PRACTICAL 2

Rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and the

concentration of hydrochloric acid

Name:Saiful Islam Bin Ahmad Husni

Lecturer name:Ms Affaiza

Matrix number:PM 110/10

Date:23/11/2010

Introduction
The reaction rate or rate of reaction for a reactant or product in a particular reaction is intuitively
defined as how fast or slow a reaction takes place. For example, the oxidation of iron under the
atmosphere is a slow reaction which can take many years, but the combustion of butane in a fire is a
reaction that takes place in fractions of a second.

Chemical kinetics is the part of physical chemistry that studies reaction rates. The concepts of
chemical kinetics are applied in many disciplines, such aschemical
engineering, enzymology and environmental engineering.

 The nature of the reaction: Some reactions are naturally faster than others. The
number of reacting species, their physical state (the particles that form solids move much
more slowly than those of gases or those in solution), the complexity of the reaction and
other factors can influence greatly the rate of a reaction.
 Concentration: Reaction rate increases with concentration, as described by the rate
law and explained by collision theory. As reactant concentration increases,
the frequency of collision increases.
 Pressure: The rate of gaseous reactions increases with pressure, which is, in fact,
equivalent to an increase in concentration of the gas. For condensed-phase reactions,
the pressure dependence is weak.
 Order: The order of the reaction controls how the reactant concentration (or
pressure) affects reaction rate.
 Temperature: Usually conducting a reaction at a higher temperature delivers more
energy into the system and increases the reaction rate by causing more collisions
between particles, as explained by collision theory. However, the main reason that
temperature increases the rate of reaction is that more of the colliding particles will have
the necessary activation energy resulting in more successful collisions (when bonds are
formed between reactants). The influence of temperature is described by the Arrhenius
equation. As a rule of thumb, reaction rates for many reactions double for every 10
degrees Celsius increase in temperature,[2] though the effect of temperature may be very
much larger or smaller than this.

For example, coal burns in a fireplace in the presence of oxygen but it doesn't when it is
stored at room temperature. The reaction is spontaneous at low and high temperatures but
at room temperature its rate is so slow that it is negligible. The increase in temperature, as
created by a match, allows the reaction to start and then it heats itself, because it
is exothermic. That is valid for many other fuels, such as methane, butane, hydrogen...

Reaction rates can be independent of temperature (non-Arrhenius) or decrease with

increasing temperature (anti-Arrhenius). Reactions without an activation barrier (e.g.
some radical reactions), tend to have anti Arrhenius temperature dependence: the rate
constant decreases with increasing temperature.

 Solvent: Many reactions take place in solution and the properties of the solvent affect
the reaction rate. The ionic strength also has an effect on reaction rate.
 Electromagnetic radiation and intensity of light: Electromagnetic radiation is a form of
energy. As such, it may speed up the rate or even make a reaction spontaneous as it
provides the particles of the reactants with more energy. This energy is in one way or
another stored in the reacting particles (it may break bonds, promote molecules to
electronically or vibrationally excited states...) creating intermediate species that react
easily. As the intensity of light increases, the particles absorb more energy and hence
the rate of reaction increases.

For example when methane reacts with chlorine in the dark, the reaction rate is very slow. It
can be sped up when the mixture is put under diffused light. In bright sunlight, the reaction is
explosive.

 A catalyst: The presence of a catalyst increases the reaction rate (in both the forward
and reverse reactions) by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation
energy.

For example, platinum catalyzes the combustion of hydrogen with oxygen at room

temperature.

 Isotopes: The kinetic isotope effect consists in a different reaction rate for the same
molecule if it has different isotopes, usually hydrogen isotopes, because of the mass
difference between hydrogen and deuterium.
 Surface Area: In reactions on surfaces, which take place for example
during heterogeneous catalysis, the rate of reaction increases as the surface area does.
That is because more particles of the solid are exposed and can be hit by reactant
molecules.
 Stirring: Stirring can have a strong effect on the rate of reaction for heterogeneous
reactions.

All the factors that affect a reaction rate, except for concentration and reaction order, are
taken into account in the rate equation of the reaction.
Rate equation
Main article: Rate equation

For a chemical reaction n A + m B → C + D, the rate equation or rate law is a mathematical
expression used in chemical kinetics to link the rate of a reaction to the concentration of
each reactant. It is of the kind:

In this equation k(T) is the reaction rate coefficient or rate constant, although it is not

really a constant, because it includes all the parameters that affect reaction rate, except
for concentration, which is explicitly taken into account. Of all the parameters described
before, temperature is normally the most important one.

The exponents n' and m' are called reaction orders and depend on the reaction

mechanism.

Stoichiometry, molecularity (the actual number of molecules colliding) and reaction

order only coincide necessarily in elementary reactions, that is, those reactions that
take place in just one step. The reaction equation for elementary reactions coincides
with the process taking place at the atomic level, i.e. n molecules of type A are colliding
with m molecules of type B (n plus m is the molecularity).

For gases the rate law can also be expressed in pressure units using e.g. the ideal gas
law.

By combining the rate law with a mass balance for the system in which the reaction
occurs, an expression for the rate of change in concentration can be derived. For a
closed system with constant volume such an expression can look like

[edit]Temperature dependence
Main article: Arrhenius equation

Each reaction rate coefficient k has a temperature dependency, which is usually

given by the Arrhenius equation:

Ea is the activation energy and R is the gas constant. Since

at temperature T the molecules have energies given by a Boltzmann
distribution, one can expect the number of collisions with energy greater
than Ea to be proportional to  . A is the pre-exponential factor
or frequency factor.
The values for A and Ea are dependent on the reaction. There are also more
complex equations possible, which describe temperature dependence of
other rate constants which do not follow this pattern.

[edit]Pressure dependence
The pressure dependence of the rate constant for condensed-phase
reactions (i.e., when reactants and products are solids or liquid) is usually
sufficiently weak in the range of pressures normally encountered in industry
that it is neglected in practice.

The pressure dependence of the rate constant is associated with the

activation volume. For the reaction proceeding through an activation-state
complex:

the activation volume,  , is:

where   denote the partial molar volumes of the reactants and

products and   indicates the activation-state complex.

For the above reaction, one can expect the change of the reaction
rate constant (based either on mole-fraction or molar-concentration)
with pressure at constant temperature to be:

In practice, the matter can be complicated because the partial

molar volumes and the activation volume can themselves be a
function of pressure.

Reactions can increase or decrease their rates with pressure,

depending on the value of  . As an example of the
possible magnitude of the pressure effect, some organic
reactions were shown to double the reaction rate when the
pressure was increased from atmospheric (0.1 MPa) to 50
MPa (which gives  =-0.025 L/mol)[3].
Objective:
To show the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction

Materials Needed:
[Link] watch
2.10ml measuring cylinder
3.50ml measuring cylinder
[Link] paper
5.2M hydrochloric acid
6.0,25M sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3)
7.250 ml conical flask
[Link] water
Procedure:

1. 50 ml of the sodium thiosulphate was placed in 250ml conical

flask
2. 5ml of the hydrochloric acid was added by using 10ml of
measuring cylinder into the solution in the [Link] stopwatch
was started.
3. The flask was swirl once.
4. The flask was placed over a piece of paper with a cross-marked on
it.
5. Looked down vertically onto the cross,and the time was taken for
the cross to disappear.
6. The time was recorded and the flask was rinsed out.
7. The experiment was repeated by using 40,30,20 and 10ml of the
sodium thiosulphate solution that was made up each time to a
total volume of 50ml with distilled water,and 5ml of hydrochloric
acid was still using for each experiment.
8. The time for the cross to disappear was recorded consistenly.
9. The graph:concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution
against time and 1/time was plotted.
Result:
Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Volume of 50 40 30 20 10
Na2S2O2(ml)
Volume of 0 10 20 30 40
water(ml)
Volume of 5 5 5 5 5
HCl(ml)
Concentration 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05
of NasS2O2(ml)
Time taken(s) 12.57 21.8 40.17 65.75 96.92

1/time(s-1) 0.080 0.046 0.025 0.015 0.011

Graph of Concentration Over Time

0.3

0.25

0.2
Y-Values
0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
 Graph of concentration over 1/time(s-1)
12

10

8
Y-Values
6

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Discussion:
The rate of reaction is depend on the concentration as one of it [Link] rate
of reaction can be seen by recording the time taken for the cross-mark to
[Link] the 1st experiment,50ml of sodium thiosulphate was used and
the concentration is 0.25 mol,2nd experiment,40 ml of sodium thiosulphate
with 0.20 mol was used and add with 10 ml of distilled water,3rd
experiment,30ml of sodium thiosulphate with 0.15 mol of concentration was
used and add with 20ml of distilled [Link] the 4rd experiment,20ml of
sodium thiosulphate and 0.10 mol concentration was used,and 30 ml of
distilled water was added [Link] the last experiment,10ml of sodium
thiosulphate was used with 0.05 concentration,and 40ml of water was added
up together.

By observing all the experiment that had been done,all the experiment give a
different result for the time taken for the cross mark to [Link]
1 give a less time taken for the cross mark to disappear and the last
experiment give a longer time taken for the cross mark to [Link] the
result shown above,we can concluded that,the higher the concentration of
sodium thiosulphate used,the higher the rate of reaction.

If we relate it with the collision theory,when the concentration of sodium

thiosulphate increases,the probability for the molecules to collide is
[Link] is because there are more particles present in the same volume,so
they are more likely to [Link] possibility of collisions with the needed
activation energy,Ea also increases because more collisions with sufficient
energy for reaction occurs.

Therefore,as the concentration of sodium thiosulphate increases,the less time

taken for the cross mark to disappear by observing vertically on [Link],the
rate of reaction will be increase.

Conclusion:
The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate used,the lower the time
taken for the cross mark to [Link],the rate of reaction is increased.
 Questions:
1. What do the graphs of concentration against time and concentration
against 1/time indicate about the effect of concentration on a rate of
reaction?

For the graph of concentration against time,the graph show an inversely

proportional [Link] shows that,the higher the concentration,the less the time
taken for the cross mark to [Link],the higher the concentration,the
higher the rate of reaction.

For the graph of concentration against 1/time,it shows that the graph is directly
[Link] higher the concentration,the higher the the rate of
time,1/time.

[Link] an equation for the reaction used in this experiment.

NA2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O + S