Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling
Basic Concepts
Scheduling Criteria
Scheduling Algorithms
Thread Scheduling
Multiple-Processor Scheduling
Real-Time CPU Scheduling
Operating Systems Examples
Algorithm Evaluation
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Objectives
To introduce CPU scheduling, which is the basis for
multiprogrammed operating systems
To describe various CPU-scheduling algorithms
To discuss evaluation criteria for selecting a CPU-scheduling
algorithm for a particular system
To examine the scheduling algorithms of several operating
systems
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Basic Concepts
Maximum CPU utilization
obtained with multiprogramming
CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process
execution consists of a cycle of
CPU execution and I/O wait
CPU burst followed by I/O burst
CPU burst distribution is of main
concern
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Histogram of CPU-burst Times
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Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
CPU Scheduler
Short-term scheduler selects from among the processes in
ready queue, and allocates the CPU to one of them
Queue may be ordered in various ways
CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process:
1. Switches from running to waiting state
2. Switches from running to ready state
3. Switches from waiting to ready
4. Terminates
Scheduling under 1 and 4 is nonpreemptive
All other scheduling is preemptive
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Dispatcher
Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process
selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves:
switching context
switching to user mode
jumping to the proper location in the user program to
restart that program
Dispatch latency – time it takes for the dispatcher to stop
one process and start another running
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Scheduling Criteria
CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible
Throughput – # of processes that complete their execution per
time unit
Turnaround time – amount of time to execute a particular
process
Waiting time – amount of time a process has been waiting in the
ready queue
Response time – amount of time it takes from when a request
was submitted until the first response is produced, not output (for
time-sharing environment)
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Scheduling Algorithm Optimization Criteria
Max CPU utilization
Max throughput
Min turnaround time
Min waiting time
Min response time
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
First- Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3
The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:
P1 P2 P3
0 24 27 30
Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27
Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
FCFS Scheduling (Cont.)
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order:
P 2 , P3 , P1
The Gantt chart for the schedule is:
P2 P3 P1
0 3 6 30
Waiting time for P1 = 6; P2 = 0; P3 = 3
Average waiting time: (6 + 0 + 3)/3 = 3
Much better than previous case
Convoy effect - short process behind long process
Consider one CPU-bound and many I/O-bound processes
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Shortest-Job-First (SJF) Scheduling
Associate with each process the length of its next CPU burst
Use these lengths to schedule the process with the shortest
time
SJF is optimal – gives minimum average waiting time for a given
set of processes
The difficulty is knowing the length of the next CPU request
Could ask the user
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Example of SJF
ProcessArrival Time Burst Time
P1 0.0 6
P2 2.0 8
P3 4.0 7
P4 5.0 3
SJF scheduling chart
P4 P1 P3 P2
0 3 9 16 24
Average waiting time = (3 + 16 + 9 + 0) / 4 = 7
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Determining Length of Next CPU Burst
Can only estimate the length – should be similar to the previous one
Then pick process with shortest predicted next CPU burst
Can be done by using the length of previous CPU bursts, using
exponential averaging
1. t n actual length of n th CPU burst
2. n 1 predicted value for the next CPU burst
3. , 0 1
4. Define :
Commonly, α set to ½
Preemptive version called shortest-remaining-time-first
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Prediction of the Length of the Next CPU Burst
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Examples of Exponential Averaging
=0
n+1 = n
Recent history does not count
=1
n+1 = tn
Only the actual last CPU burst counts
If we expand the formula, we get:
n+1 = tn+(1 - ) tn -1 + …
+(1 - )j tn -j + …
+(1 - )n +1 0
Since both and (1 - ) are less than or equal to 1, each
successive term has less weight than its predecessor
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Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Example of Shortest-remaining-time-first
Now we add the concepts of varying arrival times and preemption to
the analysis
ProcessAarri Arrival TimeT Burst Time
P1 0 8
P2 1 4
P3 2 9
P4 3 5
Preemptive SJF Gantt Chart
P1 P2 P4 P1 P3
0 1 5 10 17 26
Average waiting time = [(10-1)+(1-1)+(17-2)+5-3)]/4 = 26/4 = 6.5
msec
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Priority Scheduling
A priority number (integer) is associated with each process
The CPU is allocated to the process with the highest priority
(smallest integer highest priority)
Preemptive
Nonpreemptive
SJF is priority scheduling where priority is the inverse of predicted
next CPU burst time
Problem Starvation – low priority processes may never execute
Solution Aging – as time progresses increase the priority of the
process
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Example of Priority Scheduling
ProcessA arri Burst TimeT Priority
P1 10 3
P2 1 1
P3 2 4
P4 1 5
P5 5 2
Priority scheduling Gantt Chart
Average waiting time = 8.2 msec
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Round Robin (RR)
Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum q),
usually 10-100 milliseconds. After this time has elapsed, the
process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue.
If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time
quantum is q, then each process gets 1/n of the CPU time in
chunks of at most q time units at once. No process waits more
than (n-1)q time units.
Timer interrupts every quantum to schedule next process
Performance
q large FIFO
q small q must be large with respect to context switch,
otherwise overhead is too high
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Example of RR with Time Quantum = 4
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
The Gantt chart is:
P1 P2 P3 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1
0 4 7 10 14 18 22 26 30
Typically, higher average turnaround than SJF, but better
response
q should be large compared to context switch time
q usually 10ms to 100ms, context switch < 10 usec
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Time Quantum and Context Switch Time
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Priority – Round-Robin scheduling
Tail queue Head
4 3 3 3 2
t5 t4 t3 t2 t1
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Turnaround Time Varies With The Time Quantum
80% of CPU bursts
should be shorter than q
Slides modified from:
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 6.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013