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Differential Equations from Constants

This document provides solutions to obtain differential equations or higher order derivatives from given equations. The solutions involve isolating constants, differentiating, and substituting/simplifying equations.

Uploaded by

Daille Wroble Gray
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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16 views7 pages

Differential Equations from Constants

This document provides solutions to obtain differential equations or higher order derivatives from given equations. The solutions involve isolating constants, differentiating, and substituting/simplifying equations.

Uploaded by

Daille Wroble Gray
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

A. In each of the following, obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants.

1. 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝐶 3. 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 1 + 𝐶𝑥
Solution: Solution:
𝑑 3 Isolate constant
(𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝐶)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑦 − 1 = 𝐶𝑥
2 2 ′
3𝑥 − 3(𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦) = 0
𝑥2𝑦 − 1
2 2 ′
3𝑥 − 3𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0 =𝐶
𝑥
3𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦) = 0 Differentiate:
3𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦) 0 𝑑 𝑥2𝑦 − 1
= ( = 𝐶)
3𝑥 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦) − (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 1)(1)
𝑑𝑦 =0
But 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
Simplify: Multiply by 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥−𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1 = 0
Multiply by 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥3 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1) = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒚 + (𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
(𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

4. 𝑐𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦
2. 𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝐶
Solution:
Solution:
𝑑 Isolate the constant
(𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝐶)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦
=𝐶
𝑦 cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ sin 𝑥 − (2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 ) = 0 𝑦2

(sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 0 Differentiate:

But 𝑦 ′ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥2 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 ( 2 = 𝐶)
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
(sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑦 2 (2𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦)(2𝑦𝑦 ′ ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
Multiply by 𝑑𝑥 Simplify: Divide by 𝑦

(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 + (𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 𝑦(2𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦)(2𝑦 ′ ) = 0

2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦′ − 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑦 − (2𝑥 2 − 𝑦) =0
𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 − (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
5. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 + 1 8. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
Solution: Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative

Let: Let:

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 + 1 → 𝐸1 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝐸1
Differentiate: 𝑦 ′ = 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝐸2
𝑑 Multiply 𝐸1 by 3
(𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
3𝑦 = 3𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
′
𝑦 =𝑐 → 𝐸2
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
3𝑦 = 3𝐶1 + 𝑦 ′ → 𝐸3
′ (𝒚′ )𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚 + +𝟏
Differentiate 𝐸3

3𝑦 ′ = 𝑦′′
2
6. 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ = 𝟎
Isolate the constant

𝑦2
= 4𝑎 9. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥
Differentiate Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative

𝑑 𝑦2 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 → 𝐸1
( = 4𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 → 𝐸2
𝑥(2𝑦𝑦 ′ ) − 𝑦 2 (1) 𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑥 → 𝐸3
=0
𝑥2
Subtract 𝐸1 to 𝐸3
Multiply by 𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑥 → 𝐸3
′ 2
2𝑥𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦 = 0
−(𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 ) → 𝐸1
Divide by 𝑦
𝒚′′ − 𝒚′ = 𝟎
′
2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 −𝑦 =0 10. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝐸1

7. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝐸2

Solution: Subtract 3𝐸1 to 𝐸2

Obtain the third derivative 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝐸2

𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 −(3𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ) → 𝐸1

𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑎 𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸3

𝒚′′′ = 𝟎
Differentiate 𝐸3 13. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥

𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸4 Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative

Subtract 2𝐸3 to 𝐸4 Divide by 𝑒 2𝑥

𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸4 𝑦
= 𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 3𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
−(2𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 − 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 ) → 𝐸3
𝑦𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 3𝑥 → 𝐸1
′′ ′ 𝟐
𝒚 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔𝒚 = −𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐
1st Derivative

𝑦(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝑦 ′ 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −3𝐶1 sin 3𝑥 + 3𝐶2 cos 3𝑥


𝑥 𝑥
11. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒
(−2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ )𝑒 −2𝑥 = −3𝐶1 sin 3𝑥 + 3𝐶2 cos 3𝑥 → 𝐸2
nd
Solution: Obtain 2 derivative
2nd Derivative
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 → 𝐸1
(−2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ )(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′′ )
′ 𝑥 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 +𝑒 = −9𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 − 9𝐶2 sin 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝐸2 (−2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ )(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′′ )
= −9(𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 3𝑥) → 𝐸3
substitute 𝐸1 to 𝐸2
Substitute 𝐸1 to 𝐸3
𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝐸3
(−2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ )(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′′ ) = −9(𝑦𝑒 −2𝑥 )
Differentiate 𝐸3
′′ ′ 𝑥
Divide by 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑒 → 𝐸4
(4𝑦 − 2𝑦 ′ ) + (−2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′′ ) = −9𝑦
Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸4
′′ ′
𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒚′ + 𝟏𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑦 =𝑦 + (𝑦 ′ − 𝑦)
𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎
14. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥
Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative
12. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝐸1
Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝐸2
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸1
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝐸3
′ 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 )
𝑦 = 2𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵(2𝑥𝑒 +𝑒
Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸1
′ 2𝑥 2𝑥 ) 2𝑥
𝑦 = 2(𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 → 𝐸2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑦 ′′
Substitute 𝐸1 to 𝐸2
𝑦 − 𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 𝑥 → 𝐸4
′ 2𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑦 + 𝐵𝑒 → 𝐸3 Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸2
Differentiate 𝐸3 𝑦′ = 𝐶1 + 𝑦 ′′
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝐵𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸4 𝑦′ − 𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 → 𝐸5

Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸4 Substitute 𝐸5 to 𝐸4

𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑦 ′ + 2(𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦) 𝑦 − 𝑦 ′′ = (𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′ )𝑥

𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒚′ + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚′′ − 𝒙𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎


15. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 B. In each exercise, obtain the differential
equation of the family of plane curves
Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative
described.
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸1

𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸2 1. Straight lines with slope and y – intercept


equal.
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝐶1 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸3
Substitute 𝐸1 to 𝐸2 Solution:

𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑥 + 2(𝑦 − 𝐶1 𝑥 2 ) From: Slope-intercept form


𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 → 𝐸1
𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝐶1 𝑥 2 Where: 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 ; 𝑏 = 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝐶1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) But; 𝑏 = 𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦
= 2𝐶1 → 𝐸4 Differentiate:
𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑑
(𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚)
Substitute 𝐸1 to 𝐸3 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑚 → 𝐸2
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝐶1 + 4(𝑦 − 𝐶1 𝑥 2 )
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝐶1 + 4𝑦 − 4𝐶1 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 = 2𝐶1 − 4𝐶1 𝑥 2 𝑦′ =
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 = 2𝐶1 (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 𝒚𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
= 2𝐶1 → 𝐸5
(1 − 2𝑥 2 )
Equate 𝐸4 and 𝐸5
2. Straight lines with slope and x – intercept
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 equal.
=
𝑥 − 𝑥2 (1 − 2𝑥 2 )
(𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦)(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) = (𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) Solution:

𝑦 ′ (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑦(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) = 𝑦 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 4𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) From: Point-slope form

0 = 𝑦′′ (𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) − 𝑦′ (1 − 2𝑥2 ) − 4𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + 2𝑦(1 − 2𝑥2 ) 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) → 𝐸1


@ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 (𝑎, 0)
𝑦 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑦 ′ (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝑦 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑦 ′ (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) − 4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 0 But: 𝑎 = 𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑚)
𝒙𝒚′′ (𝟏 − 𝒙) − 𝒚′ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟐𝒚(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚2 → 𝐸1
Differentiate:
𝑦 ′ = 𝑚 → 𝐸2
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ′ − (𝑦 ′ )2
(𝒚′ )𝟐 = 𝒙𝒚′ − 𝒚
3. Straight lines with algebraic sum of the 5. Circles with fixed radius 𝑟 and tangent to the
intercepts fixed as 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Solution:
Solution:
From the standard equation of circle:
From: slope-intercept form:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 → 𝐸1
If circles are tangent to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑘 = 𝑟
Solving for 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 set 𝑦 = 0 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)2 = 𝑟 2 → 𝐸1
0 = 𝑚(𝑥) + 𝑏 Obtain the 1st derivative

0 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 2(𝑥 − ℎ) + 2(𝑦 ± 𝑟)𝑦 ′ = 0


𝑥 − ℎ + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑏 ℎ = 𝑥 + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)𝑦 ′ → 𝐸2
𝑥=−
𝑚 Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
but: [𝑥 − (𝑥 + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)𝑦 ′ )]2 + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)2 = 𝑟 2
[−(𝑦 ± 𝑟)𝑦 ′ ]2 + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑥+𝑦 =𝑘
(𝑦 ± 𝑟)2 (𝑦 ′ )2 + 𝑦 2 ± 2𝑟𝑦 + 𝑟 2 = 𝑟 2
𝑏 (𝒚 ± 𝒓)𝟐 (𝒚′ )𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ± 𝟐𝒓𝒚 = 𝟎
− +𝑏 =𝑘
𝑚
−𝑏 + 𝑏𝑚 = 𝑚𝑘 6. Circles tangent to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Solution:
𝑚𝑘
𝑏= → 𝐸2 From the standard form of circle
𝑚−1 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1 If circle is tangent to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑟 = 𝑘
𝑚𝑘 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2 → 𝐸1
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + → 𝐸3 Two arbitrary constants, obtain the 2nd
𝑚−1
Differentiate derivative:
𝑦′ = 𝑚 1st derivative
Substitute 𝑚 = 𝑦 to 𝐸3
′ 2(𝑥 − ℎ) + 2(𝑦 − 𝑘)𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑘𝑦 ′ 𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑘𝑦 ′ = 0 → 𝐸2
′
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 + ′ 2nd derivative
𝑦 −1
(𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚)(𝒚 − 𝟏) + 𝒌𝒚′ = 𝟎
′ ′ 1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑘𝑦 ′′ = 0
1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2
𝑘= → 𝐸3
4. Circles with center on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑦′′
Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸2 and solve ℎ
𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑘𝑦 ′ = 0
Solution:
ℎ = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑘𝑦 ′
From the standard equation of circle: ′
1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 ′
ℎ = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − ( )𝑦
𝑦 ′′
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3
ℎ = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − ( ) → 𝐸4
If center is at 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑘 = 0 𝑦 ′′
Substitute 𝐸4 to 𝐸1
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2
Obtain the 2nd derivative 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3
2
′
[𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − ( ))] + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2
𝑦 ′′
2(𝑥 − ℎ)(1) + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0 2
𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3
[𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 ′ + ( )] + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2
𝟏 + 𝒚𝒚′′ + (𝒚′ )𝟐 = 𝟎 𝑦 ′′
𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3
2
Isolate 𝑘:
[−𝑦𝑦 ′ + ( )] + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2 (𝑥 + 𝑘)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 2𝑘 2
𝑦 ′′
𝑥 2 + 2𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑘 2 = 2𝑘 2
2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑘𝑦 − 2𝑘𝑥
−𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3
[( )] + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑦 ′′ 2𝑘 =
𝑥−𝑦
2 Differentiate:
𝑦 ′ + (𝑦 ′ )3 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(1 − 𝑦 ′ )
( ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2 → 𝐸5 0=
𝑦 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸5
Multiply by (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
2 2 2
(
′
𝑦 + (𝑦 ′ )3
) + (𝑦 − (
1 + 𝑦𝑦 + ′′ (𝑦 ′ )2
)) = (
1 + 𝑦𝑦 + ′′ (𝑦 ′ )2
)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)(2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(1 − 𝑦 ′ ) = 0
𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′ (2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ ) = 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ = 0
2 2 2
(
𝑦 + ′ (𝑦 ′ )3
) +(
′′
𝑦𝑦 − 1 − 𝑦𝑦 − ′′ (𝑦 ′ )2
) =(
1 + 𝑦𝑦 + ′′ (𝑦 ′ )2
)
(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) + (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′ 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) + (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 ) =0
2 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ + (𝑦 ′ )3 −1 − (𝑦 ′ )2 1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2
( ) + ( ) = ( ) (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′

Multiply both side by (𝑦 ′′ )2


2
(𝑦 ′ + (𝑦 ′ )3 )2 + (−(1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 )) = (1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 )2
8. Parabola with vertex on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, with
[𝑦 ′ (1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 )]2 + [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 = [1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 axis parallel to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and with
(𝑦 ′ )2 [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 + [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 = [1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 distance from focus to vertex fixed as 𝑎.
On the left side factor out [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 Solution:
[1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 [(𝑦 ′ )2 + 1] = [1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2
Thus, From the standard equation of parabola:
[𝟏 + (𝒚′ )𝟐 ]𝟑 = [𝟏 + 𝒚𝒚′′ + (𝒚′ )𝟐 ]𝟐
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)

Vertex @ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑘 = 0
7. Circles with center on the line 𝑦 = −𝑥, and
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎𝑦 → 𝐸1
passing through the origin.
Solution: Differentiate:
From the standard form of circle
2(𝑥 − ℎ) = 4𝑎𝑦′
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
If center on the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 and passing through (𝑥 − ℎ) = 2𝑎𝑦 ′ → 𝐸2
the origin, ℎ = −𝑘
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
(2𝑎𝑦 ′ )2 = 4𝑎𝑦
From the graph a
4𝑎2 (𝑦 ′ )2 = 4𝑎𝑦
right triangle was
formed; 𝒂(𝒚′ )𝟐 = 𝒚

𝑟 𝑟 2 = 𝑘 2 + (−𝑘)2
𝑘
𝑟 2 = 2𝑘 2
−𝑘

(𝑥 + 𝑘)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 2𝑘 2
9. Parabolas with axis parallel to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
and with distance from vertex to focus fixed
as 𝑎.
Solution:

From the standard equation of parabola:


(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘) → 𝐸1

Obtain 2nd Derivative


2(𝑥 − ℎ) = 4𝑎𝑦′
(𝑥 − ℎ) = 2𝑎𝑦 ′

𝟏 = 𝟐𝒂𝒚′′

10. Parabola with vertex and focus on the 𝑥 −


𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Solution:

From the standard equation of parabola:


(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) → 𝐸1

Vertex @𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , 𝑘 = 0

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)

Obtain 2nd Derivative


2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 4𝑎
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎
𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ = 0
′′

𝒚𝒚′′ + (𝒚′ )𝟐 = 𝟎

Common questions

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Eliminating constants in parametric curves removes specific solutions tied to particular parameter values, rendering the differential equation as a universal descriptor. This generalization allows the equation's application across diverse system states or conditions represented by these constants, enhancing its explanatory and predictive power regarding generalized family traits .

Performing multiple differentiations when solving y = C1e^x + C2xe^x is crucial to eliminate arbitrary constants. Each derivative provides a new equation, allowing substitution back to eliminate constants systematically. This method converts the original function into a differential equation, free from these constants, providing a general form applicable to the family of functions described .

To obtain the differential equation, start by differentiating the given function y. The first derivative is y' = C1e^x + C2(xe^x + e^x) = y + C2e^x. Taking the second derivative yields y'' = y' + C2e^x. Substitute y' into y'' to get y'' = y' + (y' - y). This simplifies to the differential equation y'' - 2y' + y = 0 .

For a cubic polynomial y = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d, deriving its third derivative gives y''' = 6a, which is constant when a is not zero. This resulting constant third derivative, y''' = 0, for a simpler cubic polynomial without a leading x^3 term, reflects the lack of curvature change, thus aiding in recognizing linear features and specific curves properties in differential equations .

Start by differentiating y = C1e^x + C2e^-x, obtaining y' = C1e^x - C2e^-x, then y'' = C1e^x + C2e^-x by differentiating again. By subtracting y from y'', we derive the equation y'' - y = 0, eliminating the constants C1 and C2. This stepwise differentiation reduces the expression to its fundamental differential form .

Differential equations for lines with fixed slope-intercept features, like y = mx + b where m and b are related, model consistent linear patterns crucial in geometry and computational graphing. This endpoint allows precise predictions, facilitates aligning mathematical calculations to physical phenomena (e.g., optics, statics), and supports creating computational frameworks for systems exhibiting linearity under constant conditions .

The equation of a circle centered on the x-axis is (x-h)^2 + y^2 = r^2. Differentiating it twice gives two equations: the first derivative and the second derivative, respectively. The first derivative: 2(x-h) + 2yy' = 0, simplifies to x-h + yy' = 0. The second derivative yields the equation 1 + yy'' + (y')^2 = 0. These derivatives help form the necessary differential equations to describe the family of circles .

For circles tangent to the x-axis described by (x-h)^2 + (y±r)^2 = r^2, differentiating gives insights into tangent properties by setting (y±r)y' + (x-h) = 0, revealing that the slope of the tangent lines' derivative aligns perpendicularly along these points on the axis, thereby confirming tangency .

Given a line y = m(x - m) where the x-intercept a equals the slope m (hence a = m), differentiating yields y' = m. Substituting m for y' in the original equation gives the relation y = xy' - (y')^2. By solving this, you arrive at the differential equation (y')^2 = xy' - y, describing lines where the x-intercept equals the slope .

From y^2 = 4ax, differentiate to get 2yy' = 4a. Then, solve for y' to get y' = 2a / y. Differentiating y' results in 2yy'' + (y')^2 = 0. This is the differential equation obtained after eliminating the constant term 'a', detailing the family's behavior without regards to its specific parameters .

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