ME 5129 - Principles of Thermal Energy Conversion

Lecture - IX

Review of thermodynamics, fluid flow and heat transfer.

Prof. Sarit Kumar Das

Institute Professor
Heat Transfer &Thermal Power Lab.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute Of Technology Madras
skdas@[Link]
 Flow Past a Circular Cylinder
Inviscid Flow Considering Flow Separation
P

dP dP
0 Favourable Pressure gradient Adverse Pressure gradient
0 d
d
dU dP
Laminar Separation C D
dU
0 0 dP 0
d 0
d d d Turbulent
U  Separation
wake
U

Re
CP 
P  P 
1
U 2
2
2
Inviscid Friction Drag   W Rd  0
0

Turbulent Separation
Pressure Drag  2 P( ) Rd 0
0
FD
Laminar Separation
1
FD  CD U AFront
2  CD 
1  f (Re) Ball w/o dimple Golf Ball (dimpled)
2 U 2
AFront
2
Drag Coefficient (CD) is experimentally obtained
Drag Force (FD) = Friction Drag + Pressure Drag Velocity Profile Laminar vs Turbulent flow
2

Friction Drag    W Rd  0

0
2  In Turbulent flows separation is
 0

Pressure Drag  P( ) Rd  2 P( ) Rd
0
0 delayed

Drag Force (FD) = 0 Laminar Turbulent Dimples on a golf ball reduces drag by
invoking
Flow separation is not considered The pressure drag (form drag) reduces for a turbulent flow
turbulent separation 2
Flow Past a Circular Cylinder

3
 Pipe Flow
D

U D
2

 u dA   u (r )2r dr  constant  U 4 D
2

Developing Flow Fully Developed Flow

Le streamline x
 f (Re)
D
streamline
Entrance length correlation (Laminar Flow)

Le
 0.06 Re Entrance Length (Le) u v
D 0 0
x x
Entrance length correlation (Turbulent Flow)
1
A Entrance pressure loss
Le
 4.4 Re 6 B Frictional pressure loss in the entrance region
D L e C Frictional pressure loss after the entrance region
D Centreline Velocity
A

Le B
D
C x
Turbulent

4
 Laminar flow through pipe – Velocity profile
u 1 rvr  rvr 
  0   0  rvr  f (x)
r x vr u Continuity Equation x r r r
  u  
  r  2 
X-Momentum Equation vr u  u u   1 P     1  r    u2 
R
r x  x    r r x
Cylindrical  
Fully Developed Flow  
Co-ordinate System r-Momentum Equation vr vr  u vr   1 P     2vr   P  0
r x  r    r
  du  
 dr    P  g (x)
dP  1  dr   Boundary Conditions
  constant
dx r dr  u vr vr ( x, R)  0 
K
0
  Fully Developed Conditions  0,  0 u ( x, R)  0,
  x  x R
K
Function of x  f ( x)  0  f ( x)  K (constant)  vr   vr  0
Function of r r
Pressure drop in the developed region is linear for a laminar flow V  Average Velocity
 r 
Q   u 2r dr   umax 1  2 2rdr  max R 2  V R 2   V  max
R R 2
u u
r  dP  C1  u  r  dP   C ln r   C
2
du
      1 2
dr 2  dx  r 4  dx 
2
0 0  R  2

 dP  P P is the pressure drop due to friction

C1  0, as u( x,0) should be finite Considerin g,   
u 
1  dP  2 2
  R r
4  dx 
   dx  L
R 2  dP 
C2    , as u ( x, R)  0 umax PR 2
4  dx  R 2  dP  r
2
  r 
2
V  
  1  2   umax 1  2 
4   dx  R   R  2 8L
  
umax Hagen-Poiseuille Flow
5
 Head Loss in Pipe Flow
V12
 P1  gY1 Q  A1V1  A2V2 Constant area pipe
2 V12 P1 V22 P2
  Y1    Y2
1 V22 2 g g 2 g g V1  V2
 P2  gY2 V
 P1  P2 R 2
2 Hagen-Poiseuille Flow
V12 P1 V22 P2 8L
D  2R   Y1    Y2  h f
2 2 g g 2 g g friction factor ( f )

hf
P  P 
 1 2  hf 
8LV   64 

   LV 2


1 2 g gR 2  VD  2 gD
64
Re
LV 2 64
hf  f f  for laminar flow
2 gD Re

Darcy-Weisbach Equation laminar increasing
D

 
f  f  Re,  for turbulent flow
 D

Moody Chart

6
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