Statistical Analysis Module 8 Solutions
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Alexa LeeStatistical Analysis Module 8 Solutions
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Alexa LeeCommon questions
Powered by AIThe standard deviation of the mean of the sampling distribution of sample proportions is influenced by the population proportion (p) and the sample size (n). The larger the sample size, the smaller the standard deviation, which leads to a more precise estimate of the population proportion. Conversely, as the proportion p approaches 0 or 1, the standard deviation decreases .
The expected value of the mean of the sampling distribution of sample proportions is equal to the population proportion, which is 23%, or 0.23 .
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution, known as the standard error, is calculated using the formula σ_p' = √[p(1−p)/n], where p is the population proportion and n is the sample size. For example, with p = 0.23 and n = 50, the standard deviation is σ_p' = √[0.23(1−0.23)/50] = 0.060 .
The central limit theorem (CLT) states that, as the sample size becomes larger, the distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution regardless of the shape of the population distribution, provided the standard deviation is known. This allows for predictions about the population mean using statistical inference tools such as z-scores, especially when dealing with large samples, as it enables approximation of probabilities and confidence intervals .
The key assumptions include that the sample is randomly selected from the population, the population is much larger than the sample, and the individual observations are independent. Additionally, the probability of success should remain constant across trials. When these conditions are met, sampling distribution models can accurately represent population parameters and predict defect rates like those seen in manufacturing defects .
The probability that the sample mean is within 2.8 pounds of the true mean is calculated using the z-score and the correction for finite population. With a sample size (n) of 50 and a population standard deviation (σ) of 6, the z-score is calculated as Z = 2.8 / (6/√50) × √[(1000−50)/999] = 3.38. The corresponding cumulative probability is approximately 0.9992, indicating a high likelihood .
The finite population correction factor is necessary to adjust for the reduced variability that occurs when samples are a significant fraction of the total population. This correction becomes important when the sample size is more than 5% of the total population, as it adjusts the standard deviation of the sampling distribution, providing a more accurate reflection of the population variance .
First, identify the probability of winning, p = 1/5 = 0.20. The expected value, E(p'), is equal to p, which is 0.20. Next, compute the standard deviation using the formula σ_p' = √[p(1−p)/n], where n is the number of trials. Therefore, σ_p' = √[0.20(1−0.20)/40] = 0.063. These steps calculate both the expected proportion of victories and the variability around this expectation in a sampling distribution .
To find the probability of at most 4 yardsticks being defective, calculate the standard deviation using the formula for sampling distributions and apply a binomial distribution approximation. The calculation involves using σ_p' = √[p(1−p)/n] × √[(N−n)/(N−1)], where p = 0.04 and n = 100, resulting in a standard deviation of about 0.0194. Then use the standard normal distribution to find the probability that the proportion of defects is less than or equal to 0.04, giving p = 0.5 .
Increasing the sample size decreases the standard error of the mean, leading to more precise estimates of the population mean. This is because the standard error is inversely proportional to the square root of the sample size. Therefore, larger samples provide estimates that are closer to the true population parameter by reducing sampling variability .