ColourWhite:

light is a mixture of colours. White light can be split up using aprism to give aspectrumof sevencolours
(red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet).

The splitting of colour into a spectrum is called dispersion.

Arainbow is produced when water droplets in the air refract sunlight

.Different colours can be made by mixing light of the three primary colours(red, green and blue)

.Coloured light can be made using afilter.

red filter lets red light through, butabsorbsall the othercolours

.We are able to see colours because objects do not reflect all the colours in light

:White objects reflect all the colours

.A red object only reflects red and all other colours are absorbed

.This idea applies to all colours except black

.Black objects absorb all colours

.Energy and electricity

Nothing would happen without energy

. Energy is needed to:•keep our bodies working•make machines work•heat homes, schools and offices

.Energies in action

•heat energy

•light energy

•sound energy

•electrical energy

•kinetic (movement) energy

.Stored energy
Some energy has to be stored so that it is ready for use when we need it.

•Chemical energy:

is stored in food, fuels and cells

.•Gravitational potential energy :

is stored in high up things.

•Strain energy:

is stored in stretched or squashed things.

•Nuclear energy :

is stored inside atoms

.Energy changes

Energy needs to be changed to be [Link] the cellsin the wiresin the bulband bulbAn energy flow
[Link] energy changes take place in everyday life. Often wasted energy is produced in the forms
ofheatorsound.A car engine produceskinetic energy, which isuseful. It also producesheat and
soundEnergy cannot be made or destroyed, but can only be changed from one form to another. This is
thelawof conservation of [Link] circuit must have a cell or power supply to provide avoltage.
The voltage pushes theelectronsaroundthe circuit and givesthem energy. This electrical energy
istransferredto other components in the circuit,which convert it to other forms of energy. For instance,
a light bulb transfers electrical energy to heat andlight [Link] voltage of a cell can be measured
usingavoltmeter. The units for voltage arevolts(V).The voltageacross a component is a way of measuring
how much energy the component is transferring. The voltageacross all the components in a series circuit
adds up to the voltage across the cell

Wasting energy:

Energy cannot be made or destroyed, but it can be changed to different forms. Not all energy is
turnedinto a form that we want. Often it is turned into heat that we do not need. This is wasted energy.

A carengine produces kinetic energy, whichis useful. It also produces heat and sound which are wasted
formsof [Link] percentage of useful energy produced by something is known as itsefficiency.

The human body is25% efficient.

Series & parallel circuits:

There are two types of circuit we can make, called series and parallel.
 components in a circuit are joined by wires.if there are no branches then it's a series circuitif there
are branches it's a parallel circuit Series circuitsIn a television series, you get several episodes,one after
the other.

A series circuit is similar.

You getseveral components one after the [Link] you follow the circuit diagram from one side of the
cell to the other, you should pass through all thedifferent components, one after the other, without any
branches.

If you put more lamps into a series circuit, the lamps will be dimmer than [Link] a series circuit, if a
lamp breaks or a component isdisconnected, the circuit is broken and all thecomponents stop working.

Series circuits are useful if you want a warning that one of the components inthe circuit has failed.

Theyalso use less wiring than parallel [Link] circuitsIn parallel circuits different components are
connected on different branches of the wire. If you follow thecircuit diagram from one side of the cell to
the other,you can only pass through all the differentcomponents if you follow all [Link] a
parallel circuit, if a lamp breaks or a component is disconnected from one parallel wire, thecomponents
on different brancheskeep working.

And, unlike a series circuit, the lamps stay bright if youadd more lamps in parallel.

In the example above:the anticlockwise moment= 300 N x 2 m= 600 Nmthe clockwise moment= 400N x
1.5 m= 600 Nm

The clockwise and anticlockwise moments arethe same, so the seesaw [Link]
use the principle of moments. Themoment from the load is balanced by themoment from the concrete
blocks to stopthe crane toppling over.

Magnets and electromagnets

A wire with electricity flowing through it has a magnetic field around it. Anelectromagnetis a coil of
wirewith an electric current flowing through [Link] can make an electromagnet stronger by:• increasing
the number of coils of wire•increasing the size of the current (by increasing the voltage)•

using an iron [Link] can be used for lifting things. They are also used in electric bells,
relays and in video andmusic [Link] are used to make bells work.

Areed switchhas two thinpieces of iron inside it. If a magnet is held near the switch, the pieces of ironare
magnetised and touch each other. A reed switch can also be switched on using an electromagnet.

Anyswitch that is worked by electricity is called [Link] are used to make things safer. For
example, the starter motor in a car uses a high current andneeds thick wires for the current to flow
through.
A relay is used in a car so that the driver does not haveto touch any part of the circuit that has a high
current.

Forces and motion:

Balanced andunbalancedforces

Explain the affect of forces on an [Link] 3 forcesWork out the size of a force from how an object is
moving.

Speed

Recall the formula that links speed, distance and time

Calculate speed e.g. ifan object takes 30 seconds to travel 90 metres

what is the average speed?

Friction

Describe two ways of reducing friction

Explain how a parachute works

.Pressure:

Recall the formula that links pressure, force and [Link] do snowshoes help you walk onsnow?

Moments

Recall the formula that links turning force with distance and [Link] the law of moments

.Why do we use a spanner not our fingers to unscrew a nut?The earth and beyondThe planets

Name the planets in orderLink the planets temperature and orbital time to its distance from the sun

. Day, Night andSeasonsExplain why we have day and nightExplain why we get seasonsSatellites

Describe what satellites are used [Link] don’t satellites fly of into space?Sound and lightSound

What causes sound?

Draw sound waves showing loud or high-pitched [Link] do amplitude, frequency and wavelength
mean?

Light

Draw ray diagrams showing reflection and [Link] the primary and secondary colours of light
. What happens when white light shines onto a red filter?Explain why a green cap looks black in blue
light

.Electricity and magnetismElectricityDraw circuit symbols and simple series and parallel circuits correctly

.Identify materials as conductors and [Link] some reasons why a circuit wouldn’t
[Link]

Explain what happens when you put two north poles [Link] a magnetic [Link] how to
increase the strength of an [Link] down three uses of electromagnets

.Energy resources and transfers

Energyresources

Where does most of the earth’s energy come from?What are fossil fuels?

Name three renewable energy [Link] a diagram to show how energy is generated from coal

.Energy transfers

List 5 different forms of energy

.State the energy transformation for a [Link] how energy is lost from a [Link] why
energy conservation is important