Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
IMPORTANT NOTE:
ALL 3 EVALUATIONS IN MODULE 8 SHALL BE
ANSWERED BY PAIR.
CHOOSE YOUR OWN PAIR.
IN SUBMITTING THE ANSWERS, INDICATE THE NAME
OF THE 2 STUDENTS.
THE PAIR SHOULD INDIVIDUALLY SUBMIT THE
ANSWER SHEET BUT THE ANSWERS ARE THE SAME.
SUBMIT THE SCREENSHOTS TO FB MESSENGER:
ELLEN MAE PALOMAR
IF BY ANY CHANCE, YOU DON’T GET A PAIR, JUST
WORK INDIVIDUALLY.
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
First Semester SY 2021-2022
Module in Ed 101
The Child
and
Adolescent Learners
And
Learning
Principles
Ellen Mae P. Delos Santos
Course Facilitator
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
Module 8: Late Childhood (The Intermediate Schooler)
Overview:
Late childhood is generally defined as ages 9 through 12. Others may call this
stage as preteens. Physical changes during this stage are fairly unpredictable among
children in this age group. The steady and gradual changes happening in children at this
stage, especially with their increasing familiarity with school work and other possible
activities provide them with a greater opportunity to develop their motor skill functioning.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
1. Identify the different physical characteristics of intermediate schoolers.
2. Discuss ways and practices which will aid successful physical development of
intermediate schoolers.
3. Discuss the important factors that affect the cognitive development of
intermediate school children.
4. Enumerate ways on how teachers can promote creativity in the learning
environment, learning activities and instructional materials.
5. Identify the socio-emotional characteristics of children in their late childhood
stage.
6. Determine the qualities of family life that affect older children’s development
including changes in family interactions.
Discussion:
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INTERMEDIATE SCHOOLERS
Intermediate schoolers have more control over their bodies than they have when
they were in primary school. They become more active and have greater liberty to choose
the hobbies or sports that they want to get involved in. Children in their late childhood
stage always seem to be in a
hurry - they get so busy with
their school work, interacting
with their friends, exploring
other possible activities, but
this period of physical
development seems to take on
a leisurely pace. This may
also be the stage when
puberty may begin. Puberty is
the period in which the body
undergoes physical changes
and becomes capable of
sexual reproduction.
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
Early Puberty
On the average, girls are generally as much as two (2) years ahead of boys in terms
of physical maturity, although these developments may be determined by how close a
child is to puberty. Puberty may begin early. Budding breasts for girls - which is the initial
sign of puberty. Some girls may also start with their menstrual period as early as 8 and
some as late as 13.
Puberty's changes start when the brain triggers the production of sex hormones.
Here are some changes that may happen to both girls and boys during early puberty.
Height, Weight and Muscle Development
During this stage, movements or the muscles and bones become more coordinated.
At the age of 10 or 11 years, most children will have learned to play sports like swimming,
basketball, volleyball and running. These physical skills become a source of pleasure and
great achievement to the children. In activities that use large muscle activities, boys tend
to be more nimble than girls.
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
Although a significant increase in
physical activity may occur in this stage,
children in their late childhood is far from
being physically mature. They become
overwhelmed when sitting or standing too
long than when running, jumping or playing
actively. This is because they need time to
refine their skills so they prefer active rather
than passive movements.
From the age of 8, children show
greater coordination in writing. Their fine motor skills develop gradually which may be
evidenced by the size of the letters and numbers. Font size becomes smaller and is more
even. They may even produce good quality crafts or have greater control in instruments
like the piano or guitar. In this skill, girls usually surpass the boys.
Insecurities
At this stage, children may become very concerned about their physical
appearance. Girls especially may become concerned about their weight and decide to eat
less. Boys may become aware of their stature and muscle size and strength so you must be
very conscious about their dealings with these children. Appropriate activities must be
designed so that children will be guided into the right direction. Children must be given
opportunities to engage. Since this stage can bring about insecurities, parents and teachers
themselves in worthwhile activities that:
❖ promote healthy growth,
❖ give them a feeling of accomplishment, and
❖ reduce the risk of certain diseases.
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
Implications to child-care, education and parenting
During this stage, children are more physically active however, still have a lot of
physical maturity to undergo. Here are some points to consider for health-care providers,
teachers and parents.
❖ Provide ample opportunities at home and in school for physical exercises and sports.
❖ Encourage children to participate in varied worthwhile activities until they are able to
discover the one’s they are interested in
❖ Develop a strong emotional attachment with your children so as to address any
insecurities and social concerns.
❖ Since children in this stage have more control over their eating habits, provide them
with healthier food choices.
Part 1 Evaluation: Being healthy physically greatly helps children in their late adulthood
to become successful in their everyday undertakings. Design a simple exercise program
appropriate for children ages 9 to 12. Divide your program into three (3) parts:
Part 1: Warm Up Activities:
- May include breathing exercises and stretching routines.
Part 2: Exercise Proper:
- May consist of three to four sets of exercises which may focus on the following
areas: (a) body balance and posture. (b) endurance, (c) muscle strength and/or (d) agility
Part 3: Cooling Down or Quieting Activity:
- Includes another set of breathing and stretching exercises
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERMEDIATE SCHOOLERS
School-age children’s thinking skills become increasingly sophisticated as they
encounter new people, place, and ideas. They develop the ability to learn in abstract ways
from books, art, movies, and experiences. They are able to focus and concentrate on tasks
for longer periods of time, understand a variety of concepts and their memory improves
significantly. You have the exciting opportunity to witness some children’s first
encounters with formal schooling and to watch others learn as they move between grades
and schools. As a school-age program staff member, you also have the opportunity to
observe all the ways school-age children learn outside of school time.
Cognitive Developmental Milestones of Early Adolescence (Ages 8-12)
They are capable of perspective
taking and understand and consider
other's perspectives.
They begin to think hypothetically,
considering several possibilities,
and can think logically.
They begin using and manipulating
symbols representationally.
They become more goal oriented.
They may develop special interests that are a source of motivation.
Their cognitive development may be affected by school-age children's emotional
state.
They begin to understand facets of the adult world like money and telling time.
They may enjoy reading a book. They can interpret the context of a paragraph and
writes stories.
They appreciate humor and word games.
They understand the conservation of objects.
They understand fractions and the concept of space.
They can count backwards.
They know the date and can name the months and days of the week in order.
Initial Cognitive Characteristics
Intermediate school children greatly enjoy the cognitive abilities that they can now
utilize more effectively as compared to their thinking skis during their primary years.
Their school work are now more complicated, reading texts have become longer, problem
solving has become an everyday part of their lives.
Their ability to use logic and reasoning gives them chances to think about what
they want and how to get it. They now become very interested in talking about the future
or even their potential careers. They develop special interest in collections; hobbies and
sports. They are even capable of understanding concepts without having direct hands-on
experiences.
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
Reading Development
Children in this stage, is marked by a wide application of word attack. Because of
the presence of previous knowledge, they now have a wide vocabulary which enables
them to understand the meanings of unknown words through context clues - this is the
"Reading to Learn" Stage in reading development. They are no longer into the fairy tales
and magic type of stories but are more interested in longer and more complex reading
materials (e.g. fiction books and series books).
Attention
Older children have longer and more flexible attention span compared to younger
children. Their span of attention is dependent on how much is required by the given task.
In terms of school work, older children can concentrate and focus more for long periods of
hours especially if they are highly interested in what they are doing.
Creativity
Children at this stage are open to explore new things. Creativity is innate in
children, they just need a little guidance and support from parents, teachers and people
around them. They are usually at their best when the work is done in small pieces.
Creativity in children is encouraged when the activities:
❖ encourage different responses from each child;
❖ celebrate uniqueness;
❖ break stereotypes;
❖ value process over product;
❖ reduce stress and anxiety in children;
❖ support to share ideas, not only with the teacher/parent but also with other children;
❖ minimize competition and external rewards.
The Impact of Media
The dream of having a television unit in every classroom started in the 1950's. It
was considered as one of the first technological advancements in schools. The impact of
the use of television and other media like the computer has gained popularity because
students are given more opportunity to communicate effectively in speech and in writing;
work collaboratively; use technological tools; analyze problems, set goals, and formulate
strategies for achieving those goals; and seek out information or skills on their own, as
needed, to meet their goals.
Media and Aggression
Violence and aggression are often dubbed as one of the results or media.
According to the Public Health Summit in 2000, the following are some of the negative
results of media:
❖ Children will increase anti-social and aggressive behavior.
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
❖ Children may become less sensitive to violence and those who suffer from
violence.
❖ Children may view the world as violent and mean, becoming more fearful of
being a victim of violence.
❖ Children will desire to see more violence in entertainment and real life.
❖ Children will view violence as an acceptable way to settle conflicts.
The school and the home provide children with unlimited
access to media, not only televisions and computers, but also
videos, movies, comic books and music lyrics. The responsibility
now lies with the parents, teachers and the whole community. It
should be a collective effort among the factors working together
to support children in every aspect of development.
Having a role model is extremely important for children at
this stage of transition (from childhood to adolescence). Children
need an adult to admire and emulate. Role models also provide
them with motivation to succeed. One of the most important roles
of teachers is to become a very good role model to children.
Implications to Child Care, Education and Parenting
Children have varying intelligence profiles. These profiles may be based on
influences of learning and achievement. Parents, child care providers and teachers should
be able to recognize these by:
❖ being an eager participant in children's growth and development;
❖ understanding how to use the children's natural curiosity to help make the appropriate
developmental leaps in their skills and abilities; and
❖ creating an atmosphere where risks can be taken and discoveries made while children
remain safe.
Part 2 Evaluation:
1. Describe the following words or group of words BASED ON HOW YOU
UNDERSTOOD THEM.
Concrete operational thinkers
“Reading to Learn” stage (in
reading development)
Attention Span
Creativity
Stereotyping
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
SOCIO-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY SCHOOLERS
At this period of socio-emotional development, children are spending less time in
the home. The bulk of their time is spent outside the home, either alone or with other
children, rather than with adults. Older children have already familiarized themselves with
other children. They are already used to interacting with different ages and gender. For
many of them, these social networks are not only sources of social support but also
different forms of learning.
Understanding Self-Competence, Self-Identity and Self-Concept
One of the most widely recognized characteristics of this period of development is
the acquisition of feelings of self-competence. This is what Erik Erikson referred to when
he described the developmental task of middle childhood - the social crisis industry versus
inferiority.
Industry refers to the drive to acquire new skills and do meaningful "work." The
child should have a growing sense of competence. The child's definitions of self and
accomplishment vary greatly according to interpretations in the surrounding environment.
Varied opportunities must be provided in order for children to develop a sense of
perseverance. They should be offered chances to both fail and succeed, along with sincere
feedback and support.
During late childhood, children can now describe themselves with internal and
psychological characteristics and traits. They most likely employ more social comparison -
distinguishing themselves from others. In dealing with other children, they show increase
in perspective taking. This ability increases with age. It enables them to (a) judge others'
intentions, purposes and actions, (b) give importance to social attitudes and behaviors and
(c) increase skepticism of others claims.
Emotional Development
The same with other areas of development, children in this stage, show improved
emotional understanding, increased understanding that more than one emotion can be
experienced in a single experience. They may also show greater ability to show or conceal
emotions, utilize ways to redirect feelings and a capacity for genuine empathy.
Another milestone in this stage is the development of the children's emotional
intelligence (EQ), which involves the ability to monitor feelings of oneself and others to
guide and motivate behavior. Emotional Intelligence has four main areas:
❖ Developing emotional self-awareness
❖ Managing emotions (self-control)
❖ Reading emotions (perspective taking)
❖ Handling emotions (resolve problems)
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
Building Friendships
As children go through their late childhood, the time they spend in peer interaction
increases. For them, good peer relationships are very important. The approval and
belongingness they receive contributes to the stability and security of their emotional
development. Peer size also increases and less supervision by adults is required. At this
stage, children prefer to belong to same-sex peer groups.
There are five types of peer status:
❖ Popular – frequently nominated as the best friend and one who is rarely disliked
by peers
❖ Average - receive an average number of positive and negative nominations
from peers
❖ Neglected - very seldom nominated as best friend but is not really disliked
❖ Rejected - infrequently nominated as a best friend but one who is also disliked
by peers
❖ Controversial - frequently nominated as a best friend but at the same time is
disliked by peers
Family
Family support at this stage is crucial. If children do not find a supportive family
when they find their interest (e.g. in hobbies like riding a bike or playing a musical
instrument) they can easily get frustrated. If families are a primary support system, failures
and setbacks become temporary and surmountable rather than something that is attributed
to personal flaws or deficits. This time is a critical time for children to develop a sense of
competence. A high-quality adult relationship, specifically, family relationships enable
them to successfully go through this stage of development.
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)
Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 Fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: [Link] email address:
roxas@[Link]
Part 3 Evaluation: Interview a parent or a teacher of an intermediate school-age child.
Use the questions below as your guide. Write your conclusions and insights.
Note: Use google form for them to fill up. Send a screenshot of: (1) the conversation you
had with the parent/teacher requesting them to answer the form; and (2) the
completed/answered google form.
Name of Parent:
Age and Grade Level of the Child:
Gender of the Child:
Questions:
1. What are some marked changes in your child as he/she reached the intermediate level?
(Grade 4 to 6).
2. How can you describe his/her interactions with parents, siblings, teachers, peers – if
any?
3. What can you say about your child’s self-confidence and self-esteem?
4. What activities in the home do you do to help your children interact with people around
him/her?
Insights
Accredited: Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (AACCUP)
Member: Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC)
Agricultural Colleges Association of the Philippines (ACAP)