LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic

AASHTO American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials

ADT Number of average daily traffic

ALD Average Least Dimension CBR

California Bearing Ratio E.S.A Equivalent
Standard Axle

GB3 Granular Base-material type 3

GIS Graphical Information Systems

HW Allowable Headwater depth

KUTIP Kampala Urban Transportation plan

LL Liquid Limit

LS Linear Shrinkage

M.S.A Millions of equivalent standard axle

MC Moisture Content

MDD Maximum Dry Density OMC

Optimum Moisture Content ORN Overseas Road
Note

PI Plasticity Index

PL Plastic Limit
 TRRL Transport Road Research Laboratory

NMT Non – Motorized transport KCCA Kampala Capital City Authority BS

British Standards

1.8 Activity flow chart

8:00 am Arrival and signing the Arrival book.

8:00 – Organising Work stations.

8:30 am

8:30 – Work
10:00 am

10:00 – Breakfast Break

10:30 am

10:30 am Work
– 1:00
pm

1:00 – Lunch Break

2:00 pm

2:00 – Work
4:00 pm

4:00 – Cleaning equipment and tools.

4:30 pm

4:30 pm Departure

1.9 Training methodology

The training comprised of a two-part methodology
 a) Theoretical introduction of the tasks to be done highlighting the equipment and tools needed and
the safety measures and precaution to be followed.
b) The practical sessions to demonstrate the link between theory and practical.

Chapter two the report body

2.1 introduction
This chapter describes the tasks and assignments that the student performed in the materials laboratory
during the training. It describes the material tests that the student performed. The tests were grouped in
three categories that is Soil Mechanics tests, Aggregate and Concrete tests, and Bitumen and Asphalt tests.
Soil mechanics tests

Moisture content(WC)
Objective
To determine the amount of water present in a soil expressed as a percentage of the mass of dry soil. This
termed the moisture content of the soil.
Main principle
The moisture content of a soil is assumed to be the amount of water with in the pore space between the soil
grains which is removable by oven drying at a temperature not exceeding 110 0c. the moisture content has a
profound effect on soil behavior.
References
BS 1377: Part 2:1990
Required equipment
- A drying oven of 105 to 1100c
- A balance readable to 0.1g
- A metal container
- A desiccator
 test procedure
step 1 clean and dry the container, then weigh it to the nearest 0.1g(m 1)
step 2 a representative sample shall be crumbled and loosely placed in the container.
For the fine – grained soils the sample weight should be 30g minimum.
For the medium – grained soils the sample weight should be 3oog minimum
For course grained soils the sample weight should 3kg minimum.
Step 3 the container with sample is immediately weighed(m 2)
Step 4 after drying the sample, weigh the container and the contents(m 3).
Claculations
m 2−m 3
Moisture content, W = ( )x100%
m 3−m 1

Reporting the results

The test report shall include the following;
a) Type of material and sample identification
b) Reference to the procedure
c) Test results, individual values and average values
d) The final moisture content, W is reported to two significant figures.

Practical considerations
One may control that the material is completely dry by holding a beaker with cold water directly
above the sample. If the sample is not dry, moisture will condense on the outside of the glass.

Maintenance
The balance and the drying oven should be checked and calibrated regularly with respect to
weight and temperature.
The containers should be kept clean and dry.
Liquid Limit(LL) Cone Penetrometer method
Objective
The LL is the empirically established moisture content at which a soil passes from the liquid state
to the plastic state.
The LL provides a means of identifying and classifying fine grained cohesive solis especially when
also the PL is known.
Variations in the moisture content in a soil may have significant effect on its shear strength,
especially on fine – grained soils.
Main principle
The cone penetrometer method is the preferred method to the Casagrande test as it is
essentially a static test depending on soil shear strength.
This method covers the determination of a sample in its natural state, or a sample from which
material retained on a 425 μm test sieve has been removed. It is based on the measurement of
penetration into the soil of a standardized cone.
References
BS 1377: Part 2: 1990
Required equipment
- Test sieves of sizes 425μm
- An air tight container
- A flat glass plate
- Two palette knives
- A penetrometer
- A cone of stainless steel, 35mm long with a smooth, polished surface and an angle of 30 0 having a
mass of 80g.
- A metal cup 55mm in diameter and 40 mm deep with the rim parallel to the flat base.
- An evaporation dish or a damp cloth.
- Apparatus for moisture content determination
- A wash bottle containing clean water
- A metal straight edge
- A stop watch

Sample preparation
- Step 1 take a sample of the soil of sufficient size to give a test specimen weighing about 400g which
passes the 425μm sieve. This should be enough material for both PL and LS tests in addition to the LL
test.
- Step 2 transfer the soil to a glass plate. Add water and mix thoroughly with two palette knives until
the mass becomes a thick homogeneous paste.
- Step 3 place the paste in an airtight container and allow to stand for 16 – 24 hours to enable the
water to permeate through the soil.

Test procedure
Step 1 take the 400g soil sample and place it on a glass plate. Mix the the paste for atleast 10
minutes using two palette knives. Add more distilled water if necessary so that the first cone
penetrometer reading is about 15 mm.
Step 2 push a portion of the mixed soil into the cup with a palette knife, taking care not to trap
air, gently tapping the cup against a firm surface if necessary. Strike off excess soil with the
straightedge to give a smooth level surface.
Step 3 with the penetration cone locked in the raised position lower the cone so that it just
touches the surface of the sil. When the cone is in the correct position, a slight movement of cup
will just mark the soil surface. Lower the dial gauge to contact the cone shaft and record the
reading of the dial gauge to the nearest 0.1 mm.
Step 4 release the cone for a period of 5 ± 1 sec. After locking the cone in position, lower the dial
gauge to contact the cone shaft and record the reading of the dial gauge to the nearest 0.1mm.
Record the difference between the readings as the cone penetration.

Step 5 lift out the cone and clean it carefully.

Step 6 A little more wet soil shall be added to the cup and the process repeated. If the difference
between the the first and the second peneteration readings is less than 0.5 mm, the average of
th e penetrations shall be recorded. If the second penetration is more than 0.5 mm and less than
1 mm different from the first, a third test shall be carriedout. If the overall range is then not more
than 1 mm, record the average of the 3 penetrations. If the overall range is morethen 1 mm, the
soil shall be removed from the cup, remixed and the test repeated until consistent results are
obtained.
Step 7 take a moisture content sample of about 20 g from the area penetrated by the cone and
determine the moisture content.
Step 8 the penetration test shall be repeated at least three more times using the same sample of
soil to which further increments of water have been added. The amount of water shall be added
such that a range of penetration values of approximately 15 mm to 25 mmm is covered by the
four test runs.
Step 9 each time soil is removed from the cup for the addition of water, wash and dry the cup.
Calcutions
1. Calculate the moisture content of each sample
m 2−m
3
W=( )x100%
m 3−m
1

Where
M1 =mass of the container in g.
M2= mass of the container and wet soil in g.
M3 = mass of the container and dry soil in g.
2. Plot the relationship between the moisture content and cone penetration with the moisture
content as the abscissae and the cone penetration as ordinates, both on linear scales.
3. Draw the best straight line fitting the points.
4. The LL of the soil sample is the moisture content corresponding to a cone penetration of 20
mm and shall be expressed to the nearest whole number.

Report
The test report shall include the following:
a) Type of material and sample identification.
b) Reference to this procedure.
c) Test result
d) Whether the material was tested in the natural state or after sieving.

Practical considerations
Take care not to damage the point of the cone by accidentally dropping the cone on the
base plate.
To avoid corrosion on the cone, it must be kept at all times. The cone corrodes easily, and
rust could appear after just a few hours if it is left unclean.

Maintenance
Check the condition of the cone point with the test gauge
Check that the cone is falling freely without friction when released.
Check the weight of the cone.
Keep the equipment clean at all times.

3 plastic limit(PL) and Plasticity Index(PI)

Objective
The PL is the the empirically established moisture content at which a soil becomes too dry
to b eplastic.
It is used together with the LL to determine the PI which when plotted against the liquid
limit on the plasticity chart provides a means of classifying cohesive soils. The PI is the
difference between the LL and the PL. the PI is the range of moisture content in which a
soil is plastic; the finer the soil, the greater the PI.
Main principles
This method covers the determination of the LL of a sample in its natural state,or a
sample from which material retained on a 425μm test has been removed.
Reference
BS 1377: Part 2: 1990
Required equipment
Two flat glass plates, one for mixing sol and one one for rolling threads.
Two palette knives
A pparatus for moisture content determination
Clean water
A length of rod, 3mm in diameter and 100mm long.

Sample preparation
This test is commonly performed as a continuation of the LL test, and material for the test
could conveniently be prepared as part of the LL test.
Otherwise a 40g sample should be prepared in the same way as specified for the LL test.

Test procedure
Step 1 take the 40 g sol paste sample and place in on a glass plate.
Step 2 Allow the soil to dry partially until it becomes plastic enough to be shaped into the
ball.
Step 3 mould the ball of soil between the fingers and roll it between the palms of the
hands until the heat of the hands has dried the soil sufficiently for slight cracks to appear
on the surface.
Step 4 divide this sample into 2 sub samples of about 20 g each and carry out separate
determination on each portion. (divide the 2 sub-samples into 4 more or less equal parts)
Step 5 mould the soil in the fingers to equalize the distribution of moisture. Then form the
soil into a thread about 6mm diameter between the first finger and thumb of each hand.
Step 6 roll the thread between the fingers, finger- tip to the second joint, of one hand and
the second joint, of one hand and the surface of the glass plate. Use enough pressure to
reduce the diameter of the thread to about 3 mm in 5 to 10 complete, forward and back,
movements of the hand.
Step 7 pick up the soil, mould it between the fingers to dry it further, form it into a thread
and roll it out again as specified above.
Step 8 the procedure is repeated until the thread shears both longitudinally and
transversely when rolled to about 3mm diameter. The metal rod may be used to gauge
the diameter. The first crumbling pint is the plastic limit.
Step 9 gather together the pieces of crumbled soil thread and transfeeer them to a
suitable container for determination of the moisture content and replace the the lid
immediately.
Step 10 repeat the rolling procedure on the other 3 portions of the sample, placing them
all in the same container for determination of the moisture content.
Step 11 repeat the rolling procedure on the 2nd sub-sample as described above so that 2
completely separate determinations are made.
Calculations
1) Calculate the moisture content of both samples. If the 2 results differ by more than
0.5% moisture content, repeat the whole test.
2) Calculate the average of the moisture content values and express the value to the
nearest whole number. This is the PL

Report
The test report shall include the following
a) Type of material and sample identification
b) Reference to this procedure
c) Test result
d) Whether the material was tested in its natural state or after sieving.
e) Derivation of plasticity index
f) PI = LL – PL
g) Practical considerations
h) The hands of the operator should be clean and dry when performing the test.
i) Maintenance
j) The equipment shall be kept clean at all times.

Particle size distribution – wet sieving

Objective
A particle size distribution analysis is a necessary classification for soils, especially
coarse soils, in that it presents the relative portions of different sizes of particles.
From this it is possible to determine whether the soli consisitst of predominantly
gravel, sand, silt or clay sizes and, to a limited extent, which of these size ranges is
likely to control the engineering properties of the soil.
Main principle
The procedure given involves preparation of the sample by wet sieving to remove
silt and clay sized particles. Followed by dry sieving of the remaining coarse
material.
This method covers the quantitative determination of particle size distribution in
an essentially cohesionless soli, down to fine sand size. The combined silt clay can
be obtained by difference. If the soil does not contain particles retained on a 2
mmm test sieve in significant quantity, the hydrometer method shall be used.
Reference
BS 1377: Part 2:1990
Required equipment
Test sieves: 75 mm, 63mm, 50 mm, 37.5 mm, 28 mm,20 mm, 14 mm,10 mm, 6.3
mm, 5 mm, 3.35 mm, 2 mm, 1.18 mm, 600μm, 425
μm, 300 μm, 212 μm ,150 μm, 75 μm.
Lid and receiver
A balnce readable and accurate to 0.5 g
Riffle boxes.
A drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 to 110 0c.
Evaporating dishes
Metal trays
Scoop
Sieve brushes
Sodium hexametaphosphate
Rubber tubing about 6mm bore
Mechanical sieve shaker(optional)
Sample preparartion
The test sample is air dried for at least 12 hours dwpwnding on the type of the
sample.
A representative sample shall be obtained by quartering to give a minimum mass
of about 2.5kg.
Test procedure
Step 1 weigh the air dried or oven dried sample to 0.1% of its total mass(m 1).
Step 2 place the sample and sieve through a 2ommm sieve size, brush any
particles too course to pass through the sieves with a wire brush until the
individual particles of any finer material.
Step 3 sieve the fraction retained on the 20 mm test sieve on the appropriate
larger test sieves and weigh the amount retained on each test sieve.
Step 4 weigh the material passing a 20 mm test sieve (m2).
Step 5 Quarter th sample to get a convenient fraction of about 0.5 kg and weigh
that fraction(m3).
Step 6 spread the quartered fraction in the large tray or bucket and cover with
water.
Step 7 if the soil is cohesive add sodium hexametaphosphate to the water first, at
a concentration of 2g/liter. Stir the mixture well to wet the soil, allow the soil to
stand for atleast 1 hour in this solution stirring frequently.
Step 8 Wash the material through a 75 μm to run to waste. Ensure that neither test
sieve is overloaded in the process, either with material or with water.
Step 9 transfer all the material rtained on the sieve into a tray or evaporating dish
and dry in an oven at 105 to 1100c. Allow it to cool and weigh(m4).
Step 9 transfer all the material retained on the sieve into a tray or evaporating
dish and dry in an oven at 105 to 1100c. Allow it to cool and weigh(m4).
Step 10 sieve the dried fractions through the appropriate sieves down to the
75 μmtest sieve . weigh the amount retained on each sieve∧¿any any fines passing
the 75 μm test sieve and record.

Calculations
1. For samples containing particles larger containing particles larger than 20 mm
in size, calculate the proportion by mass of material retained on each of the
coarse sieves as a percentage of m1.
For example;
m(28)
Percentage retained on 28 mm sieve = x 100
m1
2. Calculate the corrected mass of material retained on each of the sieves
m2
between 20 mmm and 75 μm by multiplying by , calculate this mass as a
m3
percentage of m1.
 for example:
m2 100
percentage retained on 10 mm sieve = m(10mm)( ¿( ¿
m3 m1
3. Calculate the cumulative percentage by mass of the sample passing each of
the sieves, from the general relationship:
(% passing this sieve) = ( % passing previous sieve) – ( % retained on this sieve).
4. Calculate the fraction passing the 75 μmtest sieve by difference. The mass of
the fines lost by washing equals (m m) . To this is added the mass of any fine
material(m) passing the 75 μmwhen the dry sieved, and the percentage finer
m2
than75 μmis equal to ¿ ¿x ( ¿x100
m3
5. Plot the grading as a curve on a semi – logarithmic chart.
Report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) Type of material and sample identification
b) Reference to this procedure
c) The particle size distribution curve.

Practical considerations
Take care to ensure that sieving is complete, the minimum period shaking
should be 10 minutes.
Never put a sieve in the drying oven for drying the material, as this wil
destroy the sieve.

Maintenance
Two sieves should be inspected for defects before each use.
A more detailed examination should be made at regular intervals to
discover signs of wear, warping, tears, splits holes, blockages any other
defects in the mesh.

Dry density – Moisture content relationship (BS Light and BS Heavy).

Sample preparation
Objective
The objective of this test is to obtain relationships between compacted dry
density and soil moisture content, using two magnitudes of manual
compactive effort. The test is used to provide a guidefor specifications on
field compaction.
The first is a light compaction test using a 2.5 kg rammer(standard proctor).
The second is a heavy compaction test using a 4.5kg rammer with a greater
drop on thinner layers of soil. For both tests a compaction mould of 1 litre
internal volume is used for soil in which all particles pass a 20 mm test
sieve.
For soils containing up to 10% material coarser than 37.5 mm and up to
30% material coarser than 20 mm, equivalent tests are carried out in the
larger CBR mould.
Main principles
The dry density which can be achieved for a soil depends on the dgree of
compaction applied and the moisture content.
The moisture content which gives the highest dry density is called optimum
moisture content for that type of compaction. In general optimum
moisture content is less than the plastic limit.

Refernces
BS 1377: Part 4: 1990
Method using 2.5 rammer (BS Light)
Required equipment
A cylindrical compaction mould with internal diameter of 105 mm and
internal height of 115 mm and a volume of 1.0 L.
The mould shall be fitted with a detachable base plate and a removable
extension (collar) approximately 50mm.
Subsidiary mould(CBR), diameter 152 mm, height 127 mm.
A metal rammer having a 50 mm diameter circular face and weighing
2.5kg. the rammer shall be equipped with an arrangement for controlling
the height of of drop to 30mm.
A balance readable to 1g.
Palette knives
A 20 mmm and 37.5 mm test sieves and receiver
A container suitable for mixing the quantity of material to be used
Water proof containers and scoop
A large metal tray
Measuring cylinder, 200ml or 500ml.
Suitable tools for extracting specimen from mould.
Apparatus for moisture content determination.

Sample preparartion

Prepare 5 representative sample each of about 3kg material passing the 20

mm test sieve. (for the use of the 1 Litre mould). Brak up lumps of fine
material by rolling on a flat surface).
For coarser material where max. 10% is retained on the 37.5 mm sieve and
max. 30% is rtained on the 37.5 mm sieve and max . 30% is retained on the
20 mm sieve, a CBR mould shall be used. The material coarser than
37.5mm shall be removed and weighed and replaced by the same quantity
of material of the fraction 20 mm – 37.5 mm. In this case, each of the 5
samples should about 6 kg.
Mix each sample thoroughly with different amounts of water to give a
suitable range of moisture contents. The range of moisture contents shall
be such that at least 2 values lie either side of the optimum moisture
content.
Seal each of the 5 portions in an air tight container and allow to cure for a
minimum of 4 hours.
Test procedure
The mould with the base plate attached shall be weighed to the nearest 1
g(m1)
Attach the extension collar and place the mould oon a solid base e.g
concrete floor.
Place a quantity of moist soil in the mould such that whwen compacted it
occupies a little over 1/3 of the height of the mould body.
Place the rammer with guide on the material in the mould. Lift the rammer
handle until it reaches the top of the guide, then release the handle
allowing to drop freely on the sample.
Change position of guide and again drop hammer. Repeat the process,
systematically covering entire surface of sample. A total of 27 blows shall
be applied.
Remove the rammer and fill next layer of soil in the mould, and repeat the
above process twice more by applying 27 blows to both the second and the
tthird layer. Thee mould should be filled but surface mould should not be
more than 6mm proud of the upper edge of the mould body.
When all three layers are compacted, remove the extension colar, strike off
excess soil and level the surface of the compacted soil to the top of the
mould using straight edge.
Replace any coarse particles removed in the levelling process by finer
material from the sample well pressed in.
Weigh the soil sample and mould with base plate attached to 1 g(m 2).
Remove the compacted sample from the mould. Take a representative
sample of min.300g of the soil for determination of its moisture content.
Discard the remainder of the sample. (the sample must not be used in a
later test).
This whole process shall be carried out for all 5 portions of the sample.

Calculations
1. Calculate the bulk density of each compacted specimen from the
equation
Bulk density, ρ = (m2-m1)/V x 100
2. Dry density, ρd= (100 ρ)/ (100 +w)
w is the moisture content of the soil (in %)
3. Plot the dry densities obtained against the corresponding moisture
content. Draw a curve of best fit and use it to identify the position of
maximum on this curve. Read off the values of dry density and
moisture content to 3 s.f.
4. On the same graph, lot the curves corresponding to 0%, 5% and 10% air
voids.

Report
The test report shall include the following
Type of material and sample identification
Reference to this procedure.
 The experimental points and te smooth curve drawn through them
showing the relationship between moisture content and dry density
The dry density coreesponding to the maximum dry density on the
curve, reported as the maximum Dry density
The coreesponding moisture content reported as the optimum
moisture content to 2 s.f
The amount of material retained on the 20mmm and 37.5 mm sieves
reported to neares 1% by dry mass.
The particle density and whether measured or assumed.

Method using 4.5 rammer(BS Heavy)

In this test the compactive effort is greater than described in the above
test.
The mass of the rammer is increased to 4.5 kg, the height of the drop
to 450 mm, and the number of compacted layers are increased from
three to five.
The test is performed on material passing the 20mm test sieve using
the IL mould or on a material passing 37.5 mm test sieve using the CBR
mould test as described a bove.
The sample prepation and the testing procedure is identical to the
above test with exception of;
- The rammer used is 4.5 kg weight with a drop of 450mm.
- The moist soil is compacted in 5 equal layers into the mould

Calcultions,plotting of curves and expression of results including the report are the same as the
above.

Practical considerations
Preferably use a jack to remove the sample from the moul. Do not use a metal hammer/mallet as
this will destroy the mould.
The material shoud not be reused in the compaction test by adding more water to the same sample.
Maintenance
The moulds should be kept clean with smooth inside walls.
The rammer must always be free of material sticking to its face.
The inside of the guide should be checked regularly such that the rammer always falls freely inside
the guide.

California bearing ratio(CBR) test – one point method

Objective
The strength of the subgrade is the main factor in determing the required thickness of flexible
pavements for roads and airfields. The strength of a subgrade, subbase and base course materials
are expressed in terms of their CBR values.
The CBR – value is a requirement in design for pavement materials of natural gravel.
Main principles
This method covers the laboratory determination of the CBR of a compacted sample of soil
dynamically compacted by metal rammers – one point method.
The CBR value is the resistance to a penetration of 2.5mm of a standard clylinderical plunger of 50
mm diameter, expreeed as a percentage of the known resistance of the plunger to 2.5 mm in
penetration in crushed aggregate.
Reference
BSS 13 77: Part 4 : 1990
Required equipment
Test sieves of sizes 20 mm and 5 mm
A clylinderical metal mould
A metal rammer of either 2.5kg or 4.5 kg.
A steel rod.
A steel straightedge.
A spatula
A balance, capable of weighing up to 25 kg readable to 5g.
Apparatus for moisture content determination
Filter papers, 150mm in diameter
Sample prepation
The CBR test shall be carried out on a material passing the 20 mm test sieves. If the soil contains
particles larger than this, the fraction retained on the 20 mm test sieve shall be reomoved and
weighed before preparing the test sample. If the this fraction is greater than 25%, the test is not
applicable.
The moisture of the soil is chosen to represent the design conditions for which the test results are
requireeed.
Take a portion of material large enough to provide about 6kg of material passing a 20 mm sieve.
Bring the sample to the required moisture content. The soil shall thoroughly mixed and normally be
sealed and stored for atleast 24hours before compacting into the mould.
Test procedure
Divide the prepared sample of soil into three or fiv eportiions equal to within 5og and seal each
portion in an airtight container until required for use, to prevent losss of moisture.
Stand the mould assembly on a solid base e,g a concrete floor.
Place the first portion of soil into the mould and compact, so that after 62 blows of the appropriate
rammer the layer occupies about or a little more than 1/3 of the height of the mould. Ensure that the
blows are evenly distributed over the surface.
Repeat the procedure for other two or four portions of soil in turn, so that the final level of th soil
surface is not more than 6 mm above the top of the mould body
Remove the collar and trim the soil flush with the top of the mould with the scraper, checking with
the steel straight edge.
Weigh the mould, soil and base plate to the nearest 5g(m 3).

Soaking
Required equipment
A perforated base plate, fitted to the CBR mould inn place of the normal base plate
A perforated swell plate , with an adjustable stem to provide a seating for a dial guage.
Tripod, mounting to support the dial guage.
A dial guage having a travel of 25mm and reading to 0.01mm
A soaking tank, large enough to allow CBR mouldwith base plate to be submerged, preferably
supported on an open mesh platform.
Annular surcharge discs, each having a mass known to +50g .halfcircular segments may be used.
Petroleum jelly.

Soaking procedure
If a solid baseplate have been used, this shall be removed from the mould and replaccccccced with a
perforate dbase plate.
Fit the collar to the other end of the mould, packing the screw threads with petroleum jelly to obtain
a watertight jint.
Place the mould assembly in the empty soaking tank. Place a filter paper on top of a sample followed
by the perforated swell plate. Fit the required number of annular surcharge discs around the stem on
the perforated plate.
Mount the dial guage support on top of the extension collar, secure the dial guage in plae and adjust
the stem on the perforated plate to give a convenient zero reading.
Fill the soakingtank with water to just below the top of the mould extension collar. Start the timer
when the water has just covered the bas e plate.
Record readings of the guage each day.
Take off the dial guage and its suppot, remove the mould assembly from the soaking tank and allow
the sample to drain for 15 mnutes.
Remove the surcharge discs, perforted plate and extension collar. Remove the perforted base plate
and refit the solid base plate if available.
If the sample has swollen, trim it level with the end of the mould.

The sample is then ready for test in the soaked condition.

Penetrtaion test procedure
Required equipment
A cylindrical metal plunger
A CBR compressin machine
A loading ring
A dial guage with 25 mm travel
A stop watch
The CBR mould
Surcharge discs
Procedure
Place the mould with base plate containing the sample, with the top face of the sample exposed,
centrally on the lower platen of the testing machine.
Place the appropriate annular surcharge discs on top of the sample.
Fit into place the cylindrical plunger on the surface of the sample.
Apply a sating force to the plunger depending on the expected CBR value.
Record the reading of the loading ring as the initial zero reading or reset the loading ring to read
zero.
Secure the penetreation dial guage inposition. Record its initial zero reding, or reset iit to zero.
Start the test so that the plunger penetrates the sample at uniform rate 1 mm per min.
Record the readings of the force guage at intervals of 0.25mm, to a total penetration not exceeding
7.5mm.
If a test is to be carried out on both sides of the sample, raise the plunger and level the surface by
filing in the depression left by the plunger. Check the flatness wth the straight edge.
Remove the base plate from the lower end of the mould, fit it securely on the top end and invert the
mould. Trim the exposed surface if necessary.
Carryout the test on the base by repeating steps 1 8.
After completing the penetration test or tests, determine the moisture content of the test sample.
Calculation and plotting
Force penetration curve
Calculate the force applies to the plunger from each reading of the oading ring observed during the
penetration test.
Plot each value of force against the penetration and draw a smooth curve though the points.
Calculation of CBR
Penetrations of 2.5mm and 5.0mm are used for calculating the CBR value.
Record the plunger force value at 2.5mm penetration from the force penetration curve.
Calculate the coreesponding CBR value from CBR value in % = Px(100/13.2)
Where P is the Plunger force in kN at 2.5 mm penetration.
Record the plunger force value at 5.0 mm penetration from the force penetration curve.
Calculate the coreesponding CBR value from the equation
CBR value in % = P x (100/20,.0)
Where P is the Plunger force in kN at 5.0 mm penetration.
The higher of these two values is taken as the CBR value.
If a test is carried out on both ends oof the sample, the above calculation procedure is repeated.
Density calculations
Calculate the internal volume of the mould(Vm) in cm3
Bulk density , ρ = (m3- m2)/Vm x 100
Dry density, ρd = (100/100+w) x ρ

Report
The test report shall include the following
Type of material and sample identification
Reference to thi procedure
Force – penetration curves
The CBR value from top to bottom
The initial sample density and the moisture content and dry density if required
The final moisture contents below the plunger after testing
Whether soaked or not
Period of soaking and amount of swell
The proportion of dry mass of any oversize material removed from the original soil sample before
testing.
Practical considerations
Use an extruder for removing the sample (no hammering)
Make certain that the mould is fastened tightly to the base plate.

Maintenance
Check and clean the perforated base platees regularly to make sure that the holes are open ant
clogged.
Aggregates and concrte
Moisture content of aggregates
Objective
To determine the amount of total water present in a sample of aggregates expressed as a
percentage of the dry mass. This is termed the moisture content of the aggreagat
Main principles
The oven drying method provides a measure of the total water present in a sample of aggregates
and is the definitive procedure, and is regarded as standard laboratory practice.
Reference
BS: Part 109:1990
Required equipment
A drying oven with temperature of 105 to 110 deg celcius.
A balance readable to 0.5g
A metal container
A scoop
A riffle box

Sample preparation
Reduce the laboratory sample to produce a test portion complying with the BS standard.
Test procedure
Clean and dry the container, then weigh it to the nearest 0.1 g(m 1)
Place the sample in the container using the scoop and weigh the whole(m 2)
Place the container with the test portion in the oven to dry at 105 deg celcius.
After drying, weigh the container and the contents(m 3).

Calculations
Moisture content , mc = [m2- m3]/ [m3 - m1] x 100%

Report
The test report shall include the following
Type of material and sample identification
Reference to the procedure
Test results, individual values and average value.
The final moisture content is reported to the nearest 0.1%

Practical considerations
One may control that the material is completely dry by holding a beaker with cold water directly
above the sample. If the sample is not dry, moisture will condense on the outside of the glass.

Maintenance
The balance and the drying oven shall be checked and calibrated regularly with respect to weight and
temperature.
It is important tha the containers are kept clean and dry.

Sieve tests on aggrgates

Objective
The particle size distribution of samples of aggregates and fillers are determined by sieving.
Main princiles
For coarse and fine aggregates free from particles which cause agglomeration, dry sieving may be
performed.
For aggregates which contain clay or any other materials likely to cause agglomeration, preliminary
separation by washing through a fine sieve is required before dry sieving
References
BS 812: Part 103.1 : 1985
Required equipment
Test sieves with diameter 450mm or 300mm: 745mm, 63mm, 50mm, 37.5mm, 28mm, 20mm,
14mm,10mm,6.3mm, 5mm
Test sives with diameter 300mm or 200mm: 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.70mm,1.18mm, 825 μm, 600μm,
425μm, 300μm, 212μm, 150μm, 75μm
Lids and recievers
A balance readable and accurate to 0.5g
Riffle boxes
A drying oven of temperature 105 – 110 deg celcius.
Metal containers
Metal trays
Scoop
Sieve brushes
Sample preparation
Reduce the sample to produce a test portion complying with the BS.
Dry the test portion by heating at a temperature of 105 – 110 deg celcius.

Dry sieving method test procedure

Assemble appropriate sieves with a receiver at the bottom in increasing aperture size from bottomto
top. Place the oven dried sample on top of the coarsest sieve and cover with a lid.
Either by hand or using the mechanical siever shaker, shake the sieves for a sufficient time to
separate the sample into the different size fractions.
When the mechanical shaker is used, check that separation is complete by briefly hand sieving.
When sieving is done by hand alone, start with the coarsest sieve and shake each sieve over a clean
tray or receiver until no more material passes.
If the sieves are blinded by overloading, an immediate sieve may be introduced.
Weigh the material retained on each sieve, together with any material cleaned or picked from the
mesh, on completion of sieving.

Washing and sieving method – Test procedure

Wet both sides of a 75 μm test sieve, reserved for use in this type of test only, and fit a guard sieve
1.18mm or 2.36 mm on top.

Place the weighed oven dried sample(M1) in a container and add sufficient water to half fill the
container. Agitate the contents so that the fines are completely separated from coarser particles.

Pour the suspension of fine solids on to to the guarded 75μmtest sieve. Continue washing the coarse
residue untilbthe water passing the test sieve is clear.

Wash all residues from the container and sieves into the tray. Remove excess free water by careful
decantation through the 75 μm sieve, and dry the total residue in the oven 105 – 110 deg celcius for
minimum 12 hours. Allow to cool, weigh and record as M 2.
 Determine the mass of material passing the 75μmsieve as M1 – M2.

Continue with dry sieving as outlined in steps 1 – 4.

Calculations
1. Calculate the mass retained on each sieve as a percentage of the original dry mass(M 1). For the
mass of material passing the finest sieve, add that passing during washing (M 1 – M2) to that found
during the dry sieving.
For example
Percentage retained on 10mm sieve = M(10mm) (100/M1)
2. Calculate the mass of the sample passing each sieve as a cumulative percentage, from the
general relationship:
% passing this sieve = ( %passing previous sieve) – ( %retained on this sieve).
3. Plot the grading curve on a a semi- logarithmicchart.

Report

The test report shall include the following information

Type of material and sample identification

Reference to this procedure

The particle size distribution curve

Practical considerations

Take care to ensure that sieving is complete, the minimum period of mechanical shaking shoukd be 10
minutes.

Never put a sieve in the drying oven for drying the material, as this will destroy the sieve.

Maintenance

Test sieves should be inspected for defects before each use. A more detailed examination should be made at
regular intervals to discover signs of wear, warping, tears, splits holes, blockages and any other defects in he
meshes.

Flakiness index (FI)

Objective

Flakiness index is one of the tests used to classify aggregates and stones. In pavement design there specific
requirements regarding the flakiness index of materials.

For base course and wearing course aggregates the presence of flaky particles are considered undesirable as
they may cause inherent weakness with possibilities of breaking down under heavy loads.
Aggregates are classified as flaky when they have a thickness of less than 60% of their mean sieve size.

The objective of the test is to determine the flakiness index of coarse aggregates.

Main principles

The fI index of an aggregate sample is found by separating the flaky particles and expressing their mass as a
percentage of the mass of the sample. The test is applicable to material passing a 63 mm sieve and retained
on a 6.3 mm sieve.

References

BS 812: Section 105.1: 1989

Required equipment

A sample divider e.g a riffle box

Drying oven of 105 – 110deg Celsius.

Balance readable to 1.0 g

Test sieves recommended by the reference.

Meta trays

A metal thickness gauge.

Sample preparation

Reduce the sample to produce a test portion complying with reference.

The test sample is washed, if necessary and oven dried at 105 – 110 deg Celsius to substantially constant
weight.

Test procedure

Carry out a sieve analysis using the sieves given in the reference.

Discard all aggregates retained on the 63mm sieve and all aggregate passing the 6.3 mm sieve.

Weigh each of the individual size fractions retained on the sieves and store them in trays with their size
marked on the trays.

From the sums of masses of the fractions in the trays(M 1), calculate the individual percentage retained on
each of the various sieves. Discard any fraction whose mass is 5% or less of mass M 1 . record the mass
remaining (M2)

Gauge each fraction using the thickness gauge. select the guage appropriate to the size fraction under test
and gauge each particle of that size fraction separately by hand.
Combine and weigh all the particles passing each of the gauges(M 2).

Calculations

FI = M3/M2 x 100

Report

The test report includes the following

Type of material and sample identification

Reference to this procedure

Test result

Whether the material was tested in the natural state or after sieving

Sieve analysis obtained from this test.

5.5 Material Testing Works

This subsection involves the various material tests carried out both in the laboratory and the
field during the implementation of the NMT project.

5.5.1 Field Density

This is a field test whose objective is to determine the inside dry density, moisture content
and relative compaction of the road pavement layer.

It is carried out at various established intervals or chainages of the road section under test.
Tools used involve; Calibrated sand of known density, Calibrated tray, Sand cone cylinder,
Chisel, Air tight container, Weighing balance and Support nails.

5.5.2 Field Density Test Procedure

 The calibrated tray is securely pinned onto the road layer at the selected test spot.

 Excavate out a circular hole to 150mm for the sub grade and sub base and 200mm for
the base using a hammer and chisel.

 Scoop out neatly all the excavated material and safely store it into a tight polythene bag.

 Establish the weight of the excavated material using a weighing balance.

 A sand cone cylinder is then placed on top of the tray and a known mass of fine sand
is poured into the excavated hole.

 The weight of the residue sand from the cylinder is then established using a
weighing balance.

 Since the volume of sand in hole equals volume of the dugout soil sample.

 With known mass and volume, the density of the soil sample is got from
MASS/VOLUME.

Fig. 5.9: Field Density – Sand Replacement Test to Sub base layer.
5.5.3 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test

The strength of the subgrade is the main factor in determining the required thickness of flexible
pavements for roads and airfields. The strength of a subgrade, subbase and base course
materials are expressed in terms of their California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value.

The CBR-value is a requirement in design for pavement materials of natural gravel.

This method covers the laboratory determination of the CBR of a compacted sample of
soil dynamically compacted by metal rammers -one-point method.

The CBR value is the resistance to a penetration of 2.5mm of a standard cylindrical plunger of

50mm diameter, expressed as a percentage of the known resistance of the plunger to 2.5mm
in penetration in crushed aggregate, (taken as 13.2kN)

Test equipment needed

- Test sieves, sizes 20mm and 5mm.

- A cylindrical metal mould, i.e. the CBR mould, having a nominal internal diameter of

152mm and a height of 127mm. The mould shall be fitted with a detachable baseplate
and a removable extension. The internal face shall be smooth, clean and dry before use.

- A metal rammer of either 2.5kg or 4.5kg.

- A steel rod.

- A steel straightedge.

- A spatula.

- A balance, capable of weighing up to 25kg readable to 5g.

- Apparatus for moisture content determination.

39
 - Filter papers 150mm in diameter

Test Procedure

 The material used was similar to the one used for compaction. Volume of water at
optimum moisture content and maximum dry density was used to prepare the sample.

 The soil was then divided into 3

portions.

 The first potion was compacted in a CBR mould in 5 layers and each layer given 62 blows
evenly distributed over the surface using a 4.5kg rammer.

 The collar on top of the mould was removed and the soil was then trimmed using a
scraper.

The mould with soil and baseplate were weighed to the nearest 5g in order to determine
bulk density of the compacted soil.

 A representative sample was taken for moisture content

determination.

40
 The second portion was then compacted in 5layers and each layer given 30 blows
evenly distributed over the surface using 4.5kg rammer.

 Just like a previous mould, the collar was removed, soil trimmed using a scraper, weight
of the mould with soil and baseplate determined and a representative soil sample taken for
moisture content determination.

 The third mould was filled with soil at optimum moisture content in 3 layers and each
layer given 62 blows evenly distributed using 2.5kg rammer.

 The collar also removed, soil trimmed, weight of the mould with soil and baseplate
taken and representative soil sample taken for moisture content determination.

 Each mould containing the compacted soil with the perforated baseplate fitted was soaked
in a water tank.

 The dial gauge was also fit on each mould to measure the rate of swelling during
soaking and dial gauge reading was taken every after 24 hours for 4 days.

 Soaking was done for 4 days.

 After 4 days of soaking, the mould was placed centrally on the lower platen of CBR testing
machine.

 The plunger was set to penetrate at the rate of 1mm/minute.

 The force gauge readings were taken at penetration interval of 0.25mm up to 7.5mm.

 Penetration was done on both ends of the soil in the mould.

Calculation of California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

Penetrations of 2.5mm and 5.0mm were used for calculating CBR value;

1. The plunger force value at 2.5mm penetration from the corrected force –
penetration curve was recorded.
2. CBR was calculated in (%) from the Eqn, CBR% Value = P x 100/13.2

3. Where P is the plunger force in kN at 2.5mm penetration.

4. This plunger force value was recorded at 5.0mm penetration from the corrected force
–

penetration curve.

5. The corresponding CBR value was calculated in (%) from the Eqn, CBR% Value = P x

100/20.0

6. Where P is the plunger force in kN at 5.0mm penetration.

7. The higher of these two values is taken as the CBR value.

8. This test procedure was carried out for both ends of the sample.
Density Calculation

1. The internal volume of the mould, Vm was calculated in cm3

2. Bulk density. The initial bulk density, ꝭ (in kg/m3), of the sample was calculated from the
equation,

ꝭ = (M3 – M2)/Vm x 100.

Where

M3 is the mass of soil, mould and baseplate (in g)

M2 is the mass of the mould and baseplate (in g)

Vm is the volume of the mould body (in cm3)

3. Dry density. The initial dry density, ꝭd (in kg/m3), of the sample was calculated from the

equation:

ꝭd = (100)/(100+w) ꝭ.
Where

w is the moisture content of the soil in (%)

4. The required dry density of the soaked soil is calculated from the following equation:

ꝭds = (ꝭd)/(1+(Ax/1000Vm)).
Where

A is the area of cross section of the mould (in mm2)

X is the increase in sample height after swelling (in mm).

Fig. 5.10: CBR Test Machine.
 CHAPTER
SIX

LEARNING OUTCOMES, CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Introduction

This chapter points out the lessons learnt, the challenges encountered and
recommendations for the NMT pilot project.

Chapter three: challenges of the company and daily work activities.

3.0 Introduction
During the internship training, there were different challenges experienced.
Some were organizational and others were experienced during daily work activities.
3.1 challenges of the company
The challenges of the company are;
The high cost of electricity, fuel (petrol and diesel) and materials such as cement, aggregates,
bitumen and steel bars. This eventually increases the price of the services offered. It also
inflicts on the remuneration of workers.
Most of the equipment and machinery and some materials are imported at high cost.
Some machines and equipment also break after some time. This calls for the cost of repairing
and maintaining them.
The company also faces the challenge of air and noise pollution from some machines such as
automobiles and the Asphalt Plant.
Some company staff were not strictly following the SOPs that were put in place to combat the
spread of COVD – 19.
3.2 Challenges in daily work activities
These challenges were experienced during the daily activities
High cost of living in form of high transport fares and feeding.
The cooperation from some company staff was limited.

45
Some of the tests conducted on materials were very sensitive. So I could not easily engage
with the staff about such tests.
The interaction with the company staff was also limited because of COVID-19.
Some tests for example bitumen tests were not conducted during the training period. So I
missed the hands on experience on them.
The internship was done when COVID – 19 was spreading rapidly in Uganda. So I had fear
of contracting it.
I also sustained some minor injuries which interrupted my training for a short time.
The duration for internship was not enough.
3.3 Delimitations
I intrigued for cooperation and guidance from company staff by exercising humility,
becoming social, hardworking and having a learning mind. I was fully involved in the daily
activities of the laboratory. This eventually solicited for cooperation from supervisors and
staff.
I used safety aids strictly to observe the safety measures and precautions during my work.
This protected me from injuries during daily activities. These safety aids were safety shoes,
Overcoat, Overall, head gear, ear shield and hand gloves.
To overcome the cost of training, I opted for a simple way of life. I also solicited for some
facilitation from relatives.
To overcome the fear of contracting COVID – 19, I strictly followed SOPs such as wearing a
mask at all times, sanitizing hands and avoiding crowds.

46
Chapter four: Opportunities for development
Sterling Civil Engineering Ltd is a vibrant company. It offers a wide range of services and
has invested heavily in infrastructure to ensure the most efficient service.
I believe the company can do much better if its management identifies the development gaps
in the company that can be filled to increase on its performance and productivity.
4.1 A critical analysis and identification of opportunities for the organization to better the
performance of Sterling Civil engineering ltd.
According to my findings, Sterling can improve its performance in the following ways;
The company offers a wide range of high quality services and products which the public may
not be aware of. So there is need for more publicity of Sterling’s services in East Africa and
nearby countries. This will increase the profit margin.
The company has many modern equipment and machinery. These should be maintained and
cared for by regular checks and lubrication. This will increase on their efficiency.
The company has invested in the safety of its staff. The challenge is that some staff do not
heed to the safety precautions and measures. There is need to enforce the use of safety aids.
This will enable the staff work under safe conditions and hence increase their productivity.
There is need to increase awareness of staff about safety. This can be done by having periodic
seminars about safety and employing a Safety engineer.
Management should continue to motivate the staff. This can be done in form of rewards to
hard working staff. This will increase on the morale of workers and sense of ownership. In
addition, the salaries and wages of staff can gradually be increased to improve on their
welfare and hence productivity.

47
The company has knowledgeable and skilled staff but the number should gradually be
increased to reduce the work load. There is a lot of work in some departments such as the
Materials Laboratory department.
Some equipment and machinery are wearing out and they need to be replaced with new ones.
This will in turn increase productivity.
The company should also invest in fresher courses to some staff. This can help increase the
creativity and innovation in order to cope with the current construction technology.
The company should invest in modern asphalt batching plants that have minimal pollution to
the environment.

Chapter five: Summary, conclusions and recommendations

5.0 Summary
Sterling Civil engineering ltd has continued to provide innovative engineering solutions to
enhance the quality of life. Its goal is to be a professional, profitable and socially responsible
business.
Its objective is to be the most respected infrastructure development partner in the world. It
has existed up to its goal and values since its inception in 1994.
The company offers the following services; Construction material solutions, construction of
roads, bridges and airports, Asphalt batching services and Quality assurance through its
material laboratory and experienced staff.
During my internship training, I worked in the materials laboratory. The job description in the
laboratory was to receive the construction materials, test the materials for the parameters and
specifications needed and report the results to the design and implementation teams. Most of
the tests are done on road construction materials such as gravel, bitumen, asphalt concrete,
aggregates, sands and cement.
I learnt with hands on how to perform most of the tests on the above materials, the
significance of the parameters being tested and analysis of the results.
I faced some challenges during the training such as the fear of COVID- 19, high welfare costs
and the limited time that the university allocated for internship.
Amidst the challenges, I was eager and determined to learn.
5.1 Conclusion

48
The training at Sterling Civil Engineering Ltd was up to standard. I had time to interact with
the laboratory staff by asking questions. I also had hands on experience with the testing
equipment.
The training was conducted in a professional manner for example the supervisor first
explained the theory of the materials and their parameters before performing the tests. Then
he would guide me through the testing.
The knowledge about materials and material parameters, and the skills to perform the tests
are very relevant to today’s engineering world. So I am very fortunate for having trained with
Sterling Materials Laboratory.
I highly appreciate the management of Sterling Civil Engineering Ltd for the opportunity
granted me to train at Sterling. I also thank my university supervisor, the company supervisor
and all laboratory staff for their guidance and cooperation during my internship training. I
gained a great deal in terms of laboratory knowledge and skills. I also benefited in terms of
time management, team work, safety precautions, creativity and innovation.

5. 2 Recommendations
I recommend that students are given guidelines of the areas that they are expected to
encounter during their industrial training.
I recommend that the university supervisors should be facilitated in time so that students can
be supervised in time.
Internship training is costly in terms of welfare costs. Therefore, there is need for the
university to offer some facilitation to the trainee. The industry may also supplement on the
facilitation by offering some allowance to the trainee. This will enable the trainee concentrate
on the training without financial stress.
Machines, equipment and tools should regularly be maintained and cared for to increase their
efficiency. This can be done by cleaning them after work, lubricating them and periodic
check up by specialised personnel.
The safety measures and precautions should be enforced. Staff should wear safety boots,
Overall, nose shield, ear shields and gloves.
The SOPs that have been put in place to combat the spread of COVID- 19 should be followed
strictly.
Management should continue to motivate the staff. This can be done in form of rewards to
hard working staff. This will increase on the morale of workers and sense of ownership. In
addition, the salaries and wages of staff can gradually be increased to improve on their
welfare and hence productivity.
The Laboratory has knowledgeable and skilled staff but the number should gradually be
increased to reduce the work load. There is a lot of work in some departments such as the
Materials Laboratory department.

49
Some equipment and machinery are wearing out and they need to be replaced with new ones.
This will in turn increase productivity.
The company should also invest in fresher courses to some staff. This can help increase the
creativity and innovation in order to cope with the current construction technology.
The company should invest in modern asphalt batching plants that have minimal pollution to
the environment.

References
Laboratory Testing Manual (2000). The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Works.

50