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MATRICES AND
LINEAR SYSTEMS
Matrix Algebra
MATRIX
• A system of m n numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of
m rows, each consisting of an ordered set of n numbers, is called an
m x n matrix.
• If there are m rows and n columns in the array, the matrix is said to
be of order m x n or (m,n) or m by n
• Denoted with a bold Capital letter
• All matrices have an order (or dimension): that is, the number of
rows x the number of columns. So, A is 2 by 3 or (2 x 3).
MATRIX
• numbers a, are called elements. First subscript indicates the row;
second subscript indicates the column. The matrix consists of mn
elements
• It is called "the m x n A= [aij]" or simply "the matrix A" if number of
rows and columns are understood.
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SCALAR
A scalar is a number
VECTOR
A vector is a single row or column of
numbers denoted with bold small
letters.
TYPE OF MATRICES
Row Matrix Square Matrix Zero Matrix
An m x n matrix is called A square matrix is a A matrix each of whose
row matrix if m= 1 matrix that has the same elements is zero & is called
number of rows and a zero matrix. It is usually
columns denoted by "O". It is also
called "Null Matrix"
TYPE OF MATRICES
Diagonal Matrix Scalar Matrix Unit Matrix
A square matrix with its It's a diagonal matrix It's a scalar matrix whose
all non diagonal elements whose all elements are all diagonal elements are
as zero. equal. equal to unity. It is also
called a Unit Matrix or
Identity Matrix. It is
denoted by In.
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TYPE OF MATRICES
UPPER TRIANGULAR LOWER TRIANGULAR
Triangular Matrix MATRIX MATRIX
If every element above or
below the diagonal is zero,
the matrix is said to be a
triangular matrix.
EQUALITY MATRICES
• Two matrices A & B are said to be equal if:
✓ A and B are of the same order
✓ All the elements of A are equal as that of
corresponding elements of B
• Two matrices A = [aij] & B = [bij] of the same order are
said to be equal if aij = bij
EQUALITY MATRICES EXAMPLE
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EQUALITY MATRICES EXAMPLE
OPERATIONS ON
MATRICES
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
• Two matrices may be added (or subtracted) iff they
are the same order.
• Simply add (or subtract) the corresponding elements.
So, A + B = C
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ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION EXAMPLE
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION EXAMPLE
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SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
• To multiply a scalar times a matrix, simply multiply
each element of the matrix by the scalar quantity
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
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SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
• If A = [aij] is a m x p matrix and B = [bij] is a p x n
matrix, then AB is defined as a m x n matrix C = AB,
where C= [cij] with
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RULES IN MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION
• Multiplication or Product of two matrices A & B is
possible iff the number of columns of A is equal to the
number of rows of B.
• The rule of the multiplication of the matrices is row-
column wise.
RULES IN MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION
• The first row of AB is obtained by multiplying the 1st
row of A with 1st, 2nd & 3rd column of B.
• The second row of AB is obtained by multiplying the
2nd row of A with 1st, 2nd & 3rd column of B.
• The third row of AB is obtained by multiplying the
3rd row of A with 1st, 2nd & 3rd column of B.
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
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MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
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PROPERTIES OF MATRICES
PROPERTIES OF MATRICES
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
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MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
• The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns of a matrix A is called the transpose of A.
(written as AT or A’)
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