Harvey B.
Enriquez BS-Criminology 3E
. Identification
Direction: Identify the word that is being asked or described in each item.
1. It is the heat and light that comes from the burning of substances.
>Physical Form
2. It is the region in which a gaseous medium takes place.
>Conduction
3. It is the burning of any substance it is a process that involves light and heat.
>Classification of fire
4. It is chemical reaction that involves the evolution of light and energy in sufficient amount to
be perceptible.
> Flammable liquid
5. It refers to any material that will burn whether solid, liquid or gas.
>Ignition temperature
6. It refers to any liquid having a flashpoint below 37.8°C. It is one in which at all normal
atmospheric temperature inside its container exist solely in the gaseous state under pressure.
>Compressed gas
8. It is the constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal or above the
atmospheric pressure.
>Boiling point
9 It is the temperature at which a flammable material will ignite, whether it is gas, liquid, or
solid.
>Ignition temperature
10. It is the temperature at which the vapor given off is not in sufficient quantity to burn.
> Flash point
B. Discussions
Direction: Explain briefly the following questions based on your readings in Module
1. What is Fire?
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.[1][a] Fire is hot because the conversion of
the weak double bond in molecular oxygen, O2, to the stronger bonds in the combustion
products carbon dioxide and water releases energy (418 kJ per 32 g of O2); the bond energies of
the fuel play only a minor role here.
2. Enumerate and explain the early means of producing fire.
1. Two Sticks - one of the oldest methods of starling Tires consists of rubbing two sticks
together. The rubbing creates friction between the sticks, and the friction generates heat. This
heat eventually causes the wood to ignite. This method often times takes a lot of time and
energy.
2. Hand Drill - the hand drill is a more efficient method of rubbing two pieces of wood together.
Rapidly spinning a stick of wood against another piece of wood can generate enough friction and
heat cause the wood to ignite,
3. Bow Drill- as people developed tools, they adapted some of these fire marking. Drawing the
bow back and forth spins the stick rapidly against the piece of wood, producing a large amount
of friction.
4. Weighted Bow Drill- the weighed bow drill generates more friction than the bow drill by
weighing down the wooden stick, making it push with more force against the other piece of
wood.
5. Striking Flint - another ancient method of starting fires consists of striking flint against another
piece of flint to produce sparks, Later, peoples also used flint and metal to produce sparks.
6. Magnifying Glass- people have used magnifying glasses and sunlight to light fire since the
invention of lenses several thousand years ago.
3. Discuss briefly but completely the components of fire.
Fire, in some ways, is like living things. Both fire and animals require the same elements to exist,
and each ceases to exist if any one of these elements is withdrawn. As the animal needs food, the
fire needs fuel; and as the animal requires Oxygen, the fire also requires oxygen; and as the
animal requires warmth, the fire also requires heat. Therefore, to create fire wemust have fuel,
oxygen, and heat
4. Enumerate and discuss the factors affecting ignition and burning of wood.
Physical Form - Wood used for kindling is chopped to smaller pieces in order to speed up
burning. Heavier wood logs or timber shows considerable resistance to ignition.
Moisture Content - From laboratory ignition and burning test, it has been shown that the
behavior of combustible solids of the same size, shape and chemical composition will vary with
moisture content.
Heat of Conductivity - It is a measure of the rate in which absorbed heat will flow through the
mass material.
Rate and Period of Heating - It influences the susceptibility of wood and wood products to
ignition.
Rate of Combustion- It is markedly influenced by physical form of combustible, the air supply
present, the moisture content and other factors but for complete combustion to proceed there
should be progressive vaporization of the solid.
Ignition Temperature - specific ignition temperature of wood is difficult to determine because of
the variables concerned.
5. Distinguish flashpoint and fire point.
Flash point - the temperature at which the vapor has given off (gas) is not in sufficient quantity to
burn. For example, the fire point of gasoline, this is -50°F for kerosene, 100°F
Fire point - the temperature at which the material will give off vapors sufficient quantity to
sustain combustion (burning).
Flash point and fire point can be demonstrated by the use of a small block of wood, a heating
element and a match. Hold a match above the block of wood.
6. Differentiate endothermic and exothermic reaction.
Endothermic Reactions- these are changes where by energy (heat) is absorbed or is added before
the reaction takes place.
Exothermic Reactions - are those that release or give off energy (heat) thus they produced
substances with less energy than the reactants
7. Enumerate the five general sources of heat and give at least 3 examples each.
Chemical Heat Energy- is the result of rapid oxidation. The speed of the oxidation reaction is an
important factor, rust is also the product of oxidation, but the oxidation is very slow. chemically
produced heat.
Mechanical Heat Energy - mechanical heat is the product of friction. Our ancestors rubbed sticks
together to generate heat to start a fire. Internal metal components of machinery can overheat,
due to lubricant break or ball-bearing failures, and cause ignition of available combustibles.
Electrical Heat Energy-electrical heat- is the product by arcing, shorting or other electrical
malfunction. Poor wire connections, too much resistance, a loose ground, and too much current
flowing through an improperly sized wire are other sources of electrical heat.
8. Discuss the three methods of heat transfer.
Conduction - one of the ways heat moves is known as conduction. The definition of conduction
is the transfer of heat from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature by
increased kinetic energy.
Radiation -In the early 1900s, German physicist Max Planck formulated this form of heat
transfer. He wrote that all substances emit radiant energy simply because the have a positive
absolute temperature. Radiation is the process of heat transfer by means of infrared radiation, a
form of electromagnetic wave.
Convection- it is the transfer of heat though a circulating medium, usually air or liquid (see ideal
gas law). Heat transfer in convection is cheaply responsible for the spread of fire in the structure.
The super-heated gases evolved from a fire are lighter than air and consequently rise; they can
and do initiate additional damage.
9. Discuss the phases of fire and behavior.
As a fire progresses, it normally passes through three phases: incipient, free burning and
smoldering. Many factors can alter the rate and intensity of a fire's evolution. No two fire are
exactly the same.
The Incipient Phase It is the earliest phase of fire with the actual ignition. The fire is limited to
the original materials of ignition, In the incipient phase, the oxygen content in the air has not
been significantly reduced, and the fire is producing water vapor (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), a
small quantity of sulfur dioxide(sO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and other gases, The behavior of
fire during the incipient phase is "rollover", Sometimes referred to as "flame over".
Steady state burning phase or free burning phase- It is the phase of fire where sufficient oxygen
and fuel are available for fire growth and open burning to a point where total involvement is
possible
Hot smoldering phase- After the steady state burning phase, flames may cease to exist if the area
of confinement is alright.
10. Enumerate and explain the products of combustion.
Heat is the product of combustion that is responsible for the spread of fire. It is also the direct
cause of burns, dehydration, heat exhaustion and injury to the respiratory tract and destruction of
property.
Flame -It is the visible, luminous body of the burning gas. When the burning gas is mixed with
the proper amount of oxygen, the flame becomes hotter and luminous. The loss of luminosity is
caused by a more complete combustion of the carbon
Smoke It is encountered at most fire, consist of a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, finely divided that have been released from the material involved. The
contents of smoke will vary depending on the exact materials that are being burned. Smoke may
range in color from deep black to white depending on what is burned. Some materials give off
more smoke than other.
