MODULE 1 [Basic Kinematics]

PROGRAM: BSCPE Year Level: 1ST YEAR Section CPE 1A/1B

COURSE CODE: NSCI02 DESCRIPTION: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Explain one-dimensional motion using mathematical
approach

2. Solve problems involving motion with constant

acceleration

3. Use kinematics to solve for vector quantities to represent

position and velocity of a body in two or three dimensions

4. Describe relative motion in 1D

5. Solve projectile motion

6. Solve problems involving Three-Dimensional Motion

Prepared Reviewed and Checked

RUJEVI S. BADAGUAS ENGR. MARIA THERESA B. PRENDA

Instructor Program Head/ Dean
Recommending Approval Approved

DR. JOEVELL P. JOVELLANO, CSAS PROF. MICHAEL E. LIRIO, CPA, MMPA

Vice President for Academic Affairs President and College Administrator

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 Tanauan City College
Learning Module Format

Program: Bachelor of Science in Computer Topic: Basic Kinematics

Engineering
Course: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Instructor RUJEVI S. BADAGUAS
:
Code NSCI02 Module #: 1 Week #: 1-3 # of Page: 15

I. Preliminaries
Introduction to the In this module, we will discuss the major areas of physics wherein basic kinematics is
Module Objective under which involves one-dimensional motion, two-dimensional motion and three-
dimensional motion. It includes the definition of scalar and vector quantities, solving
for speed, velocity, displacement, and acceleration. Also included here is free-falling
motion, projectile motion, uniform circular motion, angular variables, and tangential
speed.

Section Topics Learning Outcomes Assessment/ Modality

Evaluation

Section 1: One-Dimensional Motion 1. Explain one-dimensional motion using Discussion Presentation

mathematical approach via MOODLE
Section 2: Two-Dimensional Motion Seatwork
2. Solve problems involving motion with
Section 3: Three-Dimensional constant acceleration Homework
Motion
3. Use kinematics to solve for vector Quiz
quantities to represent position and
velocity of a body in two or three Laboratory
dimensions Experiment

4. Describe relative motion in 1D

5. Solve projectile motion

6. Solve problems involving Three-

Dimensional Motion

II. Instructions
Keywords and concepts

PHYSICS – is the foundation upon which the other sciences – astronomy, biology, chemistry, and
geology – are based

CLASSICAL MECHANICS – which is concerned with the motion of objects that are large relative to atoms
and move at speeds much slower than the speed of light; sometimes referred to as Newtonian mechanics
or simply mechanics

RELATIVITY – which is a theory describing objects moving at any speed, even speeds approaching the
speed of light

THERMODYNAMICS – which deals with heat, work, temperature, and the statistical behavior of a large
number of particles

ELECTROMAGNETISM – which is concerned with electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic fields

QUANTUM MECHANICS – a collection of theories dealing with the behavior of matter at both the sub-
microscopic and macroscopic levels.

KINEMATICS – branch of physics; study of motion without considering its causes

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KINESIOLOGY – the study of human motion

ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION – motion along a straight line

RECTILINEAR MOTION – applies to movement above the ground

MOTION – a state which indicates change of position

VECTOR – a physical quantity with direction as well as magnitude

SCALAR – a quantity that has only magnitude and no direction

DISPLACEMENT – change of position of a particle

FREE-FALL – is the motion on a vertical line

ACCELERATION – the rate at which the velocity changes

PROJECTILE MOTION – is a free-falling motion where the velocity has a horizontal component

PARABOLA – the shape of the path or trajectory of the projectile motion

RANGE – the maximum horizontal displacement

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION – the movement of an object along a circular path with constant
speed and constant angular velocity

ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT – the change in angular position

ANGULAR VELOCITY – the rate of change in the object’s angular position

ANGULAR ACCELERATION – is the rate at which the angular velocity changes

REVOLUTION – happens when an object traverses a circular path

ROTATION – happens when an object changes its orientation is space.

TANGENTIAL SPEED – is the speed of the object along a circular path

ABSCISSA – the perpendicular distance of a point from the vertical axis; usually the horizontal coordinate
of a point in a two dimensional rectangular Cartesian coordinate system; also refer to the horizontal axis (x-
axis)

ORDINATE – refers to that element of an ordered pair which is plotted on the vertical axis of two
dimensional Cartesian coordinate system; also refer to the vertical axis (y-axis)

APPLICATE – one of the Cartesian coordinates of a point in the three dimensional system; usually referred
to as z-axis

Content Lecture/ Discussion

BASIC KINEMATICS

Physics, the most fundamental physical science, is concerned with the basic principles of the
universe. It is the foundation upon which the other sciences – astronomy, biology, chemistry, and
geology – are based. The beauty of physics lies in the simplicity of the fundamental physical
theories and in the manner in which just a small number of fundamental concepts, equations, and
assumptions can alter and expand our view of the world around us.

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All of physics can be divided into five main areas:

 Classical mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of objects that are large relative to
atoms and move at speeds much slower than the speed of light; sometimes referred to as
Newtonian mechanics or simply mechanics
 Relativity, which is a theory describing objects moving at any speed, even speeds
approaching the speed of light
 Thermodynamics, which deals with heat, work, temperature, and the statistical behavior of
a large number of particles
 Electromagnetism, which is concerned with electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic
fields
 Quantum mechanics, a collection of theories dealing with the behavior of matter at both the
sub-microscopic and macroscopic levels.

As a first step in studying classical mechanics, we describe motion in terms of space and time
while ignoring the agents that caused that motion. This portion of classical mechanics is called
kinematics and in this module we will consider motion in one, two and three dimensions. We will
first define displacement, velocity and acceleration.

In physics, we are also concerned with the three types of motion: translational, rotational, and
vibrational.

SECTION 1: ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION

Objects are in motion everywhere we look. Everything involves motion. When you are resting,
your heart moves blood through your veins. And even in inanimate objects, there is continuous
motion in the vibrations of atoms and molecules. Questions about motion are interesting. But an
understanding of motion is also key to understanding other concepts in physics. An understanding
of acceleration, for example, is crucial to the study of force.

Our formal study of physics begins with kinematics which is defined as the study of motion

without considering its causes. The word “kinematics” comes from a Greek term meaning motion
and is related to other English words such as “cinema” (movies) and “kinesiology” (the study of
human motion). In this module, we examine the simplest type of motion—namely, motion along a
straight line, or one-dimensional motion.

Kinematics analyzes the positions and motions of objects as a function of time, without regard to
the causes of motion. It involves the relationships between the quantities displacement (d),
velocity (v), acceleration (a), and time (t). The first three of these quantities are vectors.

A vector is a physical quantity with direction as well as magnitude, for example, velocity or force.
In contrast, a quantity that has only magnitude and no direction, such as temperature or time, is
called a scalar. A vector is commonly denoted by an arrow drawn with a length proportional to the
given magnitude of the physical quantity and with direction shown by the orientation of the head of
the arrow.

The motion of a particle is completely known if the particle’s position in space is known at all
times. When we begin collecting position data, we should report the initial position. If the particle is
moving, we can easily determine its change in position. The displacement of a particle is defined
as its change in position. This movement above the ground is called rectilinear motion. As the
object moves from its initial position to final position (Greek letter delta Δ denotes change in a
quantity), the equation is written as:

Δx = xf - xi

In rectilinear motion, we use the following equations:

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Free-fall motion on the other hand, is the motion on a vertical line. We will analyze free-fall motion
on the later part. Also include here is the one-dimensional relative motion. This applies to two
bodies on the ground and shows the speeds of one object relative to the other.

The average velocity of a particle is defined as the particle’s displacement divided by the time
interval during which that displacement occurred, while acceleration of a particle is defined as the
change in velocity divided by the time interval during which that change occurred.

Example 1

If a Toyota Revo drove from its starting point in Calamba up until Longos, which is 70.6 km away
within 8580 seconds, what is its average velocity? What is its average acceleration?

Solution:

Example 2

Two horses ran against each other on a derby track. One of the horses, named Black Beauty, ran
at a velocity of 35 m/s relative to the referee. The other, Argo, is running at 20 m/s relative to
Black Beauty. How fast is Argo relative to the referee?

Solution:

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Free-Fall Motion

It is now well known that, in the absence of air resistance, all objects dropped near the Earth’s
surface fall toward the Earth with the same constant acceleration under the influence of the
Earth’s gravity. Free-fall motion is a special case of uniformly accelerated motion wherein gravity
is the only force acting on an object.

It has the following assumptions:

 The motion is along the vertical

 The velocity is either upward or downward
 The weight is the only force acting on the object
 The acceleration is always g = 9.8 m/s2 downward (or g = 980 cm/s2 downward or g = 32.2
ft/s2 downward)
 Air resistance or drag is not experienced

We can assume the motion as free-fall if:

 The air resistance is significantly weaker than gravity

 The object is close to Earth’s surface such that g is very close to 9.8 m/s2

Three scenarios that may happen in s free falling objects which depends on its initial velocity:

Scenario no. 1 If the object is dropped, it will have zero initial velocity and
accelerates at 9.8 m/s2 as it falls

Scenario no. 2 If the object is thrown downward (strike the floor), it will have
non-zero initial velocity and accelerates at 9.8 m/s 2 as it falls

Scenario no. 3 If the object is thrown upward, it will gradually slow down on its
way up until its speed becomes zero (at rest). The object will
then fall, accelerating at 9.8 m/s2 and moves opposite to the
direction of its initial velocity

The following equations are used in dealing with free-fall:

Example 3

Given a height of 3500 m at t = 20 seconds. Find the height after 20 seconds.

Solution:

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SECTION 2: TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOTION

In this section we deal with the kinematics of a particle moving in two dimensions. Knowing the
basics of two-dimensional motion will allow us to examine a wide variety of motions, ranging from
the motion of satellites in orbit to the motion of electrons in a uniform electric field. We begin by
studying in greater detail the vector nature of displacement, velocity, and acceleration. As in the
case of one-dimensional motion, we derive the kinematic equations for two-dimensional motion
from the fundamental definitions of these three quantities. We then treat projectile motion which is
a special case of free-fall and it is also parabolic 2D motion, and uniform circular motion in which
2D motion is set in a circle and almost identical with linear motion. These are special cases of
motion in two dimensions. We will also discuss the concept of relative motion, wherein relative
motion involves two sources of motion, which shows why observers in different frames of
reference may measure different displacements, velocities, and accelerations for a given particle.

Projectile Motion

Anyone who has observed a baseball in motion (or, for that matter, any other object thrown into
the air) has observed projectile motion. Projectile motion is a free-falling motion where the velocity
has a horizontal component. In a projectile motion, the only force acting on the object is gravity.
The path or trajectory of the motion is in the shape of parabola, or part of it.

We can note that:

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  The range R is maximum if θ = 45°
 Two angles of elevation θ1 and θ2, will have the same range for the same vi if θ1 + θ2 = 45°
 The horizontal component of velocity is constant. To solve for the horizontal components of
a projectile motion:
d x = vx t

where: vx = vi cos θ

 The vertical component of velocity is a case of free-fall; to solve for the vertical components
of a projectile motion:

where: vy = vi sin θ

Equations related to trajectory motion (projectile motion) are given by:

where: vo is the initial velocity

sin θ is the component along y-axis
cos θ is the component along x-axis
Some projectile motion examples are:

1. A ball thrown during a cricket or football match

2. The motion of water coming out of a water pipe
3. A javelin throw
4. A stone thrown horizontally from a building

Example 4

An Angry Bird was launched at the speed of 175 m/s into the air at an angle of 30° above the
ground. As it reaches maximum height, a wind with air current speed of 300 m/s sent the ball
perpendicularly off-course. What is the bird’s maximum height?

Solution:

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Example 5
Suppose that a coin rolls off the edge of a table 1.5 m high at a horizontal speed of 1.0 m/s.
a. Find the time it would take before the coin lands on the floor.
b. How far from the base of the table will it land?

Solution:

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Uniform Circular Motion
The movement of an object along a circular path with constant speed and constant angular
velocity is called uniform circular motion. For any motion, the velocity vector is tangent to the path.
Consequently, when an object moves in a circular path, its velocity is perpendicular to the radius
of the circle. The acceleration vector in uniform circular motion is always perpendicular to the path
and always points toward the center of the circle.
Some formulas to be used in dealing with uniform circular motion are:

Angular Variables
Angular Position/Displacement
1. Angular Position (θ) – the angular position usually expressed in radians, denotes the
orientation of the object in space (rotation) in reference to a particular coordinate system
and the direction of the displacement vector drawn from the axis to the location of the
object (revolution).
2. Angular Displacement (Δθ) – the change in angular position. It is the difference between
initial and final angular positions, which can be computed as:

Δθ = θf – θi

where: θf and θi are the final and initial angular positions respectively

Angular Velocity

 The rate of change in the object’s angular position is called angular velocity (ω). It is the
angular displacement per unit time, t.

Angular Acceleration

 Angular acceleration (α) is the rate at which the angular velocity changes. It can be
computed using the formula:

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 where: ωf and ωi are the final and initial angular velocities respectively
Circular motion or revolution happens when an object traverses a circular path. Rotation motion or
simply rotation happens when an object changes its orientation is space. When the axis is located
within the body of the object, the motion is rotation. When the axis is outside the body of the
object, the motion is called revolution.

Tangential Speed (v)

Tangential speed (v) is the speed of the object (in m/s, km/hr or any dimensionally similar unit)
along a circular path. It can be computed using the formula:

where: v is the tangential speed, r is the radius of the circular path and t is the time
Other equations used in dealing with tangential speed are:

where: T= period of revolution in seconds (sec)

f = frequency in Hertz (Hz)

Example 6

Find the angular velocity of a sprinter that makes two laps around an oval in 10.0 minutes.

Solution:

Example 7

A compact disc (CD) makes 800 revolutions per minute (rpm). If the CD accelerates uniformly in
4.0 seconds from rest, what is its angular acceleration?

Solution:

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SECTION 3: THREE DIMENSIONAL MOTION
This is the most realistic type of vector since the universe is perceived to have three dimensions.
There are systems that consider having three dimensions a must, but in most cases, a system
only uses one or two dimensions. We can visualize the vector to be initially along a plane lying on
the z-x plane oriented at angle θ from the z-axis. Then, this plane is rotated at an angle Φ towards
the y-z plane.

 Three axes: x-axis (abscissa), y-axis (ordinate) and z-axis (applicate)

 Two ways of representing vector:
 In terms of magnitude and two angles θ and Φ
 Using i-j-k notation
 Positive sides of the axes follow the right-hand rule
Given the vector r = (r, θ, Φ), its components are:

Let us describe the parameters of a three-dimensional vector:

r – the magnitude of the vector.
– extends from zero to infinity, cannot be negative.
– can be of any unit of any vector quantity

θ – the angle of vector’s orientation with respect to the z-axis.

– can only have values between 0° and 180°

Φ – the angle of orientation of the rotating plane with respect to the x-y plane.
– can have values between 0° and 360°

ρ – projection of the vector along the x-y plane.

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 – cannot be negative, like the magnitude of the vector.
– splits into components along x- and y-axes

Example 8
A flashlight is pointed to the direction indicated by angles θ = 145° and Φ = 60°. The speed
of light is 2.99 × 108 m/s. What are the components of the light’s velocity?

Solution:

III. Viable and vibrant Activities

Description of the Learning Activities

Participation of students through discussion of Basic Kinematics.

01 Seatwork 1 – The students are required to answer the given seatwork in One-Dimensional
Motion involving displacement, speed, acceleration and relative motion

01 Seatwork 2 – It is all about free-falling motion and includes solving time, velocity and height

01 Homework 1 – The students must answer the homework in Two-Dimensional Motion involving
projectile motion

01 Homework 2 – The students are required to answer the homework in Three-Dimensional

Motion wherein it involves representing the vectors with the magnitude and two angles.

01 Quiz 1 – The students are required to answer the quiz in Basic Kinematics

Case Analysis: DOJ Defines Reckless Driving – The students must analyze what are the causes
of reckless driving and how it can be avoided

01 Laboratory Experiment 1: Uniformly Accelerated Motion – the students must perform the
laboratory experiment using recycled materials only and they need to answer the questions stated
in the said experiment

IV. Opportunity to reflect and articulate students’ acquired knowledge.

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Purpose of the activity

Discussion – the students are required to share their insights about Basic Kinematics and practice solving
example problems and the familiarize themselves in the proper usage of scientific calculator

01 Seatwork 1 – The students must apply One-Dimensional Motion in solving displacement,

speed, acceleration and relative motion

01 Seatwork 2 – The students must practice solving free-falling motion which includes solving
time, velocity and height

01 Homework 1 – The students must answer the homework in Two-Dimensional Motion involving
projectile motion to further understand it

01 Homework 2 – The students are required to answer the homework in Three-Dimensional

Motion wherein it involves representing the vectors with the magnitude and two angles and
understand the extent of the angles so as not to confuse which one is to be used for theta (θ) and
phi (Φ)

01 Quiz 1 – The students are required to answer the quiz to know if they understand the lesson
being discussed in Basic Kinematics

Case Analysis: DOJ Defines Reckless Driving – The students must analyze what are the causes
of reckless driving and how it can be avoided. They must also practice deeper analyzation when it
comes to factors that arises along the road

01 Laboratory Experiment 1: Uniformly Accelerated Motion – the students must perform the
laboratory experiment individually using recycled materials only and they need to answer the
questions stated in the said experiment. They must picture it and take a video showing that the
object is really moving.

Evaluations Criteria

01 Seatwork 1: Solve the following problems and show the complete solution. (10 points)

01 Seatwork 2: Solve the following problems in Free-Falling Motion and show the complete
solution. (15 points)

01 Homework 1: Solve the following problems involving Projectile Motion and show the complete
solution. (20 points)

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01 Homework 2: Solve the following problems in Three-Dimensional Motion and show the
complete solution. (30 points)

01 Quiz 1: Direction: Answer the following completely. (50 points)

Summary and Reflection

The students are required to write their learning journal

V. Textbooks and other References

1. Bauer, W., & Westfall, G. D. (2016) General physics 1 (2nd ed.) Columbus OH: McGraw-Hill Education
[publisher], Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House, Inc. [distributor]

2. Ford, A. L., Freedman, R. A., & Young, H. D., (2016), Sears and zemansky’s University physics (with
modern physics) (14th ed.) Columbus OH Pearson Publishing

3. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J., (2014) Fundamentals of physics (5th ed.). New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4. Tabujara, G. D. , Jr. (n. d.) General physics [book 1] Pasay city, PH: JFS Publishing Services

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