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FDM Bandwidth Requirements Analysis

Three voice channels, each occupying 4 kHz of bandwidth, need to be combined into a 12 kHz link from 20-32 kHz without guard bands. The solution is to modulate each channel to a different part of the bandwidth: channel 1 from 20-24 kHz, channel 2 from 24-28 kHz, and channel 3 from 28-32 kHz. Five 100 kHz channels need to be multiplexed with 10 kHz guard bands between each. The minimum bandwidth required is 540 kHz to accommodate the channels and guard bands. Four 1 Mbps digital data channels will be transmitted using a 1 MHz satellite channel. The channel will be divided into four 250 kHz sub-channels, and each digital channel will be modulated using 4-QAM

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223 views5 pages

FDM Bandwidth Requirements Analysis

Three voice channels, each occupying 4 kHz of bandwidth, need to be combined into a 12 kHz link from 20-32 kHz without guard bands. The solution is to modulate each channel to a different part of the bandwidth: channel 1 from 20-24 kHz, channel 2 from 24-28 kHz, and channel 3 from 28-32 kHz. Five 100 kHz channels need to be multiplexed with 10 kHz guard bands between each. The minimum bandwidth required is 540 kHz to accommodate the channels and guard bands. Four 1 Mbps digital data channels will be transmitted using a 1 MHz satellite channel. The channel will be divided into four 250 kHz sub-channels, and each digital channel will be modulated using 4-QAM

Uploaded by

Keerthi Rajan
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Module4 Problems

[Link] that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to combine


three voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show
the configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there are no guard bands.

Solution

We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a different bandwidth, as shown in
Figure 6.6. We use the 20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to 28-kHz
bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to 32-kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then
we combine them as shown in Figure 6.6.

2. Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together. What
is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?

Solution

For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This means that the required
bandwidth is at least

5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,

as shown in Figure
3. Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1 Mbps, use a satellite channel of 1
MHz. Design an appropriate configuration, using FDM.

Solution

The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four channels, each channel having
1M/4=250-kHz bandwidth.

Each digital channel of 1 Mbps must be transmitted over a 250KHz channel. Assuming no
noise we can use Nyquist to get:

C = 1Mbps = 2x250K x log2 L -> L = 4 or n = 2 bits/signal element.

One solution is 4-QAM modulation. In Figure 6.8 we show a possible configuration with L =
16.

4. The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two bands. The first band of 824 to
849 MHz is used for sending, and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each user has a
bandwidth of 30 kHz in each direction. How many people can use their cellular phones
simultaneously?

Solution
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz by 30 kHz, we get 833.33. In reality, the band is
divided into 832 channels. Of these, 42 channels are used for control, which means only 790
channels are available for cellular phone users.

5. Find the data rate of an STS-1 signal.

Solution

STS-1, like other STS signals, sends 8000 frames per second. Each STS-1 frame is made of 9
by (1 × 90) bytes. Each byte is made of 8 bits. The data rate is

6. Find the data rate of an STS-3 signal.

Solution

STS-3, like other STS signals, sends 8000 frames per second. Each STS-3 frame is made of 9
by (3 × 90) bytes. Each byte is made of 8 bits. The data rate is

[Link] is the duration of an STS-1 frame? STS-3 frame? STS-n frame?

Solution

In SONET, 8000 frames are sent per second. This means that the duration of an STS-1, STS-
3, or STS-n frame is the same and equal to 1/8000 s, or 125 μs.

8. We have a low-pass channel with bandwidth 100 kHz. What is the maximum bit rate of this
channel?
Solution
The maximum bit rate can be achieved if we use the first harmonic. The bit rate is 2 times the
available bandwidth, or 200 kbps.

9.
***Solution

Bit rate=4x 100kbps

=400Kbps

Bit duration=1/ Bit rate

= 1/400000 S

=2.5 miroSeond

Frame rate=[Link] frames per seond

We have 400000bits/s transmission

Sine eah frame arries 8bits

Frame rate= 400000/8

=5000 per seond

Frame duration=1/Frame rate

=1/5000 s

=20miro second

10. Four l-kbps connections are multiplexed together using synhronous TDM. A unit is I bit.
Find

(a) the duration of I bit before multiplexing,

(b) the transmission rate of the link,

(c) the duration of a time slot, and


(d) the duration of a frame.
Solution

a. The duration of 1 bit before multiplexing is 1/1 kbps, or 0.001 s (l ms).


b. The rate of the link is 4 times the rate of a connection, or 4 kbps.
c. The duration of each time slot is one-fourth of the duration of each bit before multiplexing,
or 1/4 ms or 250 [Link]. Note that we can also calculate this from the data rate of the link, 4 kbps.
The bit duration is the inverse of the data rate, or 1/4 kbps or 250 [Link].
d.v. Each frame in this case has fouf time slots.
So the duration of a frame is 4 times 250 [Link], or I ms.

Common questions

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In a multiplexed system of four 1-kbps connections, the bit rate (4 kbps) is the sum of the individual connection rates. The bit duration is inversely related to the bit rate; thus, with a combined 4 kbps rate, each bit lasts for 250 μs (1/4 ms). Each frame, containing one bit per channel (totaling 4 bits), has a duration of 1 ms (frame duration = number of channels × bit duration per channel). These parameters interact to ensure synchronized data transmission and reception while maintaining the total bandwidth efficiency .

The frame duration in SONET is significant because it allows for precise synchronization among network elements. It is uniformly 125 microseconds for STS-1, STS-3, or STS-n frames due to the fixed rate of 8000 frames per second. This uniformity ensures network stability and orderly data transmission across the synchronous network .

In synchronous TDM, four 1-kbps connections are multiplexed by creating time slots for each connection within a single frame. Before multiplexing, each bit has a duration of 1 ms (1/1 kHz). The link's transmission rate becomes 4 kbps (4 connections × 1 kbps each), with each time slot lasting 250 μs (1 ms / 4). Each frame consists of 4 time slots, resulting in a frame duration of 1 ms, thereby maintaining synchronization across all connections .

The maximum bit rate of a low-pass channel with 100 kHz bandwidth is determined using the Nyquist formula for ideal conditions: Bit rate = 2 * Bandwidth. Hence, the maximum bit rate is 200 kbps. This calculation assumes perfect utilization of the bandwidth without considering noise, and it effectively uses the highest possible harmonic (first harmonic) for signal transmission efficiency .

The data rate of an STS-3 signal is 155.52 Mbps. This is determined by calculating the data per frame and multiplying it by the number of frames per second. Each frame in STS-3 has 9 rows of 3x90 bytes, for a total of 270 bytes. With 8 bits per byte and 8000 frames per second, the data rate is calculated as 8000 frames/second * 270 bytes/frame * 8 bits/byte = 155.52 Mbps .

Voice channels are combined by shifting each of the three 4 kHz voice channels to a different part of the 12 kHz bandwidth, using modulation. The configuration in the frequency domain is such that the first channel occupies the 20 to 24 kHz bandwidth, the second channel is in the 24 to 28 kHz range, and the third one is in the 28 to 32 kHz range. This setup allows all three channels to fit within the 12 kHz link without guard bands .

The minimum bandwidth required is 540 kHz. This is calculated by considering the need for four guard bands (one less than the number of channels). Each guard band is 10 kHz wide, leading to a total of 5x100 kHz for the channel bandwidths plus 4x10 kHz for the guard bands, resulting in a total of 540 kHz .

In the AMPS, 790 users can use their cellular phones simultaneously. Each user utilizes one channel for sending and one for receiving. Given each of the two bands (824-849 MHz for sending, 869-894 MHz for receiving) is 25 MHz wide, dividing by the individual channel bandwidth of 30 kHz implies the potential for approximately 833 channels per band. However, accounting for 42 channels designated for control, only 790 channels remain available for users .

To configure a 1 MHz analog bandwidth satellite channel for four 1 Mbps digital channels using FDM, the channel is divided into four sub-channels of 250 kHz each. Each digital channel is transmitted over these 250 kHz channels. Using Nyquist's theorem under assumed noise-free conditions, each channel can transmit a digital signal at 1 Mbps using a modulation scheme, such as 4-QAM, which requires signal elements to transmit 2 bits (L=4, meaning 2 bits per symbol).

The data rate of an STS-1 signal is 51.84 Mbps. This is calculated by multiplying the number of frames per second (8000) by the number of bytes per frame (9x90 = 810 bytes), and then by the number of bits per byte (8). Therefore, the data rate = 8000 frames/second * 810 bytes/frame * 8 bits/byte = 51.84 Mbps .

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