UNCLASSIFIED II I II I I I 111 ll I ORNL 9 8 5

Physics
7-
3 4456 0 3 5 2 7 3 7 7

-/ -b

HEAT TRANSFEiP IN NONCIRCULAR DUCTS

PART I

H . C . CLAIBORNE

O A K RIDGE N A T I O N A L LASORATCSRY
OPERATED
- BY
__
CARBIDE A N D CARBON CHEMICALS COMPANY
A DIVISION OF UNION CARelDC A N D CARBON CORPORATION

III4
POST OFFICE B O X P
OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE

UNCLASSIFIED
 Om-985
This document consists of -
4.4
PaQes
Copy 9 of 237 Series A

Contract No. W-7405, eng 26

REACTOR TECHNOLOGY DIVISIOR

HE4T TRAfjSFER IN NONCIRCULAR IKTCTS

PART I

Laminar Flow Velocity Distributions and Heat Transfer Characteristics

f o r Noncircular Ducts w i t h Fully Developed Hydmdynamic and menn81 Boundary Layers

BY

H. C. Claiborne

Date Issued: MAY 1 4 1951

OAK RIDGE I W E O N A L LABORlSORY

operated by
CARBIDE AND CARBON CBEMICALL COMPABY
A DLvision of Union CarBide and Carbon Corporation
Post Ofiice dox P
OaSr Ridge, Tennessee

UNWSIFIED

3 4456 0352737 9
 UNCLASSIFIED
ORNL-98s
Physics
INTERNAL DISTFUBUTION
G. T. Felbeck (@CCC) A. M, Weinberg M e M e #ann
Chemist r y Library J, A , Swartout W. H. Pennington
Physics Library E. De Shipley R. C. B r i a n t
Biology Library F. C , VonderLage R. N. Lyon
Health Physics Library C, E, Winters s. c. L i n d
Metallurgy Library E, H. Taylor 35 C, B. R l i s
Training School. Libra** A . He S n e l l 36 A. S. Kitzes
Central F i l e s A Hollaender H. F. E'oppendiek
C. E, Center F , L. Steahly W e Po Berggren
C , E , Larson D o W. Cardwell S. V. Manson
W, E, Humes (K-25) K , 2 , Norgan H, C. Claiborne
W e D, Lavers (Y-12) M. T. Kelley PI. J. Skinner
Central F i l e s (0 .P. )

EXTETNAL DISTRIBUTION

Argonne National Laboratory

Armed Forces Special Veapons P r o j e c t
Atomic Energy Commission, Washington
B a t t e l l e Memorial I n s t i t u t e
Erush Beryllium Company
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Bureau of Ships
Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Company (X-25 P l a n t )
Columbia University ( J , R e Dunning)
Columbia University ( G o F a i l l a )
duPont Company
General E l e c t r i c , Richland
Idaho Operations Office
Iowa S t a t e College
Kansas City Operations Branch
Kellex Corporation
Kirtland A i r Force Base
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory
Mallfnckrodt Chemical 'dorks
Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (A. Gaudin)
Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (A. R , Kaufmann)
Mound Laboratory
National Advisory Committee f o r Aeronautics
National Bureau of Standards (R, D e Huntoon)
Naval Medical Research I n s t i t u t e
Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory
New Bnnswick Laboratory
New York Operations Office
North American Aviation, Inc.

2
 I48-1Sl-, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Company (Y-12)
152 Patent Branch, Washington
0

153 RAND Corporation

154 Sandia Corporation
0

155 Santa Fe Operations Office

156-170 Technical Information Service, Oak Ridge
0

171-173 USAF', NEPA Office

174-175 U, S o Geological Survey (To B. Nolan)
o

176-177 U , S, Public Health Service

178 University of California a t Los Angeles
0

179-183 University of California Radiation Laboratory

18~-185 University of Rochester
0

186 Unive rsit y of Washington

187 Savannah River Operations Office
188 Western Reserve University
189-192 Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Corporation
E

193 Yale University

194-197 Atomic Energy Project, Chalk River
e

198 Chief of Naval Research

199 e H, K O Ferguson Company
200 Harshaw Chemical Company
0

201 Isotopes Division (Mr McCormick)

Library of Congress, Acquisition Department (J. W e Cormn)
0

202-203
204 National Bureau of Standards
205 National Research Council, Ottawa
206, Naval Research Laboratory
0

207-208 Nevis Cyclotron Laboratories

209-210 Oak Ridge I n s t i t u t e of Nuclear Studies
211-220 United Kingdom S c i e n t i f i c Mission (PI. Greenhill)
221 USAF, Eglin A i r Force Base (Technical Library)
0

USAF, Wright-Patterson A i r Force Base (Rodney Nudenberg)

0

4 222
USAF, Wright-Patterson A i r Force Base (CADO)
0

223-227
228 U, S, Army, Army F i e l d Forces (Captain James Kerr)
229 U, S o Army, Atomic Energy Branch (Lt, Col, A , W. Betts)
230, U, S o Army, Director of Operations Research (Dr, Ellis Johnson)
231 U, S o Army, Office, Chief of Ordnance (Col. A , R , Del Campo)
232-233 U , S o Amy, Office of the Chief Signal Officer ( C u r t i s T o Clayton
thru Major George C , Hunt)
234-236 U , S o Amy, Technical Command (Col, J, H, Rothschild
Attn: Technical Library)
237 UT-AEC Agricultural Research Program (Charles S, Hobbs)

2%

UNCLASSIFIED
 - 3 - om-985

4
5
7
10

EQnatiQn of m i o n 10
Reetagular Duet 11
Right Isosceles TriangUlaS DnCt 12
E q u i l a t e r a l Triangular Duct 13
Elliptical Duct 13
Circle Sector Duct 14
HEW! TRAmSFER To LIQUID METPALS IET DUCTS 15
General He& Transfer Equation 15
Modification of Heat Transfer Equation f o r Liquid Metals 16
amALamfICAL SOLUTIOBS OF TEE HEAT TRBasFW EQUA!IOFT FOR SLUG FLOW IE
MOMC-
. IIUCTS

Constant Wall Temperakre

19
19
Constant W a l l Flux 20

20
24
27
32
38
42
43
Figure 3 18
Figure 2 22
Bm=e 3 26
Figure 4 30
 - 4 -

SUMMARY

This is the first of a planned series of reports on the a n a l y t - c a l treatment

of heat transfer t o noncircular ducts with emphasis on liquid metal systems. This

report is concerned o n l y w i t h results f o r systems with f u l l y developed hydrodynamic

and thermal boundary layers; i.e., away from entrance effects.

Analytical solutions f o r velocity distributions i n the case of laminar o r

viscous flow are presented f o r rectangular, equilateral triangular, right isosceles

triangular, e l l i p t i c a l and c i r c l e sector ducts.

Analytical solutions are given for the temperature distribution i n the case of

slug flow i n the type ducts mentioned above for heat transfer a t constant w a l l temper-

ature and a t uniform w a l l heat flux. I n addition, the general right triangular duct
problem is solved f o r the case of uniform w a l l flux. The applicability of these
results t o liquid metal systems f o r a region of the turbulent regime is indicated.

A t uniform w a l l flux the average [Link] modulus f o r slug flow was found t o be

6, 4, 3, and 2 f o r rectangular, equilateral triangular, right isosceles triangular,

and 30 degree right triangular ducts respectively.

 - 5 -

The mbj& of fluid flow a d heat transfer i n noncircdLar ducts froaa a

ftmdaaextta3 viewpoint bas been virtually neglected in the literature. This

probably resulted Prom the industrial practice of generally using mund pipes i n

heat transfer equipment. With the advent of nuclear engineering and the resulting
unconventional heat transfer design problmw and the increasing industrial use of

noncircalar d u d s in heat e=
-, the p b l e m becomes mre than just an scadeadc
question.

I n coarprrtring heat transfer coefficients based on the momenfs~~transfertheory

o r othertheories, it is necessarg to how the velocity distribution. Hikuradse
(ref. 9 and 10) made extensive ms-t of the velocity distribution f o r

turbulent flow i n several nonciroulw d u c t s , but, unfortunately, these measurements

are confined tQ trhe tUrbulen% core. In addition, the developnent of the hydrodynatnic

f relationships f o r turbulent flow i n noncircular ducts is complicated by t h e existence

of secondary flow i n corners. This was established earperimentally by Nikusadse

(ref. 9) e As yet no generalized velocity distribution relation has been established

8s in the case of' flow i n pipes.

Average heat transfer coefficients f o r rectangular duets have been determined
[Link] correlated on the basis o f t h e c?onVen.r;iona,lequivalent diameter
by Bailey and Cope (ref. 1) and by Washington and Marks (ref. 14)

Eckert and Low (ref 4) developed a numerical method f o r the determination of

the teaperature distributions and the heat transfer characteristics of a heat exchanger

composed of p01ygom.l flow passages with the walls heated uniformly by intenzal sources.
 - 6 -

The eircrunferential variation of the local heat transfer coefficient was estisated

from B i k a r a d s e ' s data by poshlating similarity between the velocity and temperature

fields; i.e. , f o r fluids whose P r = 1. Thus, as i n the classical Reynolds Analogy,

the influence of the laminar sub-layer is not considered and the resalts are not

applicable t o fluids whose Prandtl m o d ~ U

differs
~ appreciably from unity.

The general vein of this work is t o attempt to arrive a t analytical solutions

f o r the various conditions resulting frorn the hydmdynamics, method of heat

application and the geometry of the systems eonsidered w i t h particular emphasis on

liquid metal systems. In this particular report, the heat transfer equations are
developed for the case of slug flow i n several noncircular ducts f o r conditions far

downstream. It is shown that t h e slug solutions are applicable t o liquid metal

systems i n the turbulent regime for relatively low Reynolds moduli.

The author w i s h e s t o express his appreciation t o C. L. Perry for his assis-ce

i n some o f t h e mre difficult mathematical points and t o H. F, Poppendiek f o r his

criticisms and suggestionso
 -7-

Any consis%ents e t of units may be used.

8, a duct [Link]

A, heat transfer area

a
 -a-
Prandtl modulus
heat transferred per u n i t time

* heat transferred per mittink? per unit length of duct

coordinate l i n e in polar coordinate s m e m

a vector normal t o heat transfer surface

Repolds modulus

5 9 an integer

temperature
rnfninnun temperature of s y s t e m

mixed-mean tenperahre of the fluid

inside duet wall temperature

mean inside wall temperature

time
fluid velocity at any particular point
average OP slug flow f l u i d velocity

fraction of a d u d wall dimension

fraction of a duct w a l l d-nsion

x9 coordinate axis i n cartesian coordiaate system

Y9 coordinate axis i n cart;esian coordinate system

coordinate €%xisi n c d e s i a n coordinate system (coincides w i t h duct a i s )

k
mleeular difYusialty of heat, cy
ofrcle sector angle
a fini-be %asremen%

€9 eday d f f i s f v i t y of heat

cosrdina%e l i n e i n ellipf;ic coordinate s y s t m

 -9-

Q, coordinate fn polar coordinate sywtem or an aca&e angle of a right

triangle

separation constant

viscosity
kinematic viscosity

coordinate line in elliptic coordinate s*em

7, fluid density

Arncrtional notation

functional notation

V2, Laplacian operator

a
EQaation of Mation
The &ion of a f l u i d is generaUy represented by the Wavier-Stokes equation

(ref. 5 ) . For the case of laminar flow considerable simplification occurs. A

simpler and m r e direct w a y of obtaining %he laminar flaw equatfon is by a force

balance on an elemental cube of f l u i d such as was done by huday (ref. 11).

For steady s t a t e fatllrnar f l o w of an incompressible fluid, consider an elemental

mbe of f l d d of dinensions &, Ay, Az. Take z i n the direction of flow w i t h x and y

peppendi@uLm to z. Iphe difference i n force on the two faces separated by a

distance Az i s

The difference i n viscous shear on the t w o faces no& t o x is

and t i e difference in Biscous shear on the two faces nopmal t o y is

1 n

Since %he difference i n total foree on the two faces must balance the net shear 011

%[Link] sides when no exkraneous fomes are present and 3u = o f o r incompressible

-5;
flufd in laminar flw

For constant .ia&hefomdL flow in a unffosm stmi&%duct,

 -ll-

dfstPibu%ion i n d u d s of any shape. The boundary conditions are given by

u = 0 dl %he bom- of the shape i n question.

The equation and t h e boundary conditions f o r laninax f'low in a duct are

the same %hat cbccurs in the a w r y of e l a s t i c i t y when considering the torsion of

beams. A nuuiber of these solutions is outlined by Love (ref. 6), by Sokolnikoff
(ref. 12) and by Timoshenlco (ref. 13). The complete solutions for laminar f l o w
velocity distributions m e shown i n the following sections f o r several ducts of

different geonaetPy.
Rectangular Duct

I"

The problem wfu be solved if a (x,y) can be found tha.t is an even harmonic i n
r

the region bounded by x = +, a/2, y = f b/2 and assumes on the boundaries the values

09 $ (at
2
+
2
y This f o n m mni t h e differential equation,

7
For a e s e condl-bions,

- ( y 2 - x2 ) - -
8a2
-
'-l)ncosh (2n + 1) sy
a cos (2Wl)xx
a ( 10)
2 I
I
3 ( -1) 360sh (-1) atb
n = O 2a

Therefore,

f
( -1)ncQSh(2Il-l-1)Icy
-
2 2
-
2
+ y )* -
- 8 a 2 a COS ( m 1 ) a x
$(x
'I[
3 ,
n = 0
(21~1) -
3eosh( 2ntl)gb
2a
a
-
 - 12 -
Fma the differential eqption and the assumed solwtion C1 = - therefore,
-2'

( -l)ncosh (2P)l)sy

n= 0
L

Rfm Isosceles Triangular Duct

Conditions: u(x,a/2) = o
u(a/%d = 0
u(x, 'X) = 0
r

2 2
(x + y ) onthe

k
From the differen%ialequation and the assumed soltrtion, Cl = E
Pram the solution for the rectangular cross section the following hannonic function

that satisfies the boundary conditions can be constructed.

 - 13 -

.- -
Equilateral T r i a n g u l a r Duet

2
VU=B

~ a a r Conditions:
y u(-a/3,y) = o I
-x 2a
u(x,- + -- ) = 0
v3m
-x 2a
-) =o

The problem i s the same type as before but the solution is i n the form of

polynomials~
n
Choose (x,y) = c2 (x + iy) + c3 where n = 3
3
me r e d p m of
~ c2(x + iy) + c3 = c2Q -3 + ~3
Therefore, u = c1 [e2 (2 - 3 Xy2) - 4 (x2 + y2) + c d

If C1,C2 and C 3 are evaluated by use of the boundary conditions and the

original differential equation,

Expressing i n the more convenient form of the product of the three equations

for the sides o f t h e triangle as shown,

E l l i p t i c a l Duct
2
VU=
B
2
Boundary Condition: u(x,b2- a x2) = 0 (23)

X
 n
preceeding section, choosey ( x , Y ) = C ~ ( X + iy) + C3 where n = 0 (24)

and C3 are evaluated by use of t h e boundary oonditions and the

original differential equation,

Circle Sector Duct

V U =B
2

This problem is easier t o solve when

expressed i n polar coordinates.

2 2
b u 1 an+ __1 a U - B
3 r2 + r 3r r2 382

.
/

Boundary Conditions: u(r, +, f3) = 0

u(a, +, Q ) = 0
Assume, u = C,[y(r,Q) - $ r2]
Therefore, c1 = - E-
2

The harmonic fun&lon is .Pound t o be

General Heat fPFansfer Equation

The gene- eqaation for the transfer of heat to a f l e d flowing in a duet is

where K i s the t o t a l Coadtlctivty (nnleculsr + eddy) and 'E is the tim. For steady
state condftions the time tern, -$$? is zem, so the eqyation t o be solved d c e s to

If the heat capacity, c , and the density, 7, csll be considered independent of

tempemtare and consequently independent of the c o o f i n a t e system,

where a is the mlermlar dif'fusivity of heat and is the eddy d i f f b i v i t y of heat.

For a fluid flowing i n a duct, the only net velocity component is along the axis, z,
of the duct. Therefore,

Solving the resulting heat transfer equation aepends on the eonplexity of the
f'unctions representing E and uI For the case of turbulent f l o w i n pipes it is

possible to obtain axmlytical solutions to the heat transfer equation by wing

approxfmaze functions for u and E: derived from experimenta,l data. For the case of
 - 16 -

for approxiaaatbmg %be neeesszqy functions. In addition, the differential equation

is mre comLex became the velocity, u, is a f'urnction of t w coordinates
~ instead
of Qne as for pipes.
appmximatePy represents a liquid &al system when the Peel& modulus is around

looo For higher values sf the Peclet laodtrlus, an experimental value f o r t h e eddy
dff3asion, av, would be needed fop better comelation.

%e argument presented abQve i s shown graphically by Figure 1. The eddy

diffbsivdty of heat was considered equal to the diff'usivity of mmentatm which was
computied aecoPdin@;%sthe classieal w e r . me Patio, a 1)
+€ = -1+ f
Pr 3-
was used instead of (a+ E ) to make %heresults independent of t h e individual

physfeal pmperHese It is Been f m m the figure that for liquid metals, ( € + a) i s

primarily coaposed of CY fop relatively low Reynolds m d a i and using an average
value of E would lead to only a s&U. emr. For other fluids t h e opposite i s the
case e
 - 18 - UNCLASSIFIED
DWG. 10855

w
+

k
A
U
n 80
-
0

a
l-
a

60

O R D I N A R Y FLUIDS OF PR = 1.7
(8.g. 3 WATER A T 2 1 2 O F )

0.4 0.6 0.8 I

FRACTION OF DISTANCE FROM WALL

. RATIO O F T O T A L D l F F U S l T Y O F H E A T T O
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY IN PIPES FOR R e = 20,000
FIG. I
 - 19 -

Constant W a l l Temperature

I n the theoretical treatment of heat transfer t o fluids i n ducts the two

lfmiting cases - constant w a l l temperature and constant flux - are usually con-
sidered. "he case of constant wall temperature i n pipes means that the w a l l
temperature is constant along the length of pipe. The temperature around the
circumference is constant because the f l u x is applied unffomly m d the

circumference and the heat flm midirectionally along the radii. I n the case of

a noncircular dud, application of a uniform heat flux around the periphery cannot
produce a constant wall temperature around the periphery because the heat flow i s

not unidirectional. In maintaining a constant wall temperature-around a noneircnlar

du&, a nonuniform f l u x would occur a m d the periphery.

In order t o solve equation (6) for the case of constant w a l l temperature, the

custo~mrysimpliwng assumptions are made. The temperature gradient, Bt/ bz, is

not exactly constant f o r t h i s case; however, when dealing 113thconditions f o r

downstream, the change of with length is very small. Consequently the rate
Bz
of change of the tempera- gradient, &/ 3 z2, along the length of the duct is.

negligfble compared with the rates of change of the other gradients ( a 2 t / 3 x 2 and
2
h2t/3y )e Therefore,

*
For any shape %he tempen"a%ure around the wall is eonstant and equal t o tw-
Thus the form ~f the equation and. boundasgr conditions are identical with that f o r
%he lamfnar velocity distribution in nonefreulm du&s and the solutions are
identical, FOP t h i s Case B = - is repheed by (t- 41)
K7 (g)av. arnd 'u
The ease si solution now depena on L e boundary conditions. For flux = %/A

anywhere dong the w a l l f l u i d interface,

dR
d& =
2
KA
- -
Q *ere R is the normal
ta the wall. This follovs flmx the Fourier conduction l a w .
Rectangular Duct

The t o t a l heat transferred per unit

tfme i s obviouslythe sum of t h e heat

transferred through the four sides. By
a heat balance

(44)
 - 2 l -

where tc is the IslnTmmtenrperature of the s y s t e m . It is not necessary

to use %he Ildntmm teqperature of the system, any point of known temperature
would SufYice. Selection of any other point would only add a constant t o the
equation.
2 2
The form of a solution is t - t, = C1 x + C2 y (45)
Applying the first conclition gives Cl = 9 Q
a andc2= b m

Since the assumed fom produces the correct conditions at the boundary and

s a t i s f i e s the differential eqpation,

(+
2
t-t,= + b (46)

et v = fraction of 4 2 f r o m center t o corner, w = fraction of b/2 from

center t0 corner, ana N = a/b, then substituting into equation (46)

Since A = 2(a+b)Az, equatPon (47) becomes

t, - tc
41plK= 8 3 (N 92 + x2) (49)

To illustrate the variation of the temerature along the walls, equation (49)

for values
VELI~QUS of N is shown plotted in Figure 2. It is easily seen that

as the r a t i o of the sides, N, increases, the ratfo of' maxinauntemperature t o

mfnimm temperature along the w a l l increases.

PQP com%fngan average Nusselt mdulus, define

- De
%'r - k

and
 -22-

OR LONG SIDE
----FOR SHORT SIDE

FRACTION OF DISTANCE FROM WALL CENTER TO CORNER

FIGURE 2
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ALONG WALLS OF
RECTANGULAR CONDUIT FOR UNIFORM WALL F L U X .
 - 23 -

where is the mean u a J l temperature ank is the mixed mean f l u i d

l
l

b/2 a/2

ab

Integrating and collecting terms,

ab
%tu-%=& (53)

The equivalent diameter (4 x w u i c radius), D~ = a2+ab

b ( 54)

Substituting equations (51), (53) and (54) into equation (5O),

k
NUav. = 6 (55)
Thus the Nusselt modulus i s independent of the r a t i o of the twr> sides.
mote that for slug flow w i t h no eddy diffusion, K = k. For the liquid m e t a l

system the value of K must be determined experimentally f o r relatively high

values of the Peclet modulus.

 - 24 -
Equilateral T r i a n g u l a r Duct
Yr

'180 heat can flow across the medians;

therefore, it is only necessary t o

consider one-sixth of the complete

section as shown i n the accompanying

figure .
A heat balance gives,

Therefore,

ana the differential eguation becomes

2
Vt=-g--j&-
6 s

Boundary conditions:
 - 25 -

To put the first lmunbry conditfon in usable form, the following

relationship forthe wFmdL derivative is used.

Therefore,

The form of a solution is

t - tc = c1 (x2 + y2) 4- c3 x + e4 y + c5 (62)

Applying the boundary conditions and solving for the constants, the following

solution is obtained which satisfies both the differential equation and the
boundary conditions.

(63)

Since this is a symetrical case, the temperature distribution for each wall

is equivalent; so only the wall at y = 0 is considered. Therefore,

F 1

Let

Substituting equation (65) into (64), t, - t, = ( 3 v2 i 1) 6q& (66)

Since A = 2 E a A z (67)

2
%-tc -
-- 3 v + 1
9f!
K 12 y7
Equation (68) is shown plotted in Figure 3.
 UNCLAESIFIED
DUG. 10857

-26-

0.20 -FOR SLUG FLOW AND MOLECULAR CONDUCTIVITY-

APPRECIABLY LARGER THAN EDDY CONDUCTIVITY
Pe < 1000
k = TOTAL CONDUCTIVITY
= FLUX PER UNIT LENGTH
0.16
t w =WALL TEMPERATURE
tc = FLUID TEMPERATURE AT
CENTER OF CONDUIT

0.12

t -t
Al-s
qf / k
[Link]

0.04

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I .o

FRACTION OF DISTANCE FROM WALL CENTER TO CORNER

FIGURE 3
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ALONG WALLS OF
EQUILATERAL TRIANGULAR DUCT FOR UNIFORM WALL FLUX.
 - 27 -

Integrating and simplifying,

- - 2a
De - 3

Substituting into equation (5O),

k
K xuav = 4

Right Triangular Duct

IY F o r t h e general right triangle as

shown i n t h e accompanying figure, a heat
balance gives
 -28-

3ouna&ry conditions:

(3 x, x t a n 0
= -Q
ga7
o r applying equation (60)

sin 8 - cos 8 = - -
9
KA
x, x t a n e x,x tan 8

(39 = - -
9
KA (75)

(%) = -
Q
KA

(t - tc)= 0 where at
3x
=

The form of a solution is

t - tc= c 1 (x2 + 3)+ c2 x + c3 g + c4

Usingthe boundary conditions t o e v a l a t e -the constants the following solution
that s a t i s f i e s all conditions is obtained.

Let v, w, h equal %he fraction of the distance between corners along t h s

side adjacent t o 0, along the side opposite 0 , and along the hypotenuse
respectively.
 - 29 -
Then, x = v, a, y = wa t a n 8, and along the hypotenuse x = ha (78)
A = a (1+ sec Q + tan 0 ) Az (79)
The following equation giving the wall temperatures along the sAte ad,,[Link] t o

0 when w = 0 and along the side opposite 0 when v = 1 is obtained by

substituting equations (78) and (79) into (77).

1
-7--=2
h - t c c t n 0 (v2 + w2 t m 20 ) - 1+ tan Q + see 0
(ctn 8 + csc 0 ) v + w tcuZ Q -
qf

1+ ( e n 8 + csc Q)
2 ( 1 + ctn Q + csc Q

S i d l a r l y t h e temperature distribution along the hypotenuse is found t o be

tw
L
n t-

tc - hC - 1 (ctn8+ e s c Q + tan8) h -
sin 2 0 1+ tan 8 + sec 0
-
,

9f/K

1 + (ctn 8 + csc 0 )
2 (1+ ctn 0 + csc

Equations (80) and (81) are shown plotted i n Figure 4 f o r several values of 8 .

The plot clearly shows that temperature variation along a wall becomes greater
as the angle Q decreases.

For evaluating the average Nusselt mdulus, the mean temperatures are
c o q u t e a as follows:
 - 30 ..

1.4 \
HYPOTENUSE
------- SIDE ADJACENT TO 8
-.e-- SIDE OPPOSITE TO 8
I.2

1.c
I I
FOR SLUG FLOW AND MOLECULAR
CONDUCTIVITY APPRECIABLY
LARGER THAN EDDY CONDUCTIVITY
0.t Pe < I O 0 0
,t -t, k = TOTAL CONDUCTIVITY
q f = FLUX PER UNIT LENGTH
9f / k
,t = WALL TEMPERATURE
0.1 t, = MINIMUM FLUID TEMPERATURE

0:

0.

0
FR ACTION OF DISTANCE FROM CORNER TO CORNER ALONG WALLS
FIGURE 4
T E M P E R A T U R E D I S T R I B U T I O N ALONG W A L L S O F
R I G H T T R I A N G U L A R D U C T FOR UNIFORM W A L L F L U X
 -3-

8
”,m = :%
9a E (1+ ctn 0 + csc 0)(l+ 3
-3
* (ctn Q + csc Q + 7
tan8 +

1 + ( c t n 0 + csc Q)
2 (1 + ctn Q + csc

]
a tan 0
2
h+h(ctnQ+cscQ) dx + a tc + 2 2
2(1+ ctn 8 + csc 0 )
[ia(l. + ctn 0 + csc Q)(h +y ) -

(dn + csc h -Y+ a + a (ctn Q + csc 0 )

dy+atanQtc +
2 (1 + dnQ
Q Q)
+ csc Q )

( 84)

Integrating and combining terms,

-12 sec 0 (csc 0

For this duct, De = 2a tan Q

1 + tan e + s e e 8
 - 32 -
Substituting e q u a f f ~(&),
~ (82) ma (83) i & ~emation (50)~which defines

2 tan 0
f(e) (1 + tan e + sec 9)
where

tan
3
2
-[
e )+T2 s
+ csc @] 8 + 1+
tan2 8
2
+

1
-
2
see e (CSC 0 + tan 8 + 2)
1 (1 +
1
tan Q +
--
sec Q ) 4
[1+ ctn Q + csc
2
l+tm 0)+

2 tan 8
-(ctne+cscQ+ 1
3
The following table shows how the [Link] Nusselt m>dxzlus varies w i t h t h e

angle 0 .

30° 2

15O 0 0 3353
lQ 0.000386

The 1engt;h of the primeter of the ellipse .

-)*4a
- !(E )-!(E
where is a

complete e l b i f l l c fntegTal of the second kina.

As shown i n the figure, R i s a vector always

orbhogsnal t o the periphery of the e l l i p t i c a l

duct. The r a t e of heat transfer is given by
 - 33 -
Therefore,

(2)=-
2
v
t= p J
ab R

TQ simplify the boundary mnditions the Cartesian coordinates are

transformed to e l l i p t i c coordinates, The transformation (ref. 8) is made

by substituting the following equations into equation (86).

[Link] conditions :

The s e c m d boundary condition i s transfomed by dfffePentia5ing equations (91)

and (92) and substi%&ing %he result k t o the followin@; equation whfch is

alwap true f o r cafiesian coordimtes.

2
2
( a )= (aX)
2
+ (dy) = (a
2
- b2)(eash2Q - c o s 2 T ) ( d & 2 + dT 2 ) (95)
 - 34 -

On a coordinate l i n e where?= constant, dr( = 0 and

- dR= - b2 - cos2
i

de

A t t h e boundary

Substituting t h i s relation into equation (go),

the second boundary cond3tion expressed i n e l l i p t i c coordinates.

L e t the solution be represented i n the following fom:

par%ieular solution %ha% s a t i s f i e s %he d i f f e r e n t i d equation.

- b2) E
$(6 ,? ) = (cash e
2 (a ( i q )
One may take f cos*T )
bll ( 100)

&ere t h e cons%ants, en are determined by .the boundmy conditions,

 - 35 -

The l e f i side of equation (102) must be expanded into a Fourier s e r i e s

of cosines i n order to evaluate C., !Therefore, .

&n = 0 wben n is odd,

.

Theref ore , t

E (p) = 7 &&4 3
E
(
$
-
@
) sinh 6 0

-
x
2
a2 = - psr
COS x dx + a0
8

~ ' ( p )is a constant. comparing coefficients,

1 '* . b2 [(l + p2) E'(p) - (1- p2) F ' ( p ) l + ao] (112)

3P3,
4
Since cos kx = 8 COB x - 4 cos 2X - 3, (113)

32 j 82. - b 2
a4 =
P5,

Compari~ngcoefficients, Ch
 - 37 -

Therefore (ref. 2 ) ,

6a4 - 15% + loao

Comparing coefficients,

This pmcess can be continued for as many constants as desired. Thus, the
solution becomes
*

t - tc = Ecosh2t 3 + COS2? -
(a2b.lcb2)E 1 - a
2 a2 cosh 2 @ COS 2 9

a4 cosh 4 e cos 4y cosh 6 5 cos 67+

4 si& 4 5 i

0 6Qo

The constant F ' ( p ) is contained within the am's. A method of evaluation

of F' (p) is given in reference (3) Since F ' (p) is a function of the duot
dimensions, F'(p) mast be evaluated for each particular case. After F' ( p ) is

obtained eo is evaLwted by the application of the first boundary eondftion.

 -38-
C i r c l e Setztor Du&
This solution is a simplified version of the =re elegant solution by
Whitcornbe (ref. 15) f o r a 60 degree sector. Whitemibe also demonstrated haw

the solabion f o r the 60 degree seetor approxinrates thaf f o r the equilatersl

triangle.

Since the cm8s sectional area of'

the seetor i s a29 and the 'length of the

arc subtended by 28 i s 2&, the heat

transferred i n a smsll length of the

duet is

1Cherefore,
K a

Substituting into equation (50) and trsnsforming t o polar coordinates, the

differential equation becomes

where Q and s are integers,

The boundary conditions i n polar coordinates ape:

 - 39 -
A form of the solatfan is
P 1

(r,e) = B r cos e + .-
b o rA cosAe

Il;pplging the first boundary condition,

-g;
Since h i s an arbit- sepazation constant, take

Therefore, from e p t i o n (129)

Applying t h e seoond baundary condition,

 - & -
S i s p l m and eonsidering tbe infini%e series from n = 1 since

the first term is zero vhen n = 0 (C, is arbi-).

S n= 1

~ tFourier
P e r f ~ ~ Wa g expansion,

-
SA
-
1

J
-
-Sl?
Q
-
-8%
Q

Simplifying and solving for C i ,

n+ 1
-
- 1 0 (135)
..
rut sin - d
!€%emfore, Q

The arbitram oonsfarrt, Go, is deterrained by a p p w the third boundary

amd%tbnto equation (136) F i r s t solving for r where 8 = 0 and 3%=
l?)l 0,
 - 41 -

Equation (137)canturk be solved explicitly for r; it l(lll8t be solved

by apprOXiarate mrefkhods for fihe Part;icular d u e s of a, s ana g in order

to m u a t e c0 ~ R equation
I (1.36).
 - 42 -
l?mJRE WORK
#

The analy-&icalstudy of heat transfer t o noncircular duct is a long rang;e

program that will be continued 88 time permits. Other =re d i f f i c u l t problems

under considemtion i n t h e order l i s t e d axe:

1. Solution of the heat transfer equation f o r ftllly developed viscous

flow.
2. En%rance solutions f o r slug flow.-

3. Some solutions of the heat transfer equation f o r irregular annuli

such as for flow pmaJlel t o tube bctnks.

4. Solution of the heat transfer equation f o r fully developed turbulent

flow using approximte relations f o r velocity distribution.

5. Heat transfer thmugh noneircular ducts w i t h thick walls.

6. Approximate entrance solutions for turbulent and viscous flow.

ECC :ga
 1. Bailey, A.,
Tech, Refl. 43, PI 199 (1933)*
-
and Cope, We Fo, Aemnau-kical Research oamoli, (Great Britain),

D e e l VI11 (18621- - -
3. DeHaan, D. Bo, Verhandeli n der Koninlrlijke skadt-?mie van Wetensahappen,

4. Eckert, E, R. G o , aad Low, G. Pi,, HACA TN 2257, Jan. 1951.

-
60 Love, A. E. H., The BWhematieal Theory -
of [Link], 4th Ed. Dover
Publications, R e w Pork (1944).

7. Lyon, R. BI., Ph,D. Thesis, (0-361), University of Michigan, A=. 1&?.

9. Bilruradse, J., Inginietu. Archiv, - S. 306-332, Bd. 1 (1930).

10. 18imdse, Joy [Link] Zeitschrifi, So 1229-30, Bd. 70, Mr. 37 (1926).
I

- -
11, Purday, H. F. Pe, Streamline Flow, p. 11, Constable Coo, London (1949).