverse transforms to express each polynomial term in difference form. The impulse response h(n) can be obtained as the inverse Z-transform of H(z), thus linking the algebraic transfer function to time-domain behavior. These representations reflect different but equivalent forms of the system's description .
The transfer function H(z) of a system can be determined from its impulse response h(n) by taking the Z-transform of h(n) to obtain H(z). From the relationship Y(z) = H(z) · X(z), where Y(z) and X(z) are the Z-transforms of the output and input signals respectively, H(z) can be calculated as Y(z)/X(z) if the Z-transforms of an input-output pair are known .
Zero State Response (ZSR) is the response of a system due to its input alone, assuming all initial conditions are zero. In Z-transform terms, ZSR can be computed using Y(z) = H(z) * X(z), where H(z) is the transfer function and X(z) the Z-transform of the input with the ROC set for causal solutions. Then, the inverse Z-transform of Y(z) under this condition gives y(n). For instance, given an input x(n) = 0.3^n u(n) and the causal system transfer function H(z), the ZSR would be calculated as y(n) = 0.5 * 0.1^n u(n) + 0.5 * 0.3^n u(n).
Common factor cancellation between A(z) (the Z-transform of output coefficients) and B(z) (the Z-transform of input coefficients) reduces the total count of poles in the polynomial, as common roots in the numerator and denominator of H(z) cancel each other out. This cancellation can simplify the system, but it also removes modes from consideration in stability analysis that might otherwise indicate potential system responses. As such, poles are typically a subset of modes unless all corresponding factors cancel out .
Modes of a system are determined by the roots of the polynomial A(z) in its characteristic equation, which corresponds to the Z-transform of the difference equation coefficients of the output. Poles are the remaining roots of A(z) after cancelling any common factors with B(z), which is the Z-transform of the coefficients of the input . This means poles are a subset of modes, and the equality holds when there is no cancellation between A(z) and B(z).
To derive the system difference equation from a transfer function H(z), express H(z) as Y(z)/X(z). This can be rewritten with the polynomials in both Y(z) and X(z) expanded and multiplied on each side to manipulate into a form suitable for Z-transform inversion. For example, from H(z) = (0.2-0.5z^{-1}+z^{-2})/(1-0.3z^{-1}), this corresponds to the difference equation y(n) - 0.3y(n-1) = 0.2x(n) - 0.5x(n-1) + x(n-2).
To derive the transfer function from a block diagram, one must first express the Z-transforms for signals at various points in the block diagram. Using algebraic manipulation, these expressions can be combined to relate the input and output Z-transforms. For example, given Y(z) = z^{-2}W(z) + (0.2 W(z) - 0.5 z^{-1}W(z)), and W(z) = X(z) / (1 - 0.3z^{-1}), we can derive the transfer function as H(z) = (0.2-0.5z^{-1}+z^{-2}) / (1-0.3z^{-1}).
In a difference equation, modes are the characteristics that determine the system's natural response, represented by the roots of A(z) = 0, the part of the transfer function dealing with the system's characteristic equation. Poles, being a subset of these modes without the cancelled common elements between A(z) and B(z), directly influence stability and resonance. A system is stable if poles lie inside the unit circle; otherwise, they indicate marginally stable or unstable solutions. Hence, understanding these relationships is critical to predicting and controlling system behavior .
A system is causal if the Region of Convergence (ROC) of H(z) is the exterior of a disc (|z| > r). It is considered BIBO stable if the ROC includes the unit circle (|z| = 1). For a system to be both causal and stable, all poles of H(z) must lie inside the unit circle. The shape of the ROC also indicates causality: if the ROC is donut-shaped, the impulse response is two-sided, and the system is neither purely causal nor purely anti-causal .
The shape of a system's ROC determines its causality. If the ROC includes values outside the largest pole-radius in all directions, it indicates causality as the inverse z-transform aligns with a time-shifting impulse response valid for non-negative time. An ROC entirely inside the smallest pole-radius indicates anti-causality, valid for negative times. For a donut-shaped ROC excluding the origin and infinity, the impulse response h(n) is two-sided, involving both causal and anti-causal elements .