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X-Ray Technology: Principles and Applications

The document contains questions about x-rays, their properties, production, and medical imaging applications. It asks about the principles of x-rays, types of x-rays, advantages and disadvantages of different x-ray tube designs, definitions of medical imaging techniques like angiography and fluoroscopy, components used, and benefits and risks. It also contains questions about computed tomography (CT) scanning, including generations of CT scanners, spiral and 3D imaging, and applications.

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47 views3 pages

X-Ray Technology: Principles and Applications

The document contains questions about x-rays, their properties, production, and medical imaging applications. It asks about the principles of x-rays, types of x-rays, advantages and disadvantages of different x-ray tube designs, definitions of medical imaging techniques like angiography and fluoroscopy, components used, and benefits and risks. It also contains questions about computed tomography (CT) scanning, including generations of CT scanners, spiral and 3D imaging, and applications.

Uploaded by

Pooja
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Reg:

1. Write the principle of x-rays


2. Write some of the properties of x-rays
3. What are soft and hard x-rays
4. What are the disadvantages of gas tube
5. Write the advantages of Coolidge tube
6. Define angiography
7. Define fluoroscopy
8. what is computed tomography
9. Give the benefits and risk of angiography
10. Give the components used in fluoroscopy

Answer All the Questions


PART B-(5X16=80 Marks)
11. A)(i) Discuss in detail about stationary type anode(8) (ii)Discuss in detail about rotating type anode
(8) or B) Give short notes on collimator and grid with appropriate diagram(16)
12. A) How x-rays are produced. What are the properties of x-rays ?(16) or
B) Draw the block diagram of x-rays machine and explain the components
13. A) Write brief description about the following
i)Angiography and (8)
ii)fluoroscopy(8) or
B) With the neat diagram explain the components of fluoroscopy system(16)
14. A)Explain the different types of detectors used in CT(16)
or

B) Give detailed explanation of principles of tomography.(16)


15.(A) Explain mammography and give its types, applications.(16)
or
(B) Explain about CT generations and explain spiral CT, 3D Imaging and its applications.(16)
Answer All the Questions
PART B-(5X16=80 Marks)

1. Absorption depends upon _________.


2. Unit of X-RAY________
3. Bremstralung radiation is also known as _________
4. When a high energy electron collides innershell electron , both are ejected from _________ filament.
5. ________ is used as a radiation protection in occupation rate in from X-RAY .
6. X-RAY is an absorb as a pass through a material ,from x-ray according to ________ law.
7. The purpose of al filter is to remove ________
8. X-ray machine operating at ____are greater must have AL filteration of ____
9. To reduce fault tungsten filament ________material is added.
10. The primary function of fluoroscopy is to perform ______and____
11. 80% of x-ray is produced by ________ method.
12. The high voltage transformer produces _____ to ____ at the output.
13. The _______are used to determine the contrast of the image.
14. The heart of the x-ray tube should not be ______ by a specified image.
15. X-RAYS were discovered because of there ability to cause _______
16. The photocathode is a thin metal layer,usually composed of _______ and ____ compound.
17. The _______is used to visualize the motion of internal structure and fluids.
18. The output phosphor is usually made up of ______ sulfide crystals.
19. Phosphor result is approximately ______
20. Image is reversed from ____and _____
21. ________which guides them to the output flourescent screen without distorting their geometric
configuration.
22. The _____ is replaced by electronics that convert x-rays into mammographic picture of the breast.
23. _______ is specialized medical imaging that uses a low dose of x-ray to examine the breast for early
detection of cancer.
24. _______is a form of x-ray that allow us to view days structure of the body in real time.
25. The light _____ strike the photo cathode, causing it to emit photoelectrons.

26.The_______ contains the X ray detectors , and the data-acquistion system

27.____________is the simplest technically and the easiest with which to understand the important CT
principles

[Link] beam is translated in a linear motion across the patient to obtain a ___________

29.A fan beam of Xrays is rotated_____degrees around this isocenter

[Link]- generation designs have the advantage that thin _______septa can be placed between each
detector in the array.

[Link] detector array consists of ___________independent detectors in a circle

[Link] alternative fifth-generation design ,called the _________

[Link] CT images can be produced in as little as____

[Link] ______________consists of the x-ray source,detectors,and a data – acquisition system

[Link] anode area from which x-rays are emitted , projected along the direction of the beam is called
the_______
[Link] power requirements of these tubes are typically 120Kv at____________

37.A heat exchanger on the rotating gantry is used to ______the tube.

[Link] transmitted intensity is given by_________

[Link] integral of the attenuation coefficient is therefore given by ___________

40.___________ refers to the area of the detectors senstive to radiation as a fraction of the total exposed
area.

[Link] efficiency is the product of the three, and it generally lies between_______and_________

42.A high voltage is applied to ________septa between chambers to collect ions produced by the
radiation

[Link] data transfer rates to the computer are as high as ______ for some scanners

44.A tungsten bombarded by a beam of electrons to produce _______

45.__________is the region of the anode where x-rays are generated

46.__________is a narrow, well-collimated beam of x-rays

[Link] time required to acquire the projection data for one image typically____

[Link] _________is a reconstruction defect that is obviously visible in the image

[Link] artifacts also can be mitigated by________

[Link] motion of the source defines a__________ motion relative to the

Common questions

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Mammography is a specialized form of x-ray imaging designed specifically for breast examination. It uses low-dose x-rays to detect early signs of breast cancer. Compared to conventional x-ray techniques, mammography provides higher contrast images of soft tissues, making it effective for detecting small tumors and calcifications that may not be visible with standard x-ray procedures .

Different types of CT detectors, including scintillation, ionization, and photomultiplier detectors, impact image quality through their sensitivity and efficiency. Scintillation detectors offer high efficiency and better image quality by converting x-ray photons into scintillation light which is then read by photodiodes. Ionization detectors, although less sensitive, provide quick and direct measurement of x-ray photons. These variations affect the clarity, resolution, and contrast of the CT images produced .

X-rays are produced when electrons are accelerated and collide with a target material, causing the electrons to decelerate rapidly. This process generates x-rays due to the sudden release of energy. Key properties of x-rays include their ability to penetrate various materials, their short wavelength, and their ability to cause fluorescence and ionization of materials .

Soft x-rays have lower energy and longer wavelengths than hard x-rays. They are typically used for imaging soft tissues in medical applications due to their lower penetrating power. Hard x-rays have higher energy and shorter wavelengths, making them suitable for imaging denser materials such as bones and for industrial applications like evaluating the structural integrity of products .

Fluoroscopy is a medical imaging technique that uses x-rays to create real-time video images of a patient's internal structures and fluids. It is particularly useful for guiding diagnostic and therapeutic procedures such as catheter insertions, gastrointestinal studies, and joint evaluations, by allowing visualization of dynamic processes within the body .

Angiography provides significant clinical benefits, including detailed views of blood vessels for diagnosing cardiovascular conditions and guiding surgical interventions. However, it carries risks such as allergic reactions to contrast agents, radiation exposure, and potential for vascular injury. Weighing these risks against benefits is crucial, and advancements in technology continue to reduce potential complications .

CT scanners have evolved through different generations to enhance image quality and reduce scan times. First-generation scanners use a single x-ray source and detector, resulting in long scan times. Later generations introduced innovations such as fan-beam technology, rotating x-ray sources, and helical (spiral) scanning, which increased speed and image resolution. The advancements have improved the accuracy and utility of CT imaging in diagnosing complex conditions .

The Coolidge tube offers several advantages over traditional gas tubes. It allows for better control of x-ray production, as the vacuum environment eliminates the variability caused by gas-filled tubes. This leads to more consistent and higher quality images. Furthermore, the Coolidge tube supports higher x-ray output, which can be adjusted to provide clearer imaging for different diagnostic purposes .

Angiography is a diagnostic imaging technique that visualizes blood vessels after the injection of a contrast agent. It is primarily used to identify blockages or abnormalities in arteries and veins, aiding in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, aneurysms, and vascular malformations. The technique provides detailed images allowing for precise assessment and treatment planning .

Collimators and grids are critical components in x-ray imaging for improving image quality. Collimators limit the x-ray beam to the area of interest, reducing scatter and patient exposure. Grids, placed between the patient and the detector, absorb scattered x-rays that degrade image quality, thereby enhancing image contrast .

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