SIMPLE STEAM DISTILLATION

(MT-114)
 Foreword
Welcome to the fast growing family of K.C. product owners. We appreciate your interest in us
and thank you for buying our product.

You have chosen the finest quality product in the market which is produced using latest techniques
and has underwent strict quality control tests. It is a product that we are proud to build and you
are proud to own it.

Our products are easy to understand and operate. They are excellent for students who are trying to
gain practical knowledge through experiments.

However your comfort and safety are important to us, so we want you have an understanding of
proper procedure to use the equipment. For the purpose, we urge you to read and follow the step-
by-step operating instructions and safety precautions in this manual. It will ensure that your
favourite product delivers reliable, superior performance year after year.

This manual includes information for all options available on this model. Therefore, you may find
some information that does not apply to your equipment.

All information, specifications and illustrations in this manual are those in effect at the time of
printing. We reserve the right to change specifications or design at any time without notice.

Customer satisfaction is our primary concern. Feel Free to contact us for any assistance. So what
are you waiting for, roll up your sleeves and let us get down to work!

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

 Important Information About This Manual

Reminder for Safety

Modification on Equipment:

This equipment should not be modified. Modification could affect its performance, safety or
disturbance. In addition damage or performance problems resulting from modification may not be
covered under warranties.

Precautions and Maintenance:

This is used to indicate the presence of a hazard that could cause minor or moderate personal injury
or damage to your equipment. To avoid or reduce the risk, the procedures must be followed
carefully.
1. Objective …………………………………… 1

2. Aim …………………………………… 1

3. Introduction …………………………………… 1

4. Theory …………………………………… 1

5. Description …………………………………… 2

6. Utilities Required …………………………………… 2

7. Experimental Procedure …………………………………… 2

8. Observation & Calculation …………………………………… 4

9. Nomenclature …………………………………… 5

10. Precautions & Maintenance Instructions …………………………………… 5

11. Troubleshooting …………………………………… 6

12. References …………………………………… 6

13. Block Diagram …………………………………… 7

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala SIMPLE STEAM DISTILLATION

(Rev. 1)
 SIMPLE STEAM DISTILLATION
1. OBJECTIVE:
To study the steam distillation process using turpentine oil as a feed stock.

2. AIM:
2.1 To calculate the vaporizing efficiency of the stem distillation column.

2.2 To calculate the percentage recovery of turpentine oil.

3. INTRODUCTION:
Steam distillation is a separation process in which live steam is blown through a liquid
containing a component. When the component vaporizes slowly and leaves with the
steam. The component is the target component which we want to recover reasonably
pure state. The mixture to be separated may contain traces of a non-volatile impurity.

The feed is taken in the distillation vessel or still through which live steam is sparged at
the bottom. The vapour containing the vaporized product as well as steam is led to a
condenser. If the component has only little miscibility with water, the condensate forms
two layers and can be easily separated to recover to product.

4. THEORY:
If the substance A is immiscible with water. The feed contains A and traces of non-
volatile impurities. Let PAv be the vapour pressure of A at the operating temperature, PBv
the vapour pressure of B (water), and P be the total pressure. Since A & B are
essentially immiscible, the total pressure is the sum of the individual pressure.

P PAv PBv

If mA moles of the substance are volatilized out by putting in m B moles of steam and if
the system operates at equilibrium, we may write:

mA PAv PAv
mB PBv P PAv

However, if the system does not operate at equilibrium, the partial pressure of A will be
less than its vapour pressure. To take into account such a deviation, we define a factor

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala SIMPLE STEAM DISTILLATION

Page No. 1 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 called vaporizing efficiency E of the product such that the partial pressure of A in the
steam phase is PA EPAv .

P mA
E v
PA m A mB

5. DESCRIPTION:
The set-up consists of jacketed pressure vessel. Steam generator is provided to
generate the steam. Condenser is given to condensate the vapour. Rotameter is
provided to measure the flow rate. Steam trap is for releasing the pressure. Digital
temperature indicator & digital temperature controller are provided to indicate and control
the temperature.

6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
6.1 Electrical Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 32 Amp MCB with earth
connection.

6.2 Water Supply: Continuous @ 2 LPM at 1 bar.

6.3 Floor Drain Required.

6.4 Chemicals:

Turpentine oil : 2 Lit.

7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

7.1 STARTING PROCEDURE:

7.1.1 Take known amount of turpentine oil and note down the volume of it.

7.1.2 Take known amount of water, note down the volume of it & mix it with

turpentine oil.

7.1.3 Close all the valves V1-V11.

7.1.4 Ensure that ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position.

7.1.5 Fill water in the steam generator by open the valve V1 and air vent valve
V2 and close them.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala SIMPLE STEAM DISTILLATION

Page No. 2 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 7.1.6 Charge the distillation still with turpentine oil & water mixture by open the
valve V6 and air vent valve V7.

7.1.7 Switch ON the main power supply.

7.1.8 Set the temperature of steam generator with the help of DTC (approx.
115 C).

7.1.9 Switch ON the heater.

7.1.10 Wait for the steam formation.

7.1.11 As steam formed, open the steam supply valve V3.

7.1.12 Start the supply of steam in jacket by open the valve V4 and air vent valve
V9.

7.1.13 When the temperature in the still reaches 2 C below the distillation
temperature, stop the supply of steam in jacket by close the valve V4.

7.1.14 Start the flow of live steam by open the valve V5.

7.1.15 Connect cold water supply to condenser.

7.1.16 Note down the live steam pressure.

7.1.17 Collect the condensed vapors in glass separating chamber.

7.1.18 Continue the distillation process for sufficient time (approx 1 hr).

7.1.19 Stop the steam supply and collect the distillate in separate chamber.

7.1.20 Wait for the formation of two layers.

7.1.21 Collect the separate formed layers by open the valve V8 & weigh them.

7.2 CLOSING PROCEDURE:

7.2.1 When experiment is over stop the water supply.

7.2.2 Switch OFF the heater.

7.2.3 Switch OFF the main power supply.

7.2.4 Drain the vessel by open the valve V10.

7.2.5 Drain the steam generator by open the valve V11.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala SIMPLE STEAM DISTILLATION

Page No. 3 of 7 (Rev. 1)
8. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

8.1 DATA:
Molecular weight of turpentine oil MA = 136 g/mole
Molecular weight of water MB = 18 g/mole

8.2 OBSERVATIONS:
Po = __________ kg/cm2

T = __________oC

VA = __________ Lit.

VB = __________ Lit.

VAD = __________ Lit.

8.3 CALCULATIONS:

To calculate the property of turpentine oil ( A ) and water ( B ) at temperature T

(oC) from data book.

A ________ (kg/m3)

B ________ (kg/m3)

To calculate the antion constant of turpentine oil (A, B, C) at temperature T (oC)

from data book.

A = __________

B = __________

C = __________

P 735 .74 P o (mm of Hg)

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala SIMPLE STEAM DISTILLATION

Page No. 4 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 A VA
WA (kg)
1000

WA
mA (kmole)
MA

B VB
WB (kg)
1000

WB
mB (kmole)
MB

A V AD
W AD (kg)
1000

B
PAv A (mm of Hg)
C T

P mA
E v
100 (%)
PA m A m B

W AD
R 100 (%)
WA

9. NOMENCLATURE:

Nom Column Heading Units Type

A,B,C Constant * Calculated
E Vaporization efficiency % Calculated
MA Molecular weight of turpentine oil g/mole Given
MB Molecular weight of water g/mole Given
mA Mole of turpentine oil kmole Calculated
mB Mole of water kmole Calculated
P Total pressure mm Hg Calculated

A
Density of turpentine oil kg/m3 Calculated

PAv Vapour pressure of turpentine oil mm of Hg Calculated

B
Density of water kg/m3 Calculated

Po Pressure of live steam in still kg/cm2 Measured

R Percentage recovery % Calculated

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala SIMPLE STEAM DISTILLATION

Page No. 5 of 7 (Rev. 1)
 o
T Temperature C Measured
VA Volume of turpentine oil L Measured
VAD Volume of turpentine oil in distillate L Measured
VB Volume of water L Measured
WA Weight of turpentine oil kg Calculated
WAD Weight of turpentine oil in distillate kg Calculated
WB Weight of water kg Calculated

10. PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

10.1 Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts & more than 230
volts.

10.2 Don’t switch ON the heater before filling water in the steam generator.

10.3 For condenser the cold water supply should be constant.

10.4 Feed should be fill-up in the vessel at least up-to the mark.

11. TROUBLESHOOTING:
11.1 If any type of suspended particles is come in the rotameter, remove the
rotameter, clean the tube and fit it at its place.

11.2 If there is any leakage tight that part or fix it again after wrapping teflon tape.

11.3 If rotameter fluctuating more than average tight the control knob properly.

11.4 If D.T.C display ‘1’ on display board it means sensors connection are not proper
tight it properly.

11.5 If heater is switch ON, but temperature can’t rise but panel LED is ON it means
bath heater had burned replace it.

12. REFERENCES:
12.1 Dutta K. Binay (2007). Principles of Mass Transfer and Separation Processes.
ND: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. pp 327-329, 350-353, 391.

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala SIMPLE STEAM DISTILLATION

Page No. 6 of 7 (Rev. 1)
13. BLOCK DIAGRAM:

K.C. Engineers Pvt. Limited, Ambala SIMPLE STEAM DISTILLATION

Page No. 7 of 7 (Rev. 1)